Excess Obesity Research Articles

Prevalence of hypertension in women under 50 in the PICTURE cohort study

Abstract Background Epidemiological data indicate an upward trend in hypertension (HT) prevalence in the recent decades. The risk of elevated blood pressure (BP) significantly increases with age, but it has been observed also in the younger population. Currently it is estimated that nearly 10 million adults in Poland have HT. Despite some improvement in treatment and BP control, they are still below expectations in the Polish population. Common misconception assumes that HT rarely occurs in women in comparison to men, which can lead to lower awareness, lower participation in routine screening and delayed diagnosis, especially in younger women. Purpose To assess the prevalence of hypertension (HT) among women under 50 years of age in the PICTURE cohort study. Methods The analysis is based on 769 women (average age 41.6±4.2 years) participating in "Population Cohort Study of Wroclaw Citizens (PICTURE)" established between 2019 and 2021. HT was diagnosed based on (1) patient-reported HT previously diagnosed by a physician, and/or (2) patient-reported intake of hypotensive medication, and/or (3) the average of two blood pressure measurements of systolic ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic ≥90 mmHg. Additional analysis included other parameters such as BMI, WHR, attitudes toward tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption. Results HT was diagnosed in 12.5% of women under 50 years of age. More than half (55.2%) of HT cases in this group were previously undiagnosed. Women with hypertension had significantly higher chance of excessive body mass and abdominal obesity in comparison to women with normal BP. Excessive body weight characterized 68.7% of women with HT vs 34.5% without HT (p<0.0001), whereas abdominal obesity characterized 71.9% of women with HT vs 44.8% without HT (p<0.0001). Tobacco smoking was more prevalent among women with HT. A total of 21.3% of women with HT were current tobacco smokers vs 11.8% without HT (p=0.01). Conclusions More than half of HT cases were previously undiagnosed. Majority of HT cases in women were associated with traditional modifiable risk factors including excessive body mass, abdominal obesity and tobacco smoking. Intensive screening programs to increase HT diagnosis should be introduced in younger age groups, also in younger women.

Effectiveness of a Nurse-Led Telehealth Intervention to Improve Adherence to Healthy Eating and Physical Activity Habits in Overweight or Obese Young Adults.

Excess weight and obesity have high prevalence rates globally and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality rates. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, telehealth emerged as an effective tool for promoting healthy behaviours in the management of chronic conditions. This study employed a three-month quasi-experimental design with pre- and post-intervention measurements, assessing the progress of 82 adults assigned either to an intervention group (IG) or a control group (CG). A total of 66 participants completed the study, with 33 in each group. The IG had access to a telehealth-based platform providing educational content on healthy lifestyle habits and were followed up both in-person and remotely. The CG were monitored as usual, i.e., at their primary care nurses' discretion. The IG exhibited a statistically significant reduction in weight, BMI, and abdominal circumference, along with improved adherence to a heart-healthy diet, specifically the Mediterranean diet, and higher levels of physical activity. The nurse-led intervention (Care4US+), utilising telehealth from primary care, has proven effective in enhancing healthy behaviours and reducing cardiovascular risk factors.

Time trends in Alzheimer's disease mortality attributable to metabolic risks and smoking in China from 1990 to 2019: an age-period-cohort analysis.

With the increase in the aging population worldwide, Alzheimer's disease has become a rapidly increasing public health concern. In the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, there are three risk factors judged to have evidence for a causal link to Alzheimer's disease and other dementias: smoking, high body-mass index (HBMI), and high fasting plasma glucose (HFPG). This study aimed to analyze trends in AD mortality and the relevant burden across China from 1990 to 2019, as well as their correlation with age, period, and birth cohort. The data were extracted from the GBD 2019. Trends in AD mortality attributable to metabolic risks (HFPG and HBMI) and smoking were analyzed using Joinpoint regression. The age-period-cohort (APC) model was used to evaluate cohort and period effects. From 1990 to 2019, the overall age-standardized mortality rate of AD increased, especially in women. There was an increase in AD mortality due to smoking in the net drift, and it was more significant in women (0.46, 95%CI = [0.09, 0.82]) than men (-0.03, 95%CI = [-0.11, 0.05]). For the cause of HFPG, the net drift values for men and women were 0.82% and 0.43%. For HBMI, the values were 3.14% and 2.76%, respectively, reflecting substantial increases in AD mortality. Time trends in AD mortality caused by metabolic risks and smoking in China from 1990 to 2019 have consistently increased. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent excessive weight gain and obesity during the later stages of life, especially for females.

