Excess Phosphate Research Articles

Nutriclines and nutrient stoichiometry in the eastern Arabian Sea: Intra-annual variations and controlling mechanisms

Repeat measurements (nine times) of nutrients at seven to ten coast-offshore transects along the eastern Arabian Sea (EAS) in 2018–19 revealed nitrogen as the major limiting nutrient controlling the primary production. The summer monsoon upwelling at varying extents along the EAS and the winter convection in the north EAS primarily controlled the depth of nitracline (DNO3 = depth of ≥ 3 µM NO3–). DNO3 was found positively aligned with the upper boundary of thermocline (depth of 26 °C isotherm or D26), with the strongest relationship in the south EAS (R2 = 0.96) due to its relatively stratified and stable conditions during most of the year compared to the north EAS (R2 = 0.71) which is unstable during winter convection. Mixed layer nutrient availability varied with DNO3/D26 and relatively faster nitrogen exhaustion than phosphorus during the nutrient enrichment events viz. upwelling and convective mixing yielded low N/P ratios. The N/P ratios of nutricline waters upwelled/entrained to the mixed layers were found significantly low (6–14), especially at the north EAS where perennial denitrifying zone persisted in the intermediate depths. With continued uptake of nutrients by the plankton following the Redfield ratio, the system during oligotrophic inter-monsoons became nitrogen-limited with surplus (excess) phosphate (P*), resulting in the lowest N/P ratios (1.5 ± 0.7) in the mixed layer. This stoichiometrically excess phosphate (P*) in the mixed layer waters was highest during nutrient enrichment events of both the summer and winter monsoons. The reduction in P* along with high cyanobacterial abundance (evident by increased zeaxanthin pigment concentrations) towards the late phase of summer monsoon and fall inter-monsoon indicates the dominance of diazotrophy. This diazotrophy after the nutrient enrichment seasons reduced the P* to almost half (0.22 ± 0.12 µM) which counter balance the N-limiting conditions to some extent in the EAS surface waters. The N-limiting condition can be severe in a global warming scenario, so more observations and extensive experiments are needed to ascertain the capability of diazotrophs to counteract the N-limiting situations by utilising the excess phosphate. The findings of this study are highly beneficial, as such an extensive year-long information on large spatio-temporal variability and their cause factors is available for the first time from the EAS basin, especially to improve the validation and forecasting of biogeochemical models under changing climate conditions. Comparison of present nutrient data with climatology data of World Ocean Atlas showed complete disagreement of silicate, which is an issue of major concern.

Fe-modified fly ash/cotton stalk biochar composites for efficient removal of phosphate in water: mechanisms and green-reuse potential.

Excessive phosphate content input into natural water can lead to the waste of resource and eutrophication. Biochar is a kind of low-cost adsorbent. However, its adsorption capacity for phosphate is low. In order to solve this problem, Fe compound-modified fly ash/cotton stalk biochar composites (Fe-FBC) were prepared through co-pyrolyzed fly ash and cotton stalk at 800℃, followed by infiltration of FeSO4 solution. The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and zeta potential. After modification, the hydrophilicity and polarity of Fe-FBC increased. In addition, the pore volume, specific surface area, and surface functional groups were significantly improved. The adsorption behavior of Fe-FBC for the removal of phosphate from water can be well fitted by the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Sips isotherm adsorption model, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 47.91mg/g. Fe-FBC maintained a high adsorption capacity in the pH range of 3-10. The coexisting anions (NO3-, SO42-, and Cl-) had negligible effects on phosphate adsorption. The adsorption mechanisms of Fe-FBC include electrostatic attraction, ligand exchange, surface complexation, ion exchange, chemical precipitation, and hydrogen bonding. Moreover, the desorption process of phosphate was investigated, indicating that the phosphate-saturated Fe-FBC could use as slow-release phosphate fertilizer. This study proposed a potentially environmental protection and recycling economy approach, which consists of recycling resources and treating wastes with wastes.

Phosphate Adsorption on Cerium/Terephthalic Acid Metal-Organic Frameworks (Ce-MOF) Driven by Effective Electrostatic Attraction and Ligand Exchange in a Wide pH Range.

