Excess Ethylene Research Articles

Synthesis of PET-PLA copolymer from recycle plastic bottle and study of its applications in the electrochromic devices with graphene conductive ink

In this study, waste poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) bottle was depolymerized using excess ethylene glycol (EG) in the presence of cobalt(II) acetate tetrahydrate ((CH3COO)2Co·4H2O) as a catalyst. It was found that the reacted products consist mainly of bis-2-hydroxy ethylene terephthalate (BHET) monomer. Poly(ethylene terephthalate)-poly(lactic acid) (PET-PLA) copolymers were synthesized by the reaction of BHET with L-lactic acid (LLA) monomers using the catalytic system. The samples were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The 1H and 13C NMR studies confirm the incorporation of lactate units in PET chains after reaction. Further, we report the use of graphene conductive ink and PET-PLA as the electrochromic (EC) device. Copolymer film was coated with graphene ink by spin coating method. Our results primarily indicate that the configuration presents an easy and expeditious way.

Ethenolysis of C5+ Alkenes as a Method for Synthesis of Propylene

Thermodynamic calculations demonstrated that, when any C5+ alkene is subjected to ethenolysis in an excess of ethylene on a catalyst providing the occurrence of a metathesis and positional isomerization, the main reaction product is propylene. The results of the calculations were confirmed experimentally for the cases of ethenolysis of hexene-1 and heptene-1 on Re2O7/SO42-/ZrO2–Al2O3 and Re2O7/B2O3–Al2O3 catalysts.

Synthesis and Reactivity of Pyridine(diimine) Molybdenum Olefin Complexes: Ethylene Dimerization and Alkene Dehydrogenation

Reduced pyridine(diimine) molybdenum olefin complexes have been synthesized and structurally characterized. Examples with 1,5-cyclooctadiene, (PDI)Mo(η2:η2-1,5-COD) (COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) adopt a distorted-trigonal-bipyramidal geometry and are best described as low-spin Mo(II) compounds arising from significant π back-donation to the ligand from a reduced molybdenum center. With the 2,6-diisopropyl N-aryl-substituted variant of the pyridine(diimine) ligand, a molybdenum bis(ethylene) complex was obtained. Reducing the size of the N-aryl substituents to 2,4,6-trimethyl resulted in isolation of (MesPDI)Mo(η4-butadiene)(η2-ethylene) following sodium amalgam reduction of the corresponding molybdenum(III) trichloride complex in the presence of excess ethylene. Analysis of the byproducts of the reaction and olefin addition experiments demonstrate that butadiene formation is consistent with a pathway involving ethylene coupling to form 1-butene followed by allylic dehydrogenation to produce butadiene. Excess...

Dynamic Behavior and Isomerization Equilibria of Distannenes Synthesized by Tin Hydride/Olefin Insertions: Characterization of the Elusive Monohydrido Bridged Isomer.