Association of Anthropometry With Nerve Conduction Parameters of Median Nerve: A Cross-Sectional Study in a North Indian Medical University Hospital.

Background Nerve conduction studies ease the understanding of the various pathologies of the peripheral nervous system. It helps physicians to delineate between the two principal types of peripheral etiologies: axonal degeneration and demyelination. An increase in weight in the form of excessive fat deposition or obesity could have a worrisome effect on nerve conduction. So, to find the association of various anthropometric parameters (age, gender, height, weight, waist-hip ratio and body mass index) with motor and sensory median nerve conduction parameters (latency, amplitude and velocity) this cross-sectional study was conducted. Materials and method A total of 87 subjects were taken and their height, weight, waist-hip ratio and body mass index were measured using standard techniques. Motor and sensory nerve conduction parameters were measured on an electromyography machine. Data was stored, tabulated and analyzed. Results The average height of male and female subjects ± SD was 1.699 ± 0.072 m and 1.589 ± 0.067 m respectively. The average weight of male and female subjects ± SD was 64.089 ± 11.497 kg and 52.949 ± 8.404 kg, respectively. The average BMI of normal, underweight and overweight subjects ± SD was 21.668 ± 2.048 kg/m2, 17.074 ± 0.794 kg/m2 and 26.595 ± 0.915 kg/m2 respectively. Weight showed a significant (p = 0.0025) correlation with the latency of motor median nerve conduction. Waist-hip ratio showed a significant (p = 0.042 and p = 0.036) correlation with motor median nerve conduction velocity in both male and female subjects, respectively. BMI in the overweight category showed a significant (p = 0.0156 and p = 0.0290) correlation with latency and amplitude of motor median nerve conduction study, respectively. Conclusions This study exemplifies that an increase in BMI of our body can affect nerve conduction. This could serve as a preliminary study to assess the effect of obesity on peripheral nerve conduction, especially in the Indian population.

Effects of overweight and obesity on lower limb walking characteristics from joint kinematics to muscle activations

BackgroundObesity is a crucial factor that increases the risk of initiating and advancing knee osteoarthritis. However, it remains unclear how obesity directly impacts the biomechanical experience of the lower limb joints, potentially triggering or exacerbating joint degeneration. This study investigated the interactive effects of BMI augmentation on lower limb kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activations during walking. MethodologyA group of 60 participants underwent a three-dimensional gait analysis. These individuals were categorized into three groups based on their body mass index (BMI): those with a BMI below 25 were classified as having a healthy weight, those with a BMI between 25 and 30 were categorized as overweight, and those with a BMI exceeding 30 were considered obese. This study analyzed the gait of 60 participants categorized by BMI. During walking trials, they recorded ground reaction forces electromyography of leg muscles like the gastrocnemii, hamstrings, and quadriceps. Lower limb joint angles and net moments were also calculated. Statistical mapping identified variations in kinematic, kinetic, and muscle activation patterns across the stance phase between BMI groups. ResultsThe results displayed distinct biomechanical patterns in obese individuals. Notably, there was a significant increase in flexion observed in the hip and knee joints (P < 0.001) during the initial stance phase and an increase in hip and knee adduction angles and moments throughout the entire stance phase (P < 0.001). Additionally, muscle activations underwent significant changes (P < 0.01), with a positive correlation noted with the BMI factor. This correlation was most pronounced during the early stance phase for the quadriceps and hamstring muscles and the late stance phase for the gastrocnemius. ConclusionThese findings represent a comprehensive picture that contributes to understanding how excess weight and obesity influence joint biomechanics, highlighting the associated risk of joint osteoarthritis.

Prevalence of malnutrition in school-going children with special reference to Sthaulya and Karshya: A cross sectional survey study.