Eutrophication has posed a threat to aquatic ecosystems, so it's urgent to remove excessive phosphate from water. In this study, we developed an adsorbent material, cerium/terephthalic-acid metal-organic-frameworks (Ce-MOF), to remove phosphate from different water systems. The optimal Ce-MOF presented a maximum phosphate adsorption capacity of 377.2 mg/g, approximately 3.7 times higher than that of the commercial phosphate adsorbent (Phoslock: 101.6 mg/g). Experimental and computational analysis suggested that pH dominated the adsorption process. The main forces driving the adsorption process changed from the synergistic effect of electrostatic attraction and ligand exchange at lower pH to only ligand exchange at the increased pH values. Hence, the Ce-MOF is applicable for phosphate adsorption in a wide pH range. Impressively, the adsorbent remained an excellent phosphate adsorption performance in the real water containing various interfering ions and organic matters, indicating the potential of Ce-MOF for the practical use to solve the water eutrophication issue.

Dysregulating PHO Signaling via the CDK Machinery Differentially Impacts Energy Metabolism, Calcineurin Signaling, and Virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans.

Fungal pathogens uniquely regulate phosphate homeostasis via the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) signaling machinery of the phosphate acquisition (PHO) pathway (Pho85 kinase-Pho80 cyclin-CDK inhibitor Pho81), providing drug-targeting opportunities. Here, we investigate the impact of a PHO pathway activation-defective Cryptococcus neoformans mutant (pho81Δ) and a constitutively activated PHO pathway mutant (pho80Δ) on fungal virulence. Irrespective of phosphate availability, the PHO pathway was derepressed in pho80Δ with all phosphate acquisition pathways upregulated and much of the excess phosphate stored as polyphosphate (polyP). Elevated phosphate in pho80Δ coincided with elevated metal ions, metal stress sensitivity, and a muted calcineurin response, all of which were ameliorated by phosphate depletion. In contrast, metal ion homeostasis was largely unaffected in the pho81Δ mutant, and Pi, polyP, ATP, and energy metabolism were reduced, even under phosphate-replete conditions. A similar decline in polyP and ATP suggests that polyP supplies phosphate for energy production even when phosphate is available. Using calcineurin reporter strains in the wild-type, pho80Δ, and pho81Δ background, we also demonstrate that phosphate deprivation stimulates calcineurin activation, most likely by increasing the bioavailability of calcium. Finally, we show that blocking, as opposed to permanently activating, the PHO pathway reduced fungal virulence in mouse infection models to a greater extent and that this is most likely attributable to depleted phosphate stores and ATP, and compromised cellular bioenergetics, irrespective of phosphate availability. IMPORTANCE Invasive fungal diseases cause more than 1.5 million deaths per year, with an estimated 181,000 of these deaths attributable to Cryptococcal meningitis. Despite the high mortality, treatment options are limited. In contrast to humans, fungal cells maintain phosphate homeostasis via a CDK complex, providing drug-targeting opportunities. To investigate which CDK components are the best targets for potential antifungal therapy, we used strains with a constitutively active (pho80Δ) and an activation-defective (pho81Δ) PHO pathway, to investigate the impact of dysregulated phosphate homeostasis on cellular function and virulence. Our studies suggest that inhibiting the function of Pho81, which has no human homologue, would have the most detrimental impact on fungal growth in the host due to depletion of phosphate stores and ATP, irrespective of phosphate availability in the host.

Effect of Phytoremediation of Eichornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms and Marsilea crenata C. Persl on Reduction of Phosphate Levels in Laundry Waste

Detergent serves as the most widely used cleaner, one of the ingredients for detergent is phosphate. Excessive phosphate in the waters will cause eutrophication and endanger the aquatic biota in it. Therefore, a solution is needed to reduce phosphate in the waters; one such way is by using Eichornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms and Marsilea crenata C. Presl. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of plant species and phytoremediation time on phosphate levels in laundry waste. The variables studied were variations in plant species and phytoremediation time. In the plant variety, water hyacinth, water clover, and a combination of the two are used. In the variation of time used 0, 48 and 96 hours. The waste used is waste from a laundry business in Wonokromo, Surabaya. Parameters tested include phosphate, DO, BOD, pH, temperature, and turbidity. The exploration stage is in the form of acclimatisation and range finding tests to determine the concentration of wastewater used in the experimental stage. The results showed that plant species and phytoremediation time affected the decrease in phosphate levels. The correlation between phytoremediation time on parameters of phosphate levels, BOD, and pH will decrease with the duration of phytoremediation, but DO parameters will increase with the duration of phytoremediation.