The tin(II) hydride [AriPr6Sn(μ-H)]2(AriPr6 = C6H3-2,6(C6H2-2,4,6-iPr3)2) (1a) reacts with 2 equiv of ethylene or t-butylethylene at ca. 25 °C to yield Sn2(AriPr6)2R2(R = ethyl or t-butylethyl), which exist either as a symmetric distannene AriPr6(R)SnSn(R)AriPr6 (2a or 5a) or an unsymmetric stannylstannylene AriPr6SnSnR2AriPr6 (3a). In contrast, the less crowded Sn(II) hydride [AriPr4Sn(μ-H)]2 (AriPr4 = C6H3-2,6(C6H3-2,6-iPr2)2) (1b) reacts with excess ethylene to give AriPr4(CH2CH3)2Sn(CH2CH2)Sn(CH2CH3)(CHCH2)AriPr4 (4) featuring five ethylene equivalents, one of which is dehydrogenated to an vinyl, -CH═CH2, group. The AriPr4 isomers of 2a and 3a, i.e., [AriPr4Sn(C2H5)]2 (2b) and AriPr4SnSn(C2H5)2AriPr4 (3b) are obtained by reaction of [AriPr4Sn(μ-Cl)]2 with EtLi or EtMgBr. The isomeric pairs 2a and 3a are separated by crystallization at different temperatures. Variable-temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy indicates fast ethyl group exchange between Ar(C2H5)SnSn(C2H5)Ar (Ar = AriPr6 (2a) or AriPr4 (2b)) and ArSnSn(C2H5)2Ar (Ar = AriPr6 (3a) or AriPr4 (3b)) with ΔG⧧ = 14.2 ± 0.65 kcal mol-1 for 2a/3a and 14.8 ± 0.36 kcal mol-1 for 2b/3b. The bulkier distannenes [ArSn(CH2CH2tBu)]2 (Ar = AriPr6 (5a) or AriPr4 (5b)), obtained from 1a or 1b and t-butylethylene, dissociate to ArSnCH2CH2tBu monomers in solution. At lower temperature, they interconvert with their stannylstannylene isomers with parameters Keq = 4.09 ± 0.16 for 5a and 6.38 ± 0.41 for 5b and ΔGeq = -1.81 ± 0.19 kcal mol-1 for 5a and -1.0 ± 0.03 kcal mol-1 for 5b at 298 K. The 1:1 reaction of 1a or 1b with 5a or 5b yields the unknown monohydrido species Sn2RHAr2 which has the structure AriPr6Sn-Sn(H)(CH2CH2tBu)AriPr6 (6a) or the monohydrido bridged AriPr4S n(μ-H)S n(CH2CH2tBu)AriPr4 (6b). The latter represents the first structural characterization of a monohydrido bridged isomer of a ditetrelene.

Selective Hydrogenation of Acetylene Over Pd/Al2O3 Catalysts: Effect of Non-thermal RF Plasma Preparation Methodologies

Supported palladium nanocatalysts have been reported to be active in selective hydrogenation of acetylene. In this work, non-thermal radio frequency plasma modification has been applied to Pd/Al2O3 catalysts for selective hydrogenation of acetylene in the presence of excess ethylene. High ethylene selectivity, good acetylene conversion activity and high TOF were obtained on the plasma-treated catalysts. To understand the plasma effect, the catalysts were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry in hydrogen (H2-DSC), pulse H2 chemisorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and temperature-programmed desorption with ethylene (C2H4-TPD) experiments. XPS and H2-DSC results confirmed that the Pd precursor could be effectively reduced to the metallic state during the room temperature plasma treatment. Plasma treatment also improved the dispersion of Pd particles with strong interaction between Al2O3 support and PdO and Pd nitrate precursors. In addition, C2H4-TPD indicated that plasma treatment could lead to an enhanced catalytic performance on selective hydrogenation of acetylene. It demonstrates that the non-thermal RF plasma treatment is an effective way to manipulate surface properties and the interaction between metals and supports of supported Pd catalysts for selective hydrogenation.

Recycling of PET wastes using Electron beam radiations and preparation of polyurethane coatings using recycled material

Poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) products consumption has been increased dramatically over the past few decades which have resulted in generation of large quantity of PET waste. Disposal of this waste is a global concern due to its nonbiodegradability. In the present study, we report the effect of electron beam (EB) radiations on degradation of PET and its subsequent effect on glycolysis by using excess ethylene glycol (EG). The results as analyzed by molecular weight determination showed an increase in the extent of depolymerization of PET proportional to the dose of EB irradiation. The irradiated PET samples were further subjected to chemical recycling by glycolysis using conventional and microwave method in presence of excess EG and zinc acetate (0.5%) as a catalyst. Depolymerization of PET by EB irradiation resulted in increased yield of BHET after variable time intervals. The recycled material BHET was subjected to esterification using linseed oil fatty acid, further epoxidation using formic acid and hydrogen peroxide and subsequent hydrolysis to prepare ecofriendly polyol. The individual step product was analyzed for its physical and chemical parameters like% NVM, hydroxyl value, acid value, iodine value, oxirane oxygen content etc. and also characterized by spectroscopic analysis like FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and GPC technique for molecular weight determination. Polyurethane coatings based on this polyol were prepared using various commercial polyisocyanate curing agents. The coated films were evaluated for their optical, mechanical and chemical properties. Thermal properties of coatings were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).