Introduction: Malnutrition implies both extremes of impaired nutrition; under-nutrition, over-nutrition. The state of Karshya (emaciation)/Atikarshya (excessive emaciation), Sthaulya (obesity)/Atisthaulya (excessive obesity) described in Ayurveda represent both aspects of malnutrition. Reliance on qualitative observations and insouciance to anthropometric indices makes it challenging and arduous to assess malnutrition with Ayurveda perspective in research studies. This study aimed to ascertain prevalence of malnutrition in school-going children using Ayurvedic parameters of malnutrition with special reference to Sthaulya, Karshya and assess compatibility of these parameters to anthropometric indices for assessing malnutrition. Methods: A cross-sectional survey study involving 1001 students in 6-16 years age group from 10 urban, rural schools in ******* was carried out. After obtaining ethical clearance, parental consent and participants’ assent, anthropometric measurements of students were taken and presence of signs, symptoms of Sthaulya, Karshya was noted. All data were analysed in Microsoft Excel. Results: Based on Ayurvedic parameters a very high prevalence of malnourishment (51%) with 112 (11.18%) children in Sthaulya, an exorbitant number of 399 (39.86%) children falling under Karshya category was observed. Conclusion: Symptoms of Sthaulya, Karshya described in Ayurveda are a good measure to screen and assess malnourished children. A fair correlation was observed between symptoms of Sthaulya/Karshya and anthropometric measurements was noted. Ayurvedic parameters were more sensitive than BMI in recognising children at borderline undernutrition while they failed to record overweight, marginally obese children.

Decreasing Intracellular Entropy by Increasing Mitochondrial Efficiency and Reducing ROS Formation-The Effect on the Ageing Process and Age-Related Damage.

A hypothesis is presented to explain how the ageing process might be influenced by optimizing mitochondrial efficiency to reduce intracellular entropy. Research-based quantifications of entropy are scarce. Non-equilibrium metabolic reactions and compartmentalization were found to contribute most to lowering entropy in the cells. Like the cells, mitochondria are thermodynamically open systems exchanging matter and energy with their surroundings-the rest of the cell. Based on the calculations from cancer cells, glycolysis was reported to produce less entropy than mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. However, these estimations depended on the CO2 concentration so that at slightly increased CO2, it was oxidative phosphorylation that produced less entropy. Also, the thermodynamic efficiency of mitochondrial respiratory complexes varies depending on the respiratory state and oxidant/antioxidant balance. Therefore, in spite of long-standing theoretical and practical efforts, more measurements, also in isolated mitochondria, with intact and suboptimal respiration, are needed to resolve the issue. Entropy increases in ageing while mitochondrial efficiency of energy conversion, quality control, and turnover mechanisms deteriorate. Optimally functioning mitochondria are necessary to meet energy demands for cellular defence and repair processes to attenuate ageing. The intuitive approach of simply supplying more metabolic fuels (more nutrients) often has the opposite effect, namely a decrease in energy production in the case of nutrient overload. Excessive nutrient intake and obesity accelerate ageing, while calorie restriction without malnutrition can prolong life. Balanced nutrient intake adapted to needs/activity-based high ATP requirement increases mitochondrial respiratory efficiency and leads to multiple alterations in gene expression and metabolic adaptations. Therefore, rather than overfeeding, it is necessary to fine-tune energy production by optimizing mitochondrial function and reducing oxidative stress; the evidence is discussed in this paper.

Diabetes and obesity: the role of stress in the development of cancer.

Diabesity is a condition where an individual has both diabetes and obesity, which can lead to severe complications including cardiovascular disease, a leading cause of mortality. Recently, cancer has become a leading cause of excess hospitalizations, and both diabetes and obesity are associated with a higher risk of developing several types of cancer. In this review, we propose that chronic stress significantly increases this association. Managing diabetes and obesity is challenging as they both cause significant distress. The relationship between stress and cancer is interconnected, with anxiety and depression being common in cancer patients. Cancer diagnosis and treatment can cause lasting changes in the body's neuroendocrine system, with stress causing an excessive release of catecholamines and prostaglandins in patients undergoing cancer surgery, which promotes the spread of cancer to other parts of the body. Furthermore, stress could significantly increase the risk of cancer in patients with diabetes, obesity, or both.

Use of probiotics in preventing and treating excess weight and obesity. A systematic review.

