Removal Of Excess Fluoride Research Articles

Optimization of preparation parameters of ceramic pot water filters for potential application of microbial and fluoride removal from groundwater

The need to make clean water accessible and affordable for low-income countries is crucial. This study examines the suitability of various clays for Ceramic Pot Water Filters production and groundwater treatment for effective microbe and fluoride removal. For this study, three clays were collected from different geographical locations in Ethiopia,i.e., Hosaenna Clay, Babawuha Clay, and Leku Clay. Organic additives such as sawdust and eragrostis tef husks were used to increase the porosity of the Ceramic Pot Water Filters. The Atterberg limit and particle size distribution tests revealed that BC and HC have moderate to high plasticity and mouldability, making them suitable for CPWF production. The clay chemical composition, phase analysis, and thermal properties were determined using XRF, XRD, and TGA/DTA. The turbidity, fluoride level, total dissolved solids, and pH of the groundwater decreases, from 13 to 0.45 NTU, from 3.4 to 0.053 mg/100 mL, from 1245 to 360 mg/l, and from 8.4 to 7.3, respectively; all of which are within the acceptable range of WHO drinking water standards. Microbial removal tests show that the CPWFs removed 99.3%–100% of total coliform bacteria and 98.48%–100% of fecal coliform bacteria from groundwater. Therefore, this work paves the way to fabricate a clay-based ceramic water filter for low-income countries to provide affordable household groundwater treatment technology for microbial and excess fluoride removal.

A STUDY ON THE DEFLUORIDATION FROM WATER BY USING LOCAL LIMESTONE

Removal of excess fluoride [F-] from the water has been attempted by several authors by using different materials both natural and artificial. The main aim of this study was to the fluoride removal by using the local limestone adopting column method. The use of limestone obtained from the National Company of Cement (NCC) at Wadi Saim deposit and Wadi Nakhleen deposit, in Lahj Governorate, Yemen. X-ray spectroscopy analyses revealed that that limestone are classified as high and very high pure limestone, respectively. Local limestone has fluoride removal abilities by phosphoric acid (PA)- local crushed Limestone treatment (PACLT), with the treated water conforming to WHO guidelines for Fluoride in drinking water. Fluoride removal and pH of treated water attained stability within 3ℎ for defluoridation from 10 mg/L [F-], to 0.20 mg/L with 0.68 mM [PA]. The results may be useful for suitability of local limestone for fluoride removal from drinking water.

Nanogravimetric Monitoring of Electrochemically Driven Fluoride Ion Extraction from Water By Aniline-Based Copolymer Films

Sustainable access to safe drinking water is a global societal goal [1]. Accordingly, much attention has been given to the development of technologies for remediation of the unintended effects of agricultural practices and industrial processes. The case of fluoride in water is an interesting case in two respects: its desirability up to a point and its natural origins. The beneficial effects of fluoride on dental health are recognized: in some countries drinking water is routinely fluoridated. However, high levels of fluoride can have detrimental effects on teeth, bones and internal organs; the recommended upper limit is 1.5 mg/L. The fluoride concentration in natural waters - the source of most drinking water - is dictated by the presence of calcium ions, through the solubility product of calcium fluoride. Dependent on the local geology, the calcium ion concentration may be relatively low or high, such that either the beneficial effects of fluoride may not be realized or its injurious effects may dominate. Determination of fluoride concentration using ion selective electrodes is well-established. The question then is how to remedy high fluoride levels. Existing methods for removal of excess fluoride from drinking water and wastewater include precipitation (as Ca or Al salts), membrane technologies and adsorption. Each of these has limitations, e.g. high costs, toxic by-products and slow or complex processes.Here we explore electrochemically controlled fluoride ion extraction by electroactive polymer films. This approach has been studied for water softening (using polypyrrole [2]) and perchlorate removal (using polypyrrole composites [3] and polyaniline-based copolymers [4]). Here we explore the feasibility of using a range of polyaniline-based materials in an electrochemically switched ion exchange system for fluoride removal from water [5]. The concept is based on F- ion uptake as counter ions in the oxidation (p-doping) of the conducting polymer film. Upon oxidation, the film will “capture” F- ions from solution. After separation of the purified water, the F- ions would then be ejected into a concentrated waste stream by reduction (un-doping) of the oxidized polymer.In this presentation we compare the characteristics and performance of polyaniline, poly(o-aminophenol) and poly(o-toluidine) homopolymer films with each other and with those of their copolymers of various composition. Film deposition is controlled electrochemically and monitored nanogravimetrically using the EQCM. Acoustic impedance enables distinction between gravimetric and viscoelastic interpretation of the response [8]. The extent of redox-driven fluoride uptake is then determined upon exposure to solutions of varying fluoride (and in some cases chloride) concentration. Correlation of EQCM-derived film mass and charge responses is used to assay fluoride and solvent uptake during film oxidation and reduction. Comparison with the total redox site population (from the response in fluoride-free media) yields the efficiency. Observations for these aniline-based homopolymers and copolymers reveal behavior that is quite different to that seen for typical small anionic dopants, such as chloride, nitrate and perchlorate. Further, there are surprisingly diverse responses to fluoride for these relatively similar polymeric materials, notably the extent of film solvation change during fluoride uptake. Use of different electrochemical control functions and timescales reveals differences in fluoride ion uptake and release rates. The relevance of these data to defluoridation will be discussed.