Rapid CO2 changes cause oscillations in photosynthesis that implicate PSI acceptor-side limitations.

Oscillations in CO2 assimilation rate and associated fluorescence parameters have been observed alongside the triose phosphate utilization (TPU) limitation of photosynthesis for nearly 50 years. However, the mechanics of these oscillations are poorly understood. Here we utilize the recently developed Dynamic Assimilation Techniques (DAT) for measuring the rate of CO2 assimilation to increase our understanding of what physiological condition is required to cause oscillations. We found that TPU limiting conditions alone were insufficient, and that plants must enter TPU limitation quickly to cause oscillations. We found that ramps of CO2 caused oscillations proportional in strength to the speed of the ramp, and that ramps induce oscillations with worse outcomes than oscillations induced by step change of CO2 concentration. An initial overshoot is caused due to a temporary excess of available phosphate. During the overshoot, the plant out-performs steady state TPU and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate regeneration limitations of photosynthesis but cannot exceed the rubisco limitation. We performed additional optical measurements which support the role of PSI reduction and oscillations in availability of NADP + and ATP in supporting oscillations.

Impact of electrochemically generated iron on the performance of an anaerobic wastewater treatment process

Anaerobic treatment of domestic wastewater has the advantages of lower biomass yield, lower energy demand and higher energy recover over the conventional aerobic treatment process. However, the anaerobic process has the inherent issues of excessive phosphate and sulfide in effluent and superfluous H2S and CO2 in biogas. An electrochemical method allowing for in-situ generation of Fe2+ in the anode and hydroxide ion (OH−) and H2 in the cathode was proposed to overcome the challenges simultaneously. The effect of electrochemically generated iron (e‑iron) on the performance of anaerobic wastewater treatment process was explored with four different dosages in this work. The results showed that compared to control, the experimental system displayed an increase of 13.4–28.4 % in COD removal efficiency, 12.0–21.3 % in CH4 production rate, 79.8–98.5 % in dissolved sulfide reduction, 26.0–96.0 % in phosphate removal efficiency, depending on the e‑iron dosage between 40 and 200 mg Fe/L. Dosing of the e‑iron significantly upgraded the quality of produced biogas, showing a much lower CO2 and H2S contents in biogas in experimental reactor than that in control reactor. The results thus demonstrated that e‑iron can significantly improve the performance of anaerobic wastewater treatment process, bringing multiple benefits with the increase of its dosage regarding effluent and biogas quality.

Phosphate-modified Al2O3–ZrO2 supported Ni catalysts for efficient selective methanation of CO in H2-rich reformate gas

CO selective methanation can remove the CO in H2-rich reformate gas to prevent the poisoning of Pt anode electrode in proton exchange membrane fuel cell. However, the methanation of CO2 in H2-rich gas consumes a lot of hydrogen, which greatly reduces the energy efficiency. In order to inhibit CO2 methanation, mesostructured Al2O3–ZrO2 was modified by different amounts of phosphate, and then was as Ni support. The structures and surface properties of Ni/Al2O3–ZrO2 catalyst modified by phosphate were studied to reveal the effect of phosphate-modification on CO conversion and selectivity for CO methanation. It was found that the phosphate-modification inhibited the adsorption of CO2, which increased the selective for CO methanation. But the modification with excess phosphate lessened active sites of Ni and weakened the adsorption of H2 and CO, which decreased the activity of CO methanation.

Effect of calcitriol and calcium on basal ganglia calcification in hypoparathyroidism: experimental models.

