Excess Ones Research Articles

Estimating probability terms for the background presence of glass when considering activity in forensic casework

Coulson et al. [1] proposed methodology for the estimation of the P and S terms used in glass interpretation when assessing the value of the findings given activity level propositions. These terms arise in a model proposed by Evett [2], Evett and Buckleton [3], and are based on survey data. Specifically they proposed a model for estimating Pk, k = 0, 1, 2, … and Sn, n = 1, 2, where Pk is the probability of finding k distinct sources (or groups) of glass on a person of interest (POI), and Sn is the probability that the kth source consists of n fragments. In this article we make a number of extensions to the work of Coulson et al. [1]. Firstly we derive an estimate of the uncertainty in the parameter of the Coulson et al. model, and show how this may be used—for example, to compute an estimate of how the probabilities may vary or how to compare estimates resulting from different surveys. Secondly, we extend the model by allowing a more sensible modelling of the “excess” zeros (in the case of the P terms) and excess ones (in the case of the S terms). The methodology used to make these extensions relies on purely frequentist theory of estimation in keeping with the original work. A Bayesian approach to estimation will be the subject of future work. Additionally, we demonstrate the use of an R (R Core Team, [4]) package, called fitPS (Curran, [5]) which makes the methodology described in this article easy to implement in practice.

Mapping QTL controlling count traits with excess zeros and ones using a zero-and-one-inflated generalized Poisson regression model.

The research on the quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping of count data has aroused the wide attention of researchers. There are frequent problems in applied research that limit the application of the conventional Poisson model in the analysis of count phenotypes, which include the overdispersion and excess zeros and ones. In this article, a novel model, that is, the zero-and-one-inflated generalized Poisson (ZOIGP) model, is proposed to deal with these problems. Based on the proposed model, a score test is performed for the inflation parameter, in which the ZOIGP model with a constant proportion of excess zeros and ones is compared with a standard generalized Poisson model. To illustrate the practicability of the ZOIGP model, we extend it to the QTL interval mapping application that underpins count phenotype with excess zeros and excess ones. The genetic effects are estimated utilizing the expectation-maximization algorithm embedded with the Newton-Raphson algorithm, and the genome-wide scan and likelihood ratio test is performed to map and test the potential QTLs. The statistical properties exhibited by the proposed method are investigated through simulation. Finally, a real data analysis example is used to illustrate the utility of the proposed method for QTLmapping.

Social Media & Music Videos: Ethics Impact on Grade 6 Students

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of the tik-tok application on students' communication ethics in an elementary school located in Sidoarjo Regency. The approach used in this research is qualitative with the type of case study research. The subjects in this study were high school students at SDN Kalisampurno 1 Tanggulangin. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that the use of the tik-tok application had a positive impact on students being more daring to admit when they made mistakes and being responsible, and excessive ones could have a negative impact on students' communication ethics. This can be seen from the results of research which shows that there are still many students who do not meet the indicators of good communication ethics in behaving in school.
 Highlights:
 
 The study examines the impact of the TikTok application on communication ethics of elementary school students in Sidoarjo Regency.
 The research follows a qualitative approach, specifically a case study design.
 Findings suggest that TikTok has both positive and negative effects on students' communication ethics, with some students demonstrating good ethics while others fall short.
 
 
 
 
 
 Keywords: TikTok application, Communication ethics, Elementary school students, Sidoarjo Regency, Qualitative research
 
 
 

Pediatric sleep-disordered breathing in Shanghai: characteristics, independent risk factors and its association with malocclusion