Enhancing both selectivity and coking-resistance of a single-atom Pd1/C3N4 catalyst for acetylene hydrogenation

Selective hydrogenation is an important industrial catalytic process in chemical upgrading, where Pd-based catalysts are widely used because of their high hydrogenation activities. However, poor selectivity and short catalyst lifetime because of heavy coke formation have been major concerns. In this work, atomically dispersed Pd atoms were successfully synthesized on graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) using atomic layer deposition. Aberration-corrected high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) confirmed the dominant presence of isolated Pd atoms without Pd nanoparticle (NP) formation. During selective hydrogenation of acetylene in excess ethylene, the g-C3N4-supported Pd NP catalysts had strikingly higher ethylene selectivities than the conventional Pd/Al2O3 and Pd/SiO2 catalysts. In-situ X-ray photoemission spectroscopy revealed that the considerable charge transfer from the Pd NPs to g-C3N4 likely plays an important role in the catalytic performance enhancement. More impressively, the single-atom Pd1/C3N4 catalyst exhibited both higher ethylene selectivity and higher coking resistance. Our work demonstrates that the single-atom Pd catalyst is a promising candidate for improving both selectivity and coking-resistance in hydrogenation reactions.

Gold on carbon and titanium oxides composites: Highly efficient and stable acetylene hydrogenation in large excess of ethylene

Photocatalytically generated gold on carbon and TiO2 composites were used for acetylene hydrogenation in excess ethylene, in a way close to current industrial practices. The crystalline effect of TiO2 and the addition of Pd to supported Au catalysts on acetylene hydrogenation were investigated. Carbon and amorphous TiO2 supported Au were highly active, selective, and stable and possessed the highest ethylene yield of 83% at 210°C with a H2/C2H2 ratio of 2/1 for selective hydrogenation of acetylene to ethylene. With further addition of Pd to the supported Au catalyst, ethylene yield reached a maximum value of 57% at 30°C with a H2/C2H2 ratio of 2/1. The enhanced performance originated from small neutral Au nanoparticles and the formation of bimetallic Au–Pd catalyst. This report opens up promising possibilities for the design of highly efficient heterogeneous supported gold catalysts.

Investigation of the preparation methodologies of Pd-Cu single atom alloy catalysts for selective hydrogenation of acetylene

Galvanic replacement, co-impregnation and sequential impregnation have been employed to prepare Pd-Cu bimetallic catalysts with less than 1 wt-% Cu and ca. 0.03 wt-% Pd for selective hydrogenation of acetylene in excess ethylene. High angle annular dark field-scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) and H2 chemisorption results confirmed that Pd-Cu singleatom alloy structures were constructed in all three bimetallic catalysts. Catalytic tests indicated that when the conversion of acetylene was above 99%, the selectivity of ethylene of these three single atom alloy catalysts was still more than 73%. Furthermore, the single atom alloy catalyst prepared by sequential incipient wetness impregnation was found to have the best stability among the three procedures used. Open image in new window

Iridium Complexes of the Conformationally Rigid IBioxMe4 Ligand: Hydride Complexes and Dehydrogenation of Cyclooctene

A method for accessing the formally 14 VE iridium(III) hydride fragment {Ir(IBioxMe4)2(H)2}+ (2), containing the conformationally rigid NHC ligand IBioxMe4, is reported. Hydrogenation of trans-[Ir(IBioxMe4)2(COE)Cl] (1) in the presence of excess Na[BArF4] leads to the formation of dimeric [{Ir(IBioxMe4)2(H)2}2Cl][BArF4] (3), which is structurally fluxional in solution and acts as a reservoir of monomeric 2 in the presence of excess halogen ion abstractor. Stable dihydride complexes trans-[Ir(IBioxMe4)2(2,2′-bipyridine)(H)2][BArF4] (4) and [Ir(IBioxMe4)3(H)2][BArF4] (5) were subsequently isolated through in situ trapping of 2 using 2,2′-bipyridine and IBioxMe4, respectively, and fully characterized. Using mixtures of 3 and Na[BArF4] as a latent source of 2, the reactive monomeric fragment’s reactivity was explored with excess ethylene and cyclooctene, and trans-[Ir(IBioxMe4)2(C2H4)2][BArF4] (6) and cis-[Ir(IBioxMe4)2(COD)][BArF4] (7) were isolated, respectively, through sacrificial hydrogenation of the alkenes. Complex 6 is notable for the adoption of a very unusual orthogonal arrangement of the trans-ethylene ligands in the solid state, which has been analyzed computationally using energy and charge decomposition (EDA-NOCV). The formation of 7 via transfer dehydrogenation of COE highlights the ability to partner IBioxMe4 with reactive metal centers capable of C–H bond activation, without intramolecular activation. Reaction of 7 with CO slowly formed trans-[Ir(IBioxMe4)2(CO)2][BArF4] (8), but the equivalent reaction with bis-ethylene 6 was an order of magnitude faster, quantifying the strong coordination of COD in 7.