Basal ganglia calcification (BGC) is a common complication in hypoparathyroid patients, linked to hyperphosphatemia and altered vitamin-D and calcium homeostasis following conventional therapy. The pathogenesis of BGC in hypoparathyroidism is not clear. Recently, we developed an ex vivo model of BGC using rat-striatal cell culture in 10.0 mmol/L of β-glycerophosphate (31.8 mg/dL phosphate). However, the effect of 1,25(OH)2 D, calcium, and milder phosphate excess on BGC in hypoparathyroidism is not known. This study describes two modified ex vivo models investigating pathogenesis of BGC in 'drug-naïve' and 'conventionally treated' hypoparathyroid state. The first modification involved striatal cells cultured in low concentration 1,25(OH)2D (16.0 pg/mL), ionized calcium(0.99 mmol/L), hPTH(1-34) (6.0 pg/mL), and 2.68 mmol/L (8.3 mg/dL) of phosphate akin to 'drug-naïve' state for 24 days. In second modification, striatal cells were exposed to 46.0 pg/mL of 1,25(OH)2D, normal ionized calcium of 1.17 mmol/L, and 2.20 mmol/L (6.8 mg/dL) of phosphate akin to 'conventionally treated' state. Striatal cell culture under 'drug-naïve' state showed that even 16.0 pg/mL of 1,25(OH)2D enhanced the calcification. In 'conventionally treated' model, striatal cell calcification was enhanced in 54% cases over 'drug-naïve' state. Calcification in 'conventionally treated' state further increased on increasing phosphate to 8.3 mg/dL, suggesting importance of phosphatemic control in hypoparathyroid patients. Striatal cells in 'drug-naïve' state showed increased mRNA expression of pro-osteogenic Wnt3a, Cd133,Vglut-1-neuronal phosphate-transporters, calcium-ion channel-Trvp2,Alp, and Collagen-1α and decreased expression of Ca-II. These models suggest that in 'drug-naïve' state, 1,25(OH)2D along with moderately elevated phosphate increases the expression of pro-osteogenic molecules to induce BGC. Although normalization of calcium in 'conventionally treated' state increased the expression of Opg, Osterix, Alp, and Cav2, calcification increased only in a subset, akin to variation in progression of BGC in hypoparathyroid patients on conventional therapy.

Mining phosphorus from waste streams at wastewater treatment plants: a review of enrichment, extraction, and crystallization methods.

Two interrelated problems exist: the non-renewability of phosphate rock as a resource and the excess phosphate in the water system lead to eutrophication. Removal and recovery of phosphorus (P) from waste streams at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is one of the promising solutions. This paper reviews strategies for P recovery from waste streams in WWTPs are reviewed, and the main P recovery processes were broken down into three parts: enrichment, extraction, and crystallization. On this basis, the present P recovery technology was summarized and compared. The choice of P recovery technology depends on the process of sewage treatment and sludge treatment. Most P recovery processes can meet the financial requirements since the recent surge in phosphate rock prices. The safety requirements of P recovery products add a high cost to toxic substance removal, so it is necessary to control the discharge of toxic substances such as heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants from the source.

Quantification of the initial levels of calciprotein particles as a screening marker of mineral homeostasis in patients with cardiovascular disease and in patients with chronic kidney disease

Aim. To evaluate the initial concentration of calciprotein particles (CPPs), which are scavengers of excessive calcium and phosphate, in patients with cardiovascular disease and in patients with chronic kidney disease as compared with the healthy volunteers.Material and methods. The study included 308 individuals as follows: 1) 88 participants of the PURE study without hemodynamically relevant carotid athero scle rosis and symptomatic coronary atherosclerosis; 2) 88 patients with cere brovascular disease (CVD) who required carotid endarterectomy; 3) 88 pa tients with coronary artery disease (CAD) who required percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass graft surgery; 4) 63 patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD). We measured following mineral homeostasis parameters: total and ionized calcium, phosphate, total protein, albumin, and fetuin-A. Then, we determined a baseline serum CPP concentration by flow cytometry using a fluorescent-labeled bisphosphonate OsteoSense 680EX. Results. In comparison with other patients, healthy volunteers had the highest serum CPP concentration (249 CPPs/µL), indicating the retained ability to compensate mineral homeostasis disturbances by aggregation of excessive calcium and pho sphate with acidic proteins (mineral chaperones). Reduced serum CPP concentration in patients with CVD (170 CPPs/µL), CAD (139 CPPs/µL), and stage 5 CKD (193-203 CPPs/µL) showed impaired aggregation of excessive serum calcium and phosphate, which was also reflected by an increased level of blood ionized calcium.Conclusion. Patients with CVD, CAD, and stage 5 CKD have lower serum CPP concentration than healthy individuals. In combination with elevated ionized calcium and reduced albumin, this suggests the depletion of calcium binding buffers in the serum of patients with cardiovascular and renal diseases.