ObjectivesThis study aimed to determine the prevalence and independent risk factors of SDB, and explore its association with malocclusion among 6–11-year-old children in Shanghai, China.MethodsA cluster sampling procedure was adopted in this cross-sectional study. Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) was applied to evaluate the presence of SDB. Questionnaires including PSQ, medical history, family history, and daily habits/environment were completed by parents under instruction, and oral examinations were implemented by well-trained orthodontists. Multivariable logistic regression was applied to identify independent risk factors for SDB. Chi-square tests and Spearman's Rank Correlation were used to estimate the relationship between SDB and malocclusion.ResultsA total of 3433 subjects (1788 males and 1645 females) were included in the study. The SDB prevalence was about 17.7%. Allergic rhinitis (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.09–1.79), adenotonsillar hypertrophy (OR 2.39, 95% CI 1.82–3.19), paternal snoring (OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.53–2.53), and maternal snoring (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.05–1.73) were independent risk factors for SDB. The SDB prevalence was higher in children with retrusive mandibles than in proper or excessive ones. No significant difference was observed in the correlation between SDB and lateral facial profile, mandible plane angle, constricted dental arch form, the severity of anterior overjet and overbite, degree of crowding and spacing, and the presence of crossbite and open bite.ConclusionsThe prevalence of SDB in primary students in the Chinese urban population was high and highly associated with mandible retrusion. The independent risk factors included Allergic rhinitis, adenotonsillar hypertrophy, paternal snoring, and maternal snoring. More efforts should be made to enhance public education about SDB and related dental-maxillofacial abnormalities.

Increasing Physical Activity at School Improves Physical Fitness of Early Adolescents.

(1) Introduction: Regular physical activity (PA) is an important part of a healthy lifestyle for children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of an increase in organized PA at school on the physical fitness (PF) of early adolescent boys and girls. (2) Methods: A total of 294 children born in 2007 took part in the study. The sample was divided into two groups: of increased PA at school (n = 140, girls n = 66, boys n = 74) and standard PA (n = 154, girls G n = 70, boys n = 84). Increased and standard PA levels consisted of 10 and 4 h of physical education lessons (PE) per week, respectively. PE consisted of team games and fitness exercises. Three of the Eurofit tests, core strength, long jump, and running speed, were used to measure PF. Tests were conducted in May 2018 and 2019, at an average age of a participant of 11 and 12 years, respectively. Descriptive statistics and cluster analysis were applied for analyzing the results. (3) Results: After one year of observation PF of children was improved in both groups (p < 0.001). However, it was greater in the increased PA group than in the standard one. A higher percentage of very good scores and lower of poor and very poor were noted in the increased PA group than the standard one (20.36% vs. 12.90%, p = 0.003 and 18.58% vs. 24.85%, p = 0.022, respectively). Boys obtained better results than girls (p = 0.003). Children achieved the best results in the shuttle run test, and the worst in the core strength. Children with normal body mass obtained better results than those with excessive ones. (4) Conclusions: Increasing the number of PE at school beneficially affects the fitness performance of early adolescents. To improve the health status of adolescents it is advisable to increase the number of compulsory PE lessons in the school curriculum.

Fascinating chiral information transfer to titania/silica from near to racemic compound self-organized from polyethyleneimine and tartaric acid.

In this work, chiroptical crystalline complexes of PEI/Tart (P/T) consisting of linear poly(ethylemeimine) (PEI) and an enantiomeric excess (ee) of tartaric acid (Tart) were used as chiral catalytic templates in the hydrolytic condensation of titanium bislactates and co-condensation of titanium bislactates and tetramethoxysilane for the preparation of chiral titania (TiO2) and chiral titania/silica (TiO2/SiO2) hybrid. Different from the general case of enantiopure templates excelling in chiral transformation when compared to enantiomeric excess ones, P/T systems with different enantiomer ratios exhibited each activity in the transformation of their chiral information to the resulting minerals titania and titania/silica. Especially, the P/T complexes with ee only by ±4% (D/L = 52/48 or 48/52), which is near the racemic state (D/L = 50/50), served as excellent chiral catalytic templates to generate chiroptical titania and titania/silica with mirror relation of the CD signals. By means of DSC, XRD, SEM and DRCD techniques, the crystalline complexes of PEI/Tart (P/T), the as-prepared TiO2@P/T and TiO2/SiO2@P/T, and the calcined TiO2 and TiO2/SiO2 were thoroughly investigated and the mechanism of the chiral transformation from the enantiomeric excess of P/T to minerals was proposed.

Thermodynamic Description of Dilution and Dissolution Processes in the MgCl2-CsCl-H2O Ternary System.