Effect of γ‐irradiation on glycolysis of PET waste and preparation of ecofriendly coatings using bio‐based and recycled materials

Recycling of postconsumer poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is a worldwide concern due to large increasing volume of these materials produced by society. In the present study, we report the effect of gamma irradiation on degradation of PET and its subsequent effect on glycolysis by using excess ethylene glycol (EG). The results as analyzed by molecular weight determination showed that extent of depolymerization of PET were dose dependent. The doses of 30, 50, 70, and 100 kGy resulted in decrease in the molecular weight by about 15%, 25%, 30%, and 40% respectively. The irradiated waste PET samples were further subjected to glycolysis using EG by conventional and microwave method which resulted in increased yield of monomeric product, bis (2‐hydroxyethylterephthalate) (BHET). The recycled material, BHET, was then used in combination with bio‐based monomers to prepare a new eco‐friendly polyester polyol which was analyzed for hydroxyl, saponification, acid value and further characterized by FTIR, 1HNMR, and GPC techniques for molecular weight determination. Polyurethane coatings were prepared from the polyester polyol and various commercial polyisocyanate curing agents. The coated films were evaluated for their performance properties. Thermal properties of coatings were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:2653–2660, 2015. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers

Kinetics of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fiber glycolysis in ethylene glycol

The glycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fiber is carried out using excess ethylene glycol (EG) in the presence of Zn/Al mixed oxides. The effects of the weight ratio of EG to PET, the weight ratio of catalyst to PET, reaction temperature and reaction time on the yield of bis(hydroxyethyl terephthalate)(BHET) are investigated. The conversion of PET and yield of bis(2-hydroxyethyl terephthalate) (BHET) reach about 92.6 % and 82 % under the optimal experimental conditions. The properties of the glycolysis products have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy analysis (IR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). An evolution of the glycolysis reaction is proposed. In addition, the kinetic of PET fiber is investigated. The results indicate that this glycolysis process is a first-order kinetic reaction and the activation energy is 79.3 kJ/mol, which is lower compared to the same reaction process using PET flake from the soft drink bottle.

Ag Alloyed Pd Single-Atom Catalysts for Efficient Selective Hydrogenation of Acetylene to Ethylene in Excess Ethylene

Semihydrogenation of acetylene in an ethylene-rich stream is an industrially important process. Conventional supported monometallic Pd catalysts offer high acetylene conversion, but they suffer from very low selectivity to ethylene due to overhydrogenation and the formation of carbonaceous deposits. Herein, a series of Ag alloyed Pd single-atom catalysts, possessing only ppm levels of Pd, supported on silica gel were prepared by a simple incipient wetness coimpregnation method and applied to the selective hydrogenation of acetylene in an ethylene-rich stream under conditions close to the front-end employed by industry. High acetylene conversion and simultaneous selectivity to ethylene was attained over a wide temperature window, surpassing an analogous Au alloyed Pd single-atom system we previously reported. Restructuring of AgPd nanoparticles and electron transfer from Ag to Pd were evidenced by in situ FTIR and in situ XPS as a function of increasing reduction temperature. Microcalorimetry and XANES measurements support both geometric and electronic synergetic effects between the alloyed Pd and Ag. Kinetic studies provide valuable insight into the nature of the active sites within these AgPd/SiO2 catalysts, and hence, they provide evidence for the key factors underpinning the excellent performance of these bimetallic catalysts toward the selective hydrogenation of acetylene under ethylene-rich conditions while minimizing precious metal usage.