Adsorption: A preferred technique for fluoride removal from water

On the planet earth, ∼2.5 % water is potable and its most of the fraction is present as ice on the earth. In India, large fractions of people rely on this groundwater supply for their domestic needs in which an account of 95 % rural and 30–40 % urban people. However, due to chemical contaminations of groundwater, it has become unfit for drinking. Fluoride is one of the most notorious chemical contaminations of water because of many human health concerns including teeth and skeletal disorders. Both, WHO and BIS have suggested in drinking water fluoride maximum limit should not be more than 1.5 mg/L in any case. Adsorption technique has been given preference over the other approaches of fluoride removal because of its simplicity and easy maintenance. Many inorganic materials have been synthesized by the researchers as these adsorbents are having many advantages in the comparison of activated carbon. This review particularly describes the various sources of fluoride contamination and processes for the removal of excess fluoride from water. Various Factors like pH, Temperature, Adsorbent dose and time that can have a impact on adsorption process has been described briefly.

Aluminium hydroxide impregnated sawdust adsorbent: An eco-friendly and low-cost strategy for defluoridation of water

Environment-friendly and cost-effective adsorbent is necessary for removal of excess fluoride from water to control the spread of fluorosis among people in fluoride-rich area. Plant-based cellulosic materials are the preferred choice for this purpose. In this work, aluminium hydroxide impregnated sawdust (AHSD) adsorbent has been prepared, characterized and applied for defluoridation of water through batch and fixed-bed adsorption. Fluoride adsorption capacity of AHSD in batch adsorption experiment is 4.45 mg/g for the initial fluoride concentration between 5-50 mg/L. At low fluoride concentration, the Freundlich isotherm model fit reasonably well, while at higher fluoride concentration (> 40 mg/L) the Langmuir model show better fitting with the experimental data. The adsorption kinetics follow pseudo second-order kinetic model. In fixedbed column adsorption, 4 g of the adsorbent is capable of bringing down the fluoride concentration from 5 mg/L to < 1.5 mg/L (WHO limit) for 690 mL of contaminated water. Residual aluminium in the treated water was within permissible limit of WHO. The reasonably good adsorption capacity and effectivity in both batch and fixed-bed column adsorption suggests that AHSD is an environment-friendly, cost-effective and promising adsorbent for defluoridation of water.

Effective removal of excessive fluoride from aqueous environment using activated pods of Bauhinia variegata: Batch and dynamic analysis.