Thermodynamic data on the properties of the water-based electrolyte systems are very valuable for fundamental physical chemistry and for industrial applications. The missing data both on the dilution and dissolution enthalpies for the ternary CsCl−MgCl2−H2O mixed electrolyte system were investigated by means of the calorimetry method. The dilution calorimetry was performed at 298 for the set of solutions from diluted to concentrated at constant ratio Cs+/Mg2+ . The relative partial molar enthalpies, ideal, total, and excess ones were calculated. By means of the dissolution calorimetry, the standard enthalpies of formation, the enthalpies, and entropies for the double salt formation from simple salts were evaluated. The results obtained indicate that entropy as the major factor affecting the formation of the joint compound, both in the liquid and solid phases. These data can be implemented in thermodynamic databases and allow for accurate thermodynamic calculations for the salts extraction from natural water sources and for its possible application as thermochemical energy storage.

Comparison of estimation methods for one-inflated positive Poisson distribution

This paper aims to propose estimation methods for one-inflated positive Poisson (OIPP) distribution and compare their properties in terms of unbiasedness, consistency, efficiency and deficiency. All estimators considered in the study are asymptotically unbiased and consistent. The maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) for the OIPP distribution is asymptotically normal. When compared to the MLE, the ordinary least square estimator (OLSE) is the most efficient, followed by the method of moments estimator (MME) and the ratio of probability estimator (RPE). A novel one-inflation index was also proposed to assess the presence of excess ones in the dataset for the positive Poisson distribution to determine whether a one-inflated distribution is required for model fitting. A real dataset with a large number of ones, as identified by the proposed one-inflation index, was used for model fitting. It is found that the OLSE and MLE are the best estimators for an OIPP distribution.

K-aggregated transformation of discrete distributions improves modeling count data with excess ones

The excess one pattern in count data has been documented in ecology but it has not been explicitly modeled or examined. In this study, we introduce a k-aggregated transformation of discrete distributions to better model count data with excess ones in a Bayesian generalized linear model framework and demonstrate its use with two groups of case studies (group 1: seabird bycatch in longline fisheries and Legionnaires disease incidence; group 2: survey abundance of Leadbeater’s possum and Frigatebird nesting sites). Group 1 examples have a clear excess one data pattern, and these examples are used to demonstrate the concept of the k-aggregation technique. On the other hand, group 2 examples lack a clear excess one pattern, and a modeler may not be motivated enough to use the k-aggregation technique in these cases. Nonetheless, k-aggregated transformation demonstrated better performance for both groups of examples. In all our case studies, the excess zero pattern co-occurred with an excess one pattern, and the excess zeros were modeled thorough either a zero-inflated or hurdle configuration. The better performance of k-aggregated distributions is due to their flexibility of adapting to the relatively high frequency of singletons in the data sets. This new technique has broad applicability and utility in improving modeling count data with potential excess ones.

Identification of the productivity-limiting nutrients of Xuxiang kiwifruit (Actiniadia chinensis) in China's central Shaanxi province by analyzing soil fertility and leaf elements

A survey was initiated to identify the productivity-limiting nutrients of Xuxiang kiwifruit (Actiniadia chinensis Lindl.) orchards in central Shaanxi province in China during 2016-2017. For this purpose 149 kiwifruit orchards were selected for leaf sampling and 59 of them were randomly selected for soil analysis. These investigated orchards were divided into two subpopulations: high-productivity subpopulation (21 orchards) and low-productivity subpopulation (128 orchards) according to the fruit yield and appearance as well as vine growth performance. The nutrient concentrations in leaves of high-productivity subpopulation were used to compute the norms of the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS), and in low-productivity orchards the order of nutrient requirement was found to be Zn&gt;Mn&gt;K&gt;Fe&gt;Cl&gt;P&gt;B&gt;Ca&gt;Mg&gt;Cu&gt;N. Among them, the deficient nutrients were Zn, Mn and K, while the excessive ones were N, Cu and Mg. However, the limiting elements in various locations and orchard ages differed. These results obtained from leaf analysis were further validated by soil fertility evaluation using sufficiency range, 94.9%, 83.1%, 76.3%, 32.2% and 23.7% of the orchards were high in pH, Ca, Mg, nitrate N and Cu respectively. By contrast, approximately 70% of the soils were low in Fe, Mn, Zn and Cl, and over 30% low in K, P and OM. Results obtained could be used for guiding the sustainably-integrated nutrient management for kiwifruit orchards in central Shaanxi and other regions with similar environmental conditions.