Radio-frequency H2 plasma treatment of AuPd/TiO2 catalyst for selective hydrogenation of acetylene in excess ethylene

Supported Au catalysts modified by addition of small amount of Pd (Au/Pd atomic ratio=14) are prepared by deposition-precipitation with NH3 (DP-NH3) followed by impregnation methods on TiO2. Low-pressure radio-frequency (RF) H2 plasma treatment has been applied to AuPd/TiO2 for the selective hydrogenation of acetylene. Compared with conventional thermal reduction (AuPd-250), the acetylene conversion over plasma-treated catalyst (AuPd-P) has been improved significantly while the ethylene selectivity shows the opposite trend. With additional thermal reduction on the plasma-treated catalyst (AuPd-P250), the acetylene conversion is decreased and the ethylene selectivity is increased, however, they are still in between those of AuPd-P and AuPd-250. To understand the plasma effect, the catalysts are characterized by XPS, in situ FTIR spectra of CO adsorption and pulse H2 chemisorption techniques. The high acetylene conversion of AuPd-P is ascribed to its large amount of surface Pd sites for acetylene adsorption, while its poor ethylene selectivity is due to the formation of contiguous Pd ensembles, which will cause the over hydrogenation of acetylene. The DTG results of the used catalyst indicate that the formation of green oil on or in the vicinity of Pd is suppressed over AuPd-P and AuPd-P250, and that is the reason why the plasma-treated samples are less deactivated than AuPd-250.

In Situ Spectroscopic Characterization of Ni1–xZnx/ZnO Catalysts and Their Selectivity for Acetylene Semihydrogenation in Excess Ethylene

The structures of ZnO-supported Ni catalysts were explored with in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy, temperature-programmed reduction, X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy, and electron energy loss spectroscopy. Calcination of nickel nitrate on a nanoparticulate ZnO support at 450 °C results in the formation of Zn-doped NiO (ca. Ni0.85Zn0.15O) nanoparticles with the rock salt crystal structure. Subsequent in situ reduction monitored by X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) at the Ni K edge reveals a direct transformation of the Zn-doped NiO nanoparticles to a face-centered cubic alloy, Ni1–xZnx, at ∼400 °C with x increasing with increasing temperature. Both in situ XANES and ex situ HRTEM provide evidence for intermetallic β1-NiZn formation at ∼550 °C. In comparison to a Ni/SiO2 catalyst, Ni/ZnO necessitates a higher temperature for the reduction of NiII to Ni0, which highlights the strong interaction between Ni and the ZnO support. The catalytic activity for acetylene removal from an ethylene feed stream is decreased by a factor of 20 on Ni/ZnO in comparison to Ni/SiO2. The decrease in catalytic activity of Ni/ZnO is accompanied by a reduced absolute selectivity to ethylene. H–D exchange measurements demonstrate a reduced ability of Ni/ZnO to dissociate hydrogen in comparison to Ni/SiO2. These results of the catalytic experiments suggest that the catalytic properties are controlled, in part, by the zinc oxide support and stress the importance of reporting absolute ethylene selectivity for the catalytic semihydrogenation of acetylene in excess ethylene.

Ethylene to Propylene by One-Pot Catalytic Cascade Reactions

An original method for converting ethylene to propylene involving cascade oligomerization/isomerization/metathesis reactions over two robust and highly active heterogeneous catalysts is investigated. In a single flow reactor and under identical conditions, ethylene was first selectively dimerized/isomerized over Ni-AlSBA-15 catalyst to form 2-butenes, which reacted then with the excess of ethylene over MoO3–SiO2–Al2O3 to produce propylene. At 80 °C and 3 MPa, specific activities up to 48 mmol of propylene per gram of catalyst per hour were obtained.

Ethane as a cleaner transportation fuel.