Uptake of excess phosphate at low inorganic N:P ratio in a coastal sea afflicted with eutrophication

Following the spring bloom in the northern Baltic Sea, nitrogen limits phytoplankton growth and there is typically a residual phosphate concentration (>0.2 µmol l-1) remaining that is often assumed to induce the recurring blooms of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. However, these cyanobacterial blooms typically occur 2-3 mo later during the summer, when the phosphate concentration has been depleted, and it is unclear what organisms take up the excess phosphate. We studied the removal potential of excess phosphate (0.55 µmol l-1) at different temperatures (10, 13, 16°C) and with or without nitrogen addition in an indoor 20 l tank experiment. In addition, we followed the element pools and plankton community composition. As expected, the phosphate uptake rate was up to 3-fold faster in nitrogen-amended than non-amended tanks, but complete drawdown of phosphate also occurred under severe nitrogen limitation. The uptake ratio of dissolved inorganic nitrogen to phosphorus was 4.6, which is substantially lower than the Redfield ratio (16) and indicates excessive phosphate removal potential relative to nitrogen. A large part of the excess phosphate ended up in the particulate pool, which has a higher potential to sink out from the surface. The nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria Nodularia spumigena grew close to summer bloom concentrations only in the highest experimental temperature. However, the combined biovolume of all 3 major bloom-forming cyanobacteria accounted for only 5.3% of the total autotropic biovolume, and their potential phosphate uptake was calculated to be <3% of the excess phosphate available at the beginning of the study. Therefore, our results demonstrate that the contribution of filamentous cyanobacteria to the removal of excess phosphate is small.

Dysregulated phosphate metabolism in autism spectrum disorder: associations and insights for future research.

Studies of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) related to exposure to toxic levels of dietary phosphate are lacking. Phosphate toxicity from dysregulated phosphate metabolism can negatively impact almost every major organ system of the body, including the central nervous system. The present paper used a grounded theory-literature review method to synthesise associations of dysregulated phosphate metabolism with the aetiology of ASD. Cell signalling in autism has been linked to an altered balance between phosphoinositide kinases, which phosphorylate proteins, and the counteracting effect of phosphatases in neuronal membranes. Glial cell overgrowth in the developing ASD brain can lead to disturbances in neuro-circuitry, neuroinflammation and immune responses which are potentially related to excessive inorganic phosphate. The rise in ASD prevalence has been suggested to originate in changes to the gut microbiome from increasing consumption of additives in processed food, including phosphate additives. Ketogenic diets and dietary patterns that eliminate casein also reduce phosphate intake, which may account for many of the suggested benefits of these diets in children with ASD. Dysregulated phosphate metabolism is causatively linked to comorbid conditions associated with ASD such as cancer, tuberous sclerosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, diabetes, epilepsy, obesity, chronic kidney disease, tauopathy, cardiovascular disease and bone mineral disorders. Associations and proposals presented in this paper offer novel insights and directions for future research linking the aetiology of ASD with dysregulated phosphate metabolism and phosphate toxicity from excessive dietary phosphorus intake.

Гидроэкологическая оценка коллекторно-дренажного стока с оросительных систем Ростовской области

The purpose of the work is to conduct a comprehensive hydroecological assessment of collector-drainage waters of irrigation systems of the Rostov region in dynamics to establish spatial and temporal patterns of changes in their quality. The objects of the study were 20 main collector channels of fi ve branches of the Federal State Budgetary Institution «Management «Rostovmeliovodkhoz». Structurally, all collectors are open channels in the earth bed. For the hydrochemical assessment, an integral indicator, the coeffi cient of maximum pollution (Cmp), was used, taking into account the priority indicators of the quality of collector-drainage waters (CDW). The dynamics of the coeffi cient of water pollution limit in the reservoirs of the Semikarakorsky branch for the period 2009-2021 showed the absence of sharp fl uctuations in the quality of drainage runoff, the value of the coeffi cient of maximum pollution ranges from 0 to 1, drainage water is characterized as moderately polluted. In the collectors of the Bagaevsky branch, the value of the Cmp fl uctuates in the range of 0…2.7, drainage water is characterized as moderately polluted, polluted. The predominant ions in the drainage runoff are sulfates and sodium. The high content of sulfates in the drainage runoff is due to the introduction of sulphate groundwater, characteristic of this region. A study of collector-drainage water in the reservoirs of the Semikarakorsky and Bagaevsky branches for the content of biogenic elements in 2021 showed a regular excess of phosphates during the entire irrigation period. A comparative analysis of the quality of natural water of the CDW water intakes in the background and collector-drainage waters showed that the hydrochemical composition of the studied waters is approximately the same, which indicates the merger of water bodies and open reservoirs in the earth channel into a single hydrographic network. In 25% of the studied collectors, lower water quality was observed than in the water intake.