The prevalence of excess weight and obesity is increasing in an extremely concerning manner worldwide, with highly diverse therapies for current treatment. This review evaluated the scientific evidence of the past 10years on the use of probiotics in treating excess weight and obesity in the absence of dieting. A systematic review was conducted by searching for clinical trials on humans published in English in the PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane Central databases, using the combination of keywords "Overweight", "Probiotics" and "Obesity", and published between 2012 and 2022. Six published studies met the inclusion criteria. The review showed that, although there is a lack of consensus in the literature, the use of probiotics in the absence of dieting produced a significant reduction in body weight and body mass index in 66.6% of the reviewed studies, a significant reduction in waist circumference in 80.0% of the reviewed studies, and an improvement in total body fat mass and waist circumference. This review showed evidence of a trend in preventing body weight gain and reducing weight through the use of probiotics in individuals with excess weight or obesity. A combination of various strains of the genera Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus was the most effective.

Demographic shifts and health dynamics: Exploring the impact of aging rates on health outcomes in Brazilian capitals

ObjectivesWe aimed to examine the association between population aging and the prevalence of non-communicable diseases and risk factors in the Brazilian population. Study designAn ecological study using secondary data from 2010 to 2023 of the Surveillance System of Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey (VIGITEL). MethodsWe estimated the aging rate in 2010 and 2022 as the ratio of people aged 65 or older to those younger than 15 using the 2010 and 2022 Brazilian censuses. We calculated the absolute differences in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases (hypertension, diabetes) and their risk factors (smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, obesity) and negative health perceptions in 2010 and 2023 for the 26 Brazilian states and the Federal District. Linear regression assessed the relationship between aging rate and health outcomes. We stratified the analyses to explore the differences by sex. ResultsBrazil's aging rate was higher among women than men (average of 0.20 and 0.31, respectively). The increased number of older adults was associated with a higher prevalence of excess weight and diabetes in men. In women, the aging rate was associated with a higher prevalence of smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. ConclusionsOur findings show a sex-specific association between population aging and the prevalence of health conditions in the Brazilian population. By discerning the sex-specific nuances and untangling the multifactorial influences, this research aspires to contribute valuable insights to the burgeoning field of public health in the face of evolving demographic landscapes.

Is family meal frequency associated with obesity in children and adolescents? A cross-sectional study including 155 451 participants from 43 countries.

This study tried to examine the association between the frequency of family meals and excess weight using large and representative samples of children and adolescents from 43 countries. This cross-sectional study used data from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC), which included nationally representative samples of children and adolescents aged 10-17 years, involving a total of 155 451 participants (mean age = 13.6 years; standard deviation [SD] = 1.6; 51.4% girls). Family meal frequency was gauged through the following question: 'How frequently do you and your family typically share meals?' The possible responses were: 'never', 'less often', 'approximately once a week', 'most days' and 'every day'. The body weight and height of the participants were self-reported and utilized to calculate body mass index (BMI). Subsequently, BMI z-scores were computed based on the International Obesity Task Force criteria, and the prevalence of excess weight was defined as +1.31 SD for boys and + 1.24 SD for girls, with obesity defined as +2.29 SD for boys and + 2.19 SD for girls. Generalized linear mixed models were conducted to examine the associations between the frequency of family meals and excess weight or obesity. The lowest predicted probabilities of having excess weight and obesity were observed for those participants who had family meals every day (excess weight: 34.4%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 31.4%-37.5%; obesity: 10.8%, 95% CI 9.0%-13.0%). A higher frequency of family meals is associated with lower odds of having excess weight and obesity in children and adolescents.

Legumes and common beans in sustainable diets: nutritional quality, environmental benefits, spread and use in food preparations.