In this study, a novel biosorbent is prepared from the pods of Bauhinia variegata is used for defluoridation of the fluoride contaminated water. It is an eco-friendly and economically feasible material. Comparison of adsorption capacity of Physically Treated Bauhinia (PTB) and Chemically Treated Bauhinia (CTB) are carried in this work. Characterization studies like SEM, EDS, FTIR, and XRD are executed to analyze surface morphology and functional groups in PTB and CTB. The experimental procedure was implemented in a batch process where the operating constraints such as dosage, pH, initial fluoride concentration, time, and temperature are varied to attain optimized efficiency. PTB and CTB yield an adsorption capacities of 10.90mg/g and 15.45mg/g respectively in the batch process. PTB adheres fluoride in monolayer formation whereas CTB forms multilayer adsorption. The adsorption process was described by the Pseudo first-order model to state the mechanism of physisorption. The negative values of thermodynamic parameters indicate spontaneity and favorable conditions for adsorption process. As CTB has a higher adsorption capacity than PTB, the batch study has been extended to column adsorption. Bed depth, initial fluoride concentration, and flow rate are the experimental variables used to acquire breakthrough curves. Simplified column models like Adam-Bohart, Thomas, and Yoon-Nelson models were analyzed. In column studies, Yoon-Nelson model fitted well in describing the process of adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity acquired during the column process was found to be 1.176mg/g with a bed depth of 5cm and a flow rate of 5ml/min. Thus, the innocuous and sustainable adsorbent is developed and serves as an excellent defluoridation agent.

Efficient removal of fluoride from aqueous solutions using 3D flower-like hierarchical zinc-magnesium-aluminum ternary oxide microspheres

Herein, novel 3D hierarchical flower-like zinc-magnesium-aluminum ternary metal oxide (CZMA) microspheres were successfully prepared for the first time by a simple-green hydrothermal strategy without any surfactant or template combined with a calcination process and were employed as an adsorbent for adsorptive removal of excess fluoride. The adsorbent was characterized by diverse microscopic, spectroscopic, diffractometric, and thermal analysis techniques. The flower-like microspheres with a mean diameter of 8.74 µm were assembled by nanosheets with thicknesses of approximately 100 nm. The adsorption property for fluoride on the ZMA and the CZMA were analyzed by batch experiments. The results showed that the fluoride uptake behavior of the samples could precisely be fitted by the Langmuir isothermal model and the maximum adsorption capacity reached up to 84.24 mg/g at 298 K under neutral conditions. The pseudo-second-order model accurately described the adsorption kinetics data. Moreover, the regeneration experiment revealed that the samples have excellent reusability. XPS, FT-IR and zeta potential results indicated that the underlying fluoride adsorption mechanism of the samples can be ascribed to ion exchange and electrostatic interactions. Real water tests demonstrated that the CZMA is an efficient and rapid adsorbent candidate for water purification in environmental remediation.

Fluoride in Drinking Water and Nanotechnological Approaches for Eliminating Excess Fluoride

Arising awareness of health hazards due to long-term exposure of fluoride has led researchers to seek for more innovative strategies to eliminate excess fluoride in drinking water. Fluoride-bearing chemicals in both natural and anthropogenic sources contaminate drinking water, which mainly cause for human fluoride ingestion. Hence, developing sustainable approaches toward alleviation is essential. Among many emerging techniques of defluoridation, nanotechnological approaches stand out owing to its high efficiency, and hence, as in many areas, nanotechnology for excess fluoride removal in water is gaining ground compared to other conventional adsorbents and process. The present review focuses on some of the advanced and recent nanoadsorbents including their strengths and shortcomings (e.g., CNT, LDH, graphene-based nanomaterials, and magnetic nanomaterials) and other processes involving nanotechnology while discussing basic aspects of hydrochemistry of fluoride and geological conditions leading for water fluoride contamination. Considering all the findings in survey, it is evident that developing more sustainable techniques is essential rather than conducting batch-type experiments solely.

Study of Defluoridation of Water Using Natural Clay Minerals

AbstractFluoride is an essential component in the mineralization of bones and in the formation of dental enamel. Excessive intake may result, however, in teeth mottling and dental and skeletal fluorosis. With an average fluoride concentration of ~2.4 mg L−1 in Tunisian drinking water, the present study focused on promoting low-cost materials for removal of excess fluoride. Two Tunisian raw clays were used as adsorbents in a batch process to eliminate excess fluoride ions from drinking water and, thus, avoid fluorosis phenomena. Physicochemical characterization and chemical analysis of the raw clays were carried out using X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, and the BET method. For fluoride removal, the effects of contact time, adsorbent dose, and pH were evaluated. The optimum defluoridation capacity was at 30 min of contact time, 20 g/L of clay dose, and at pH = 3. The kaolinite tested removed more fluoride than smectite. The selected clay was used successfully to remove fluoride from contaminated water with high concentrations of foreign ions that exceeded the potability limits. Adsorption isotherms revealed that the data fitted well to both the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms, thus confirming both monolayer and multilayer adsorption.