An overview of fibroblast growth factor 23 and its role in kidney function

Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a hormone that plays a critical role in regulating mineral homeostasis in the body. Specifically, FGF23 acts on the kidneys to decrease the reabsorption of phosphate from the blood and into the urine. This process helps to reduce serum phosphate levels and maintain balance alongside other hormones such as PTH. The primary responsibility of FGF23 is to regulate the balance of phosphate in the body. It does this by acting on the kidney cells to decrease the reabsorption of phosphate from the blood and into the urine. This process allows the body to excrete excess phosphate to maintain normal serum phosphate levels in the blood. In addition to regulating phosphate levels, FGF23 also plays a role in the metabolism of vitamin D. FGF23 can increase the metabolism of vitamin D to an inactive form, reducing the amount of active vitamin D in the body. This reduction in active vitamin D levels leads to decreased intestinal absorption of dietary calcium and phosphate. Abnormal levels of FGF23 in the body have been associated with several health concerns, particularly in patients with chronic kidney disease. High levels of FGF23 have been linked to the development of bone loss, vascular calcification, and cardiovascular disease. Conversely, low levels of FGF23 have been associated with an increased risk of mortality and cardiovascular disease in patients with kidney disease.

Cancer Cachexia and Dysregulated Phosphate Metabolism: Insights from Mutant p53 and Mutant Klotho Mouse Models.

The present perspective article proposes that cachexia, muscle wasting in cancer, is mediated by dysregulated phosphate metabolism and phosphate toxicity that can damage tissues in most major organ systems. A diet high in phosphorus fed to mice deficient in klotho, a cofactor that regulates phosphate metabolism, accelerates aging, sarcopenia, general organ atrophy, kyphosis, and osteoporosis. Similar effects are seen in phenotypes of mutant p53 mice that overexpress the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Although mutant p53 mice do not develop tumors compared to wild-type mice, mutant p53 mice have shorter mean lifespans. Furthermore, tumorigenesis is associated with the sequestration of excessive inorganic phosphate, and dangerous levels of phosphate are released into circulation during tumor lysis syndrome. In total, this evidence implies that tumorigenesis may be a compensatory mechanism that provides protective effects against systemic exposure to dysregulated phosphate metabolism and phosphate toxicity related to cachexia in cancer. Moreover, the hypothetical protection against phosphate toxicity afforded by tumorigenesis also provides an alternate explanation for putative tumor evasion of the immune system. Insights proposed in this perspective paper provide new directions for further research, with potential to develop novel interventions and clinical applications that modify dietary phosphate intake to reduce cachexia in cancer patients.

Global guidance for the recognition, diagnosis, and management of tumor-induced osteomalacia.

Tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO) is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome caused by mesenchymal tumors that secrete fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). Patients present with progressive bone pain, muscle weakness, and fragility fractures. TIO is characterized by hypophosphatemia, excess renal phosphate excretion, and low/inappropriately normal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2 D) levels. Rarity and enigmatic clinical presentation of TIO contribute to limited awareness among the medical community. Accordingly, appropriate diagnostic tests may not be requested, leading to delayed diagnosis and poorer patient outcomes. We have developed a global guidance document to improve the knowledge of TIO in the medical community, enabling the recognition of patients with TIO and appropriate referral. We provide recommendations aiding diagnosis, referral, and treatment, helping promote a global standard of patient management. We reviewed the literature and conducted a three-round Delphi survey of TIO experts. Statements were drafted based on published evidence and expert opinions (≥70% consensus required for final recommendations). Serum phosphate should be measured in patients presenting with chronic muscle pain or weakness, fragility fractures, or bone pain. Physical examination should establish features of myopathy and identify masses that could be causative tumors. Priority laboratory evaluations should include urine/serum phosphate and creatinine to assess renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate and TmP/GFR, alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25(OH)2 D, and FGF23. Patients with the clinical/biochemical suspicion of TIO should be referred to a specialist for diagnosis confirmation, and functional imaging should be used to localize causative tumor(s). Recommended treatment is tumor resection or, with unresectable/unidentifiable tumors, phosphate salts plus active vitamin D, or burosumab.