In recent decades, scarcity of available resources, population growth and the widening in the consumption of processed foods and of animal origin have made the current food system unsustainable. High-income countries have shifted towards food consumption patterns which is causing an increasingly process of environmental degradation and depletion of natural resources, with the increased incidence of malnutrition due to excess (obesity and non-communicable disease) and due to chronic food deprivation. An urgent challenge is, therefore, to move towards more healthy and sustainable eating choices and reorientating food production and distribution to obtain a human and planetary health benefit. In this regard, legumes represent a less expensive source of nutrients for low-income countries, and a sustainable healthier option than animal-based proteins in developed countries. Although legumes are the basis of many traditional dishes worldwide, and in recent years they have also been used in the formulation of new food products, their consumption is still scarce. Common beans, which are among the most consumed pulses worldwide, have been the focus of many studies to boost their nutritional properties, to find strategies to facilitate cultivation under biotic/abiotic stress, to increase yield, reduce antinutrients contents and rise the micronutrient level. The versatility of beans could be the key for the increase of their consumption, as it allows to include them in a vast range of food preparations, to create new formulations and to reinvent traditional legume-based recipes with optimal nutritional healthy characteristics.

EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDREN WITH BRONCHIAL ASTHMA

Among the diseases capable of negatively affecting the course of bronchial asthma in children and adolescents, disruptions in nutritional status play an important role, including not only excess body weight and obesity, but also insufficient body weight. Since children with the consequences of perinatal central nervous system damage often exhibit signs of protein-energy deficiency, the aim of the research conducted was to assess the indicators of nutritional status of children with bronchial asthma depending on accompanying neurological symptoms by evaluating the body mass index. 126 children with bronchial asthma were examined, divided into two subgroups: the main group included 65 children (51.6%) with the disease occurring against the background of consequences of perinatal central nervous system damage; the comparison group included 61 patients (48.4%) without accompanying neurological symptoms. The average age of the children was 11.4±2.9 years. According to the results obtained, in 50.8% of observations, children in the main group had insufficient body weight and a decrease in body mass index, while in the comparison group, excess body weight was observed in 37.7% of cases. KEYWORDS: children, bronchial asthma, anthropometry, body mass index, nutritional status, central nervous system

Chronic Kidney Disease Study in Diabetic Patients: Insights From Primary Care Units in Northern Portugal.

Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM) remains a primary cause of morbidity and mortality, leading to complications such as blindness, kidney failure, and lower limb amputations. Early detection of kidney damage, indicated by microalbuminuria (MA), is crucial for managing DM. Given the impact of these conditions, evaluating the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in diabetic populations within primary healthcare is essential. Methodology This was a cross-sectional and observational study. Adults diagnosed with DM type 1 or 2, from five primary care units (PCUs) located in the North of Portugal, were included in this study.Descriptive and correlational statistics were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 28.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY).Statistical significance was set to P< 0,05. Logistic regression models were created to identify the factors associated with CKD and DM. Results A sample of 357 diabetic patients was obtained, with 166 (46.5%) females. Of the sample, 250 (70.1%) were aged 65 or older, and the median known duration of DM was 9.36 years. Excess weight or obesity accounted for 79.8%, with a median body mass index of 28.73 kg/m2and hypertension in 284 (79.6%). An estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) less than 60 mL/min was present in 89 (24.9%) and an MA of 30 mg/dL or higher was present in 68 (19.0%). In total, 130 (36.4%) individuals exhibited eGFR and MA consistent with CKD. Among these, 25 (78.1%) had other identifiable causes of CKD besides DM, hypertension, overweight, or obesity. Binary logistic regression models were constructed to find a relationship between CKDwith eGFR < 60 mL/min and MA. A statistically significant association was found between CKD with eGFR < 60 mL/minute and age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.150; P< 0.001), kidney stones (OR = 5.112; P= 0.003), absence of excess weight or obesity (OR = 0.267; P< 0.001). The use of GLP1 agonists showed statistical significance as a predictor (OR = 4.653; P= 0.042) of the presence of MA. Discussion The study investigates the impact of DM and its complications in the surveyed population. While most patients had controlled DM (284, 76.2%), prolonged disease duration correlated with poorer glycemic control, underscoring the need for more effective management strategies in advanced disease stages. Notably, a third of individuals with DM had CKD, with significant implications for therapeutic interventions and heightened risks of renal failure and cardiovascular morbidity. MA was a crucial marker for endothelial injury, with prevalence influenced by DM duration and medication type. However, in many cases, correct identification of CKD was lacking, suggesting under-recognition of renal deterioration in DM. While the study offers valuable insights, its limited sample size and geographic scope warrant cautious interpretation, emphasizing the need for broader, context-specific research to inform comprehensive healthcare strategies. Conclusions In conclusion, this study highlights the significant burden of CKD among diabetic patients, emphasizing the need for proactive screening, personalized management, and accurate diagnosis. Despite limitations, it underscores the importance of early detection and tailored interventions, advocating for improved diabetes care to mitigate renal complications on a broader scale.