Modeling time series of count with excess zeros and ones based on INAR(1) model with zero-and-one inflated Poisson innovations

The first-order non-negative integer-valued autoregressive (INAR(1)) process has been applied to model the counts of events for a long time, and the Poisson model provides a standard and popular framework. However, this model may not be suitable for a data set with excess zeros and excess ones. We introduce a new stationary INAR(1) process with zero-and-one inflated Poisson (ZOIP) innovations. The proposed model is assumed to be a mixture of three separate data generation processes: one generates only zeros, one generates only ones, and the last one is a Poisson data-generating process. We present some structural properties such as the mean, variance, marginal and joint distribution functions of the process. We develop a method to test whether zero and one inflated under a Poisson INAR(1) model, which is based on dispersion index, zero index and one index. We also give the asymptotic distribution of the resulting test statistics under the null hypothesis of a Poisson INAR(1) model. Conditional maximum likelihood estimators are given, and the asymptotic properties of the estimators are established. In addition, the forecasting problem is addressed. Finally, a simulation study shows that the estimation method is accurate and reliable as long as the sample size is reasonably large. Two real data examples lead to superior performances of the proposed model compared with other competitive models in the literature.

Organizational and psycological aspects of optimization of excessive stationary bed fund of the medical institutions: the experience of kirovograd region

In the article was demonstrated the unique methodology of determination of effectiveness of functioning of the central district and city hospitals (CDH and CH) of Kirovograd region based on analysis of the indications to hospitalization of patients that was carried out directly by their managerial staff as an independent internal audit. Object of research – central district and city hospitals of Kirovograd region.Materials and methods – the bed fund and number of population of 21 central district hospital of Kirovograd region and 12 hospitals of regional and city subordination were analyzed.Results – the offered model of determination of “excessiveness”, ineffectiveness of the bed fund and consequently the budget costs use can give a possibility to optimize near 600 beds of 871 excessive ones at the expense of the correctly determined psychological grounding of research without using the imperative methods, by the certain phasing that provides the logics of actions, calculations and as the result – an independent making decisions by the managers of medical institutions

An Investigation on High Frequency Permeability of Polycrystalline Ferrities

The problem under examination is the magnetic loss of polycrystalline ferrites. Their total loss include: hysteresis, eddy current and anomalous (AN) or excess ones. The mentioned first two losses more or less adequately are covered by modified Steinmetz equation whereas AN loss is less well understood. Conceptually this loss is defined by the components of complex permeability spectra of ferrites which as a rule are experimentally obtained. Large body of these experimental spectra shows a great variety of forms and specific features. This variety is the main reason why there still is not adequate analytic presentation of AN loss. It is shown in the research that important progress is possible to achieve in analytic presentation of AN loss on the basis of realistic account of microstructure of polycrystalline ferrites and dividing the variety of all samples into subgroups according to their actual structure.

Analytic connections on Riemann surfaces and orbifolds

We give a differentially closed description of the uniformizing representation to the analytical apparatus on Riemann surfaces and orbifolds of finite analytic type. Apart from well-known automorphic functions and Abelian differentials it involves construction of the connection objects. Like functions and differentials, the connection, being also the fundamental object, is described by algorithmically derivable ODEs. Automorphic properties of all of the objects are associated to different discrete groups, among which are excessive ones. We show, in an example of the hyperelliptic curves, how can the connection be explicitly constructed. We study also a relation between classical/traditional `linearly differential' viewpoint (principal Fuchsian equation) and uniformizing $\tau$-representation of the theory. The latter is shown to be supplemented with the second (to the principal) Fuchsian equation.

A Dynamic Reservation Scheme based on Online Charging System with Family Shared Plan

For simplifying the bills and controlling the data usage, Family Shared Plan (FSP) is now a popular plan of telecommunications. Based on 3GPP specifications, Online Charging System (OCS) has to determine Granted Unit (GU) and create reservations per session before the services are delivered by the serving network. However, fixed GUs can not be adapted to dynamic consumer behaviors, such as travel, watching FIFA World Cup all night or taking pleasure in a new online application. Obviously, short of GUs will make redundant signals of reservation, but excessive ones will cause scarcity of resource. Since how to determine GU is an open issue by telecommunications operators, we design a new scheme to periodically assign dynamical GUs for subscribers belong to same FSP, based on their data usage and shared monthly data allowance. Simulation results not only show that our algorithm can substantially reduce redundant signals more than 3 times, no matter what unpredictable behaviors they do, but also observe interrelation between logging time and cooldown timer in our scheme.