Building an AI-enhanced organic island with Brassica juncea seeds to counter eutrophication

Decontaminating water bodies has always been a problem in terms of developing and maintaining solutions. Our eutrophication solution is an organic island made of coconut husk(Cocos nucifera) and Indian Mustard(Brassica juncea) plants. It uses remediation techniques, such as phytoremediation and adsorption. Eutrophication primarily stems from human-induced causes such as poor sewage treatment and fertilizer overuse, which results in excess phosphate and nitrate ions accumulating in water bodies. This can have severe consequences, including algal bloom, and a reduction in aquaculture. Our investigation was done over a 21-day period, during which the concentration of phosphate ions was reduced, alleviating one factor that causes eutrophication. There were 3 tanks (A, B, and C): A contained the island and the plants, B contained only the island, and C was a control that contained neither. A Phosphate ion water testing kit was used to measure phosphate ion concentration in the sample contaminated water over a 21 day period. Each phosphate ion test produced a color of a different wavelength. Using a Vernier colorimeter, the percentage of transmittance was measured for each trial. Using the Beer-Lambert Law, the concentration values were obtained, which supported our hypothesis: A and B experienced a substantial increase in transmittance levels, whereas C experienced no change. The Pearson correlation test showed a positive correlation, hence phosphate ions were absorbed at a constant rate. Our solution also uses AI (Bellman equation) to analyze regions with the greatest phosphate ion concentration, where sensors and motors are present for maneuverability.

High-gravity-assisted controlled synthesis of lanthanum carbonate for highly-efficient adsorption of phosphate

Algal bloom caused by excessive phosphate is toxic to the ecosystem and human health, and lanthanum carbonate (LC) as an adsorbent is efficient for phosphate removal. Herein, we propose an efficient high-gravity-assisted precipitation method to synthesize LC with polymorphs and various morphologies including amorphous LC (ALC), flower, layer, and rod in a rotating packed bed (RPB) by adjusting reaction temperature, time, and solvent. Compared to traditional stirred tank reactor, the RPB can prepare smaller LC particles with narrower size distribution in a shorter reaction time. Remarkably, the 35 nm ALC with the highest BET surface area (106 m2/g) can remain steady among 6 months of storage and exhibits superior adsorption performances with a high adsorption rate (reaching equilibrium within 1 h) and adsorption capacity (162 mg P/g). Especially, its adsorption capacity per unit time is currently at the leading level reported in the literature. The possible adsorption mechanism reveals that the amorphous state, nanonization and high BET surface area of LC accelerate the dissolution procedure to allow more complete exposure of the intrinsic active sites for ligand exchange and maximize La utilization, resulting in the remarkable improvement of adsorption performance. These findings suggest that amorphous nanoparticles serve as a novel state-of-art candidate toward greatly improved efficiency of ions removal in wastewater.

Renewable cellulose aerogel embedded with nano-HFO for preferable phosphate capture from aqueous solution.

Excess phosphate in water can cause eutrophication, which must be addressed. Despite many efforts devoted to the adsorptive removal of phosphate from water, the development of new adsorbents with high adsorption capacity is highly desirable. Herein, a novel nanocomposite was proposed for phosphate removal by confining hydrated ferric oxide (HFO) nanoparticles into a cellulose aerogel (CA) network named as HFO@CA. Benefiting from the characteristics of the low density and porous structure of CA, the internal surface of the nanocomposite is more accessible and thus improves the utilization of the HFO nanoparticles. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to evaluate the phosphate uptake by the prepared adsorbent. The maximum adsorption capacity of HFO@CA occurs at near-acidic pH. With increasing temperature, the composite adsorbent is more favorable for phosphate adsorption. Moreover, the hybrid aerogel exhibited fast kinetic behavior for phosphate removal, which could be accurately depicted by pseudo-second-order model. HFO@CA shows excellent adsorption selectivity in solutions containing competitive anions at higher levels. In addition, five cycles of the phosphate adsorption experiments without obvious capacity loss indicated that HFO@CA has great regenerability. These results demonstrate that HFO@CA has a wide field of application with good prospects in phosphate removal from wastewater, which also provides a new strategy to prepare adsorbents with excellent performance using renewable cellulose resources.