T recent shale gas revolution has increased the supply of ethane to an unprecedented level. The unexpected surplus of ethane has led to exceedingly low prices and a waste of a resource. Currently, the principal use for ethane is ethylene production. The surplus of ethane is turning into an excess of ethylene. The recent collapse of oil prices has greatly lowered the costs of petroleum-based ethylene, and limits the demand for ethane from ethylene producers. A small proportion of ethane may be blended into natural gas, but the heat value specifications limit the amount of ethane allowed. An increasing amount of ethane will likely be flared, which is a controlled burning of the gas only to get rid of it. Some projections suggest that U.S. ethane production may outgrow demand by hundreds of thousands barrels per day in the coming years. Due to the lack of infrastructure to utilize ethane, it is considered a nuisance in shale gas development. The physical and chemical properties of ethane make it a good a transportation fuel. For the same volume, ethane carries slightly more energy than liquefied natural gas (LNG), but is free from the evaporation loss problem in cryogenic LNG systems. The infrastructure required for ethane transportation are similar to those for compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles, where the same cylinder can carry more than twice amount of energy in ethane than in CNG. A typical welding cylinder designed for CNG with 16.5 MPa pressure rating can hold liquid ethane safely. Even in hot summer days, when the liquid ethane completely evaporates, the pressure will not rise above the pressure rating. The promotion of natural gas vehicles (NGVs) is faced with several challenges. The CNG vehicles have significantly shorter driving ranges per refill than their gasoline or diesel counterparts. The LNG vehicles have similar driving ranges to the conventional vehicles, but require expensive cryogenic supply chain. Ethane vehicles offer longer driving range than LNG vehicles without cryogenic systems. Utilizing ethane to replace natural gas in transportation could potentially lower the market barriers to a clean alternative fuel and accelerate the adoption of gas vehicles in the United States. The end-use carbon intensity of ethane fuel is slightly higher than natural gas, but significantly lower than gasoline and diesel. We were unable to locate any assessments on upstream emissions for ethane. However, because ethane is a byproduct in natural gas production, its upstream emissions should be similar to that of natural gas. Figure 1 shows the well-to-wheel

Addition of ethylene or hydrogen to a main-group metal cluster under mild conditions.

Reaction of the tin cluster Sn8(Ar(Me6))4(Ar(Me6)=C6H2-2,6-(C6H3-2,4,6-Me3)2) with excess ethylene or dihydrogen at 25 °C/1 atmosphere yielded two new clusters that incorporated ethylene or hydrogen. The reaction with ethylene yielded Sn4(Ar(Me6))4(C2H2)5 that contained five ethylene moieties bridging four aryl substituted tin atoms and one tin-tin bond. Reaction with H2 produced a cyclic tin species of formula (Sn(H)Ar(Me6))4, which could also be synthesized by the reaction of {(Ar(Me6))Sn(μ-Cl)}2 with DIBAL-H. These reactions represent the first instances of direct reactions of isolable main-group clusters with ethylene or hydrogen under mild conditions. The products were characterized in the solid state by X-ray diffraction and IR spectroscopy and in solution by multinuclear NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopies. Density functional theory calculations were performed to explain the reactivity of the cluster.

Pd–Ag/SiO2 bimetallic catalysts prepared by galvanic displacement for selective hydrogenation of acetylene in excess ethylene

A series of bimetallic Pd–Ag/SiO2 catalysts with Ag enriched on the surface were prepared by galvanic displacement. The bimetallic effect for these catalysts on acetylene hydrogenation was discussed.

Chemical Recycling of PET Wastes with Different Catalysts

Chemical recycling of polyethylene terephthalate, known as PET, has been the subject of increased interest as a valuable feedstock for different chemical processes. In this work, glycolysis of PET waste granules was carried out using excess ethylene glycol in the presence of different simple chemicals acting as catalysts, which are, namely, categorized in ionic liquids, metal salts, hydrotalcites, and enzymes. From every category, some materials as a sample were used, and the one which is going to bring the best result is noted. The effect of some parameters such as temperature, pressure, amount of sample, material ratio, and stirring rate was investigated. As a result we compared the best of each category with the others and final result is shown.