Composition dependent phase stability of Ni–Mn–Ga alloys studied by ab initio calculations

Composition dependent phase stability of Ni–Mn–Ga magnetic shape memory alloys was studied by first-principles density-functional calculations. It is demonstrated that the three kinds of doping (Ni substitution for Mn, Ni for Ga, and Mn for Ga) destabilize all the three structures. However, Ni-doping relatively stabilizes the non-modulated martensite (NM) with simple tetragonal crystal structure, whereas proper Mn-doping relatively stabilizes the monoclinic seven-layered modulated (7M) martensite with monoclinic structure. Comparing the energy difference between the parent and the product phases, we found that martensitic transformation experiences much larger driving force than that of the intermartensitic transformation. Chemical bonds between Ni and Mn are observed not only with the stoichiometric Mn, but also with the excess ones. Bonds between Ni and Mn in modulated martensite is stronger than that of the non-modulated martensite, which is beneficial to the stability of the modulated martensite. The present result provides useful information for further development of magnetic shape memory alloys that is difficult to be obtained from experiments.

Applied Thermodynamics: Grain Boundary Segregation

Chemical composition of interfaces—free surfaces and grain boundaries—is generally described by the Langmuir–McLean segregation isotherm controlled by Gibbs energy of segregation. Various components of the Gibbs energy of segregation, the standard and the excess ones as well as other thermodynamic state functions—enthalpy, entropy and volume—of interfacial segregation are derived and their physical meaning is elucidated. The importance of the thermodynamic state functions of grain boundary segregation, their dependence on volume solid solubility, mutual solute–solute interaction and pressure effect in ferrous alloys is demonstrated.

The smart normal constraint method for directly generating a smart Pareto set

In design situations where a single solution must be selected, it is often desirable to present the designer with a smart Pareto set of solutions--a minimal set of nondominated solutions that sufficiently represents the tradeoff characteristics of the design space. These sets are generally created by finding many well-distributed solutions and then either filtering out the excess ones or searching more closely in those regions that appear to have significant tradeoff. Such methods suffer from the inherent inefficiency of creating numerous solutions that will never be presented to the designer. This paper introduces the Smart Normal Constraint (SNC) method--a Pareto set generation method capable of directly generating a smart Pareto set. Direct generation is achieved by iteratively updating an approximation of the design space geometry and searching only in those regions capable of yielding new smart Pareto solutions. This process is made possible through the use of a new, computationally benign calculation for identifying regions of high tradeoff in a design space. Examples are provided that show the SNC method performing significantly more efficiently than the predominant existing method for generating smart Pareto sets.

How was the Heisei depression in Japan caused?

Japan has been suffering from the Heisei depression since 1991. Instability of the world financial system caused by the abandonment of conversion monetary system was accelerated by huge issue of speculative derivatives, which the US Government fully utilised to finance deficits. Her bitter criticism against huge trade surplus of Japan forced Japanese firms not only to increase direct overseas investment to avoid trade conflicts but also to introduce microelectronics technology to improve competitiveness. A policy treating labourers as same as goods led consumption market stagnant. Though Japanese stuck to the export-oriented policy, the trump card for her economic recovery, it was impossible to boost the economy because counterparts could supply necessities by themselves due to Japanese investment. Full use of computer and microelectronics technology radically changed capital’s nature and majority of capitals turned to inefficient excess ones. This situation is actually the most serious cause of the Heisei depression.

Estimation of Iron Losses in Induction Motors: Calculation Method, Results, and Analysis

This paper intends to develop a more accurate approach for determining the no-load iron losses in pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter fed induction motors. The proposed method is validated by means of a prototype motor with a plastic rotor cage. The iron losses have been computed by the time-stepping finite element method, both with sinusoidal and PWM supply. The iron losses have then been estimated by adding up the contribution generated by orthogonal components of the flux density, as if the iron losses generated by these components were independent phenomena. The rotational hysteresis losses, as well as excess ones, have been calculated applying a correction factor based on experimental data. These factors are a function of the peak flux density and ellipticity of the B vector loci. Experimental validations are provided for several frequency and magnetic saturation values. In addition, this paper demonstrates the necessity to consider the harmonics initial phase in order to increase the accuracy in the iron loss prediction.