Fourteen-year trends in overweight, general obesity, and abdominal obesity in Amazonian indigenous peoples.

Available data show that the epidemiological profile of most indigenous Brazilian populations is characterized by the coexistence of long-standing health problems (high prevalence of infectious and parasitic diseases, malnutrition, and deficiency diseases, such as anemia in children and women of reproductive age), associated with new health problems, especially those related to obesity (hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia). Based on this scenario, this study analyzed the nutritional profile of the adult population of seven indigenous peoples from the Brazilian Amazon in the years 2007 and 2021. A total of 598 adults individuals were analyzed in 2007 (319 women and 279 men) and 924 in 2021 (483 women and 441 men), from seven indigenous peoples located in the state of Pará, who were assisted during health actions carried out in 2007 and in 2021. Body mass index classification used the World Health Organization criteria for adults: low weight, < 18.5kg/m2; normal weight, ≥ 18.5 and < 25kg/m2); overweight, ≥ 25 and < 30kg/m2, and obesity, ≥ 30kg/m2. A waist circumference (WC) < 90cm in men and < 80cm in women was considered normal. The data revealed heterogeneous anthropometric profiles, with a low prevalence of nutritional changes in the Araweté, Arara and Parakanã peoples, and high proportions of excess weight and abdominal obesity in the Kararaô, Xikrin do Bacajá, Asurini do Xingu and Gavião peoples, similar to or even higher than the national averages. Different stages of nutritional transition were identified in the indigenous peoples analyzed, despite apparently having been subjected to the same environmental pressures that shaped their nutritional profile in recent decades, which may indicate different genetic susceptibilities to nutritional changes. The evidence shown in this study strongly suggests the need to investigate in greater depth the genetic and environmental factors associated with the nutritional profile of Brazilian indigenous peoples, with assessment of diet, physical activity and sociodemographic and socioeconomic variables that enable the development of appropriate prevention and monitoring measures.

Clinicians Address Gestational Weight Gain and Nutrition Using the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Nutrition Checklist.

The negative effects of excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) and obesity during pregnancy are well documented in the literature. However, lack of time, education, comfort, and confidence among health care providers often make it difficult to provide proper nutrition and weight gain guidance for pregnant persons. In response, the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) has developed a nutrition checklist that can standardize recommendations for GWG, facilitate discussions with pregnant persons, and aid providers with nutrition education. The checklist is an innovative tool that can help reduce complications associated with excessive GWG. This article discusses the benefits of FIGO Nutrition Checklist and its implementation at a midwifery clinic that primarily serves Native American women. By using this quick, simple, guided, time-efficient tool, clinics can be successful in facilitating important conversations and education about nutrition and GWG during pregnancy.

Outcomes of Metabolic Surgeries with Special Reference to Weight Loss, Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension, and Thyroid Profile

Abstract Background: Metabolic surgery, which results in significant weight loss and the improvement, prevention, or remission of multiple related conditions including type 2 diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, sleep apnea, and various malignancies, is the most effective and long-lasting therapy for excessive obesity. Aims and Objectives: To examine the results of metabolic operations with an emphasis on thyroid function, weight reduction, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. Material and Methods: From June 2021 to June 2022, thirty-two (15 men and 17 women) patients were selected from the outpatient division of state-run Government Medical College. It is a case series analysis on patients who underwent bariatric surgeries which were conducted after clinical history and clinical examination with appropriate investigations on those patients who were admitted. The study only covered those who had no significant organ involvement and those who met the inclusion criteria were invited to take part in the study. Results: About 32 individuals underwent metabolic surgeries in the General Surgery department, at SVBP Hospital affiliated with LLRM Medical College Meerut. The difference between various parameters, such as pre-op and post-op, is compared using the various statistical analysis between the single group that differs from a known mean value. Conclusion: Metabolic surgery is presently the most effective treatment for attaining long-term weight loss and has been demonstrated to benefit T2DM thyroid and Hypertensive patients. Our study supports the statistical significance of variables including hemoglobin, BMI, HbA1c, serum creatinine, total cholesterol, LDL, SBP, and TSH.

Pathology of the gastrointestinal tract in overweight and obese children

Obesity and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are widespread among the children and have common developmental mechanisms. The article provides a literature review on the relationships between certain pathological conditions of the digestive system (gastroesophageal reflux disease, gastritis, functional intestinal disorders, Crohn’s disease, diverticular disease) in children with overweight and obesity. Excess body weight and obesity can become risk factors for the development of gastrointestinal pathology. The data available in modern literature on changes in the composition of the intestinal and stomach microbiocenosis with increasing body weight are summarized (changes in enterotype, increase in the Firmicutеs/Bacteroides ratio, increase in the number of bacteria Methanobrevibacter, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Lactobacillus reuteri). The strains of bacteria that contribute to the anorexigenic effect are considered: Lactobacillus gasseri, some strains of Bifidobacterium, Saccharomyces, Streptococcus and Enterococcus. The pathogenetic aspects of obesity and overweight caused by microbiota are presented: activation of lipid synthesis, breakdown of polysaccharides, absorption of mono- and disaccharides, development of metabolic endotoxemia, etc. Features of the functioning of the autonomic nervous system in obesity in children are presented, indicating the predominance of the hypersympathicotonic variant of autonomic reactivity.

Risk of cardiovascular disorders in hidradenitis suppurativa patients: a large-scale, propensity-matched global retrospective cohort study.

Patients with hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) often suffer from comorbid diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and hyperlipidemia and, therefore, are susceptible to the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Moreover, systemic inflammation plays a vital role in the development of atherosclerosis. The creation of atherosclerotic plaque is characterized by endothelial dysfunction driven by elevated concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and IL-18 among others, as well as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha. This study aimed to assess the risk of HS patients developing CVDs. We performed a large-scale, propensity-matched global retrospective cohort study analyzing the risk of development of CVDs in patients suffering from HS. The analysis included 144,100 HS patients with 144,100 healthy controls (HC). The cohorts were matched regarding demographics and history of diseases relevant to CVDs, e.g., diabetes, obesity, and nicotine dependence. A total of 90 cardiovascular disorders were identified. The identification of cardiovascular disorders was based on ≥1% appearance of the event, based on absolute numbers, in both cohorts. Before the matching, HS patients displayed a higher frequency in excess weight or obesity (25 vs. 14.4%, respectively), nicotine dependence, and diabetes mellitus, but lower odds of primary hypertension in comparison to healthy controls. A total of 47 CVDs are associated with an increased risk of onset in HS patients. Although the highest hazard ratio (HR; 2.1; 95% CI: 1.95-2.269) was found for unspecified heart failure, the HS cohort was exceptionally predisposed to developing myocardial infarction (HR: 2.06; 95% CI: 1.88-2.27) and an acute embolismand deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremity (HR: 1.93; 95% CI: 1.74-2.14). This is the most extensive study on the association of HS with CVDs. We demonstrated that HS patients are at significantly greater risk of developing various CVDs compared to matched controls, with heart failure being the most common one.

VANDHYATVA &amp;VATA DOSHA- A SINGAL CASE STUDY

Infertility can negate the realisation of these essential human rights. Addressing infertility is, therefore, an im-portant part of realising the right of individuals and couples to find a family (1).Lifestyle factors such as smok-ing, excessive alcohol intake and obesity can affect fertility. In addition, exposure to environmental pollutants and toxins can be directly toxic to gametes (eggs and sperm), resulting in decreased numbers and poor quality (2, 3). This health problem has existed since ancient times, and cases have increased with the changing lifestyle.Stress and working patterns, along with many other factors, affect the health of normal Doshas in the body and produce diseases. (4) A single case study of a 30-year-old female patient having primary infertility came to the hospital. Due to prominent Vata Dosha vitiations, with the help of a Shaman and Shodhan Chikitsa, conception happens. (5) In Ayurveda, this condition is managed by correcting Dhatu and Doshas with Balya, Vrishya, Bruhmana, Ra-sayana and Vajikara Dravyas.