Next‐generation organometallic adsorbents for safe removal of excessive fluoride from aqueous systems

ABSTRACTThe presence of excessive fluoride contamination in aquatic environments causes large‐scale health problems affecting about 260 million people across the globe. Here we have investigated a novel method to develop zirconium‐based organometallic nanoadsorbents (ZrAN) for the removal of fluoride from aqueous systems. A series of ZrAN adsorbents composed of zirconyl methacrylate (ZrDMA) and acrylonitrile (AN) have been developed by varying the relative amounts of crosslinker, porogen, and comonomers. The spherical adsorbents have high porosity and excellent mechanical stability, properties that prevent material breakage and mass loss during practical use. Experimental factors such as effects of pH, initial fluoride concentration, adsorbent dose, coexisting anions, pHpzc, isotherm models, and surface chemistry were investigated to clarify the adsorption properties of ZrAN. A high adsorption capacity of 46 mg/g was recorded with a high fluoride concentration of 60 mg/L, which outperformed many other reported adsorbents. Moreover, the ZrAN adsorbent performed well over a considerable pH range of 2–10 with significant removal at pH 6–8, which is the preferred range for groundwater applications. Additionally, the results of the toxicity characteristics leaching procedure suggested the ZrAN adsorbents were inert, do not leach out any contaminants (Zr, F−), and deliver safe and potable treated water. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 46993.

Valuing excess fluoride removal for safe drinking water in Kenya

Abstract The study uses contingent valuation framework to assess the welfare benefits of removing excess fluoride from drinking water among households in Baringo County, Kenya. A conventional payment card is used to draw preferences from households in order to estimate the mean and median willingness to pay for excess fluoride removal from drinking water in the county. Through interval regression analysis, the study found that households were, on average, willing to pay Kshs. 202.25 ($2.02) and a median of Kshs. 162.50 ($1.63) to remove excess fluoride from drinking water. The mean and median welfare values of removing excess fluoride from water were estimated at Kshs. 112.4 ($1.12) and Kshs. 90.3 ($0.90) million, respectively. These amounts were significantly found to increase with male gender, education, household income, living in own house, type of water source, perceived water quality, distance to nearest water source, payment vehicle used and whether household members had suffered from fluorosis. However, these amounts declined with age and household size. On the whole, the study found significant public support towards the removal of excess fluoride in drinking water among the concerned households, which is vital for effective formation and implementation of water quality improvement policies for the county.

Radiotracer techniques (18F) and modeling of fluoride sorption on alumina

Chemical equilibria on the removal of excess fluoride from water by a classic solid alumina are presented. The fluoride concentrations used are representatives of those reported in borewell water at North region of Zacatecas State (Mexico). The percentage of fluoride removal was obtained as a function of pH using the radiotracer, 18F, from cyclotron of PET-UNAM. Proton binding sites of solid were characterized by potentiometric titrations yielding a point of zero charge, pHPZC, around 5.75. Batch experiments with alumina-equilibrated solutions were conducted to determine the mechanism of fluoride adsorption by this solid. The sorption isotherms show that fluoride removal is strongly dependent on pH showing a maximum value (∼98% adsorption) at pH near pHPZC; above this pH value, fluoride sorption falls sharply. This study concentrates on the fluoride sorption mechanism in terms of surface and solution equilibria constants. The experimental data were treated with the FITEQL 4.0 software program considering the existence of a single type of surface sites (hydroxyl groups on alumina). As a result of fitting fluoride removal data to model for the lowest initial fluoride concentration 1.0mg/L, the formation of monodentate surface complexes ≡Al–F dominate below pHPZC, when pH was above this value, fluoride adsorption decreased and the formation of the surface complexes ≡Al–OHF− became dominant. However, for the higher initial fluoride concentration of 9.3mg/L, the monodentate surface complexes ≡Al–F are predominant over the entire pH range.

Experimental Investigations on Fluoride Removal from Water Using Nanoalumina-Carbon Nanotubes Blend

Fluoride is the most abundant, highly electronegative and geogenic contaminant in groundwater worldwide. Among the water quality parameters, the fluoride ion is unique in that it is beneficial to health if its concentration in water is within a threshold value (1.0 - 1.5 mg/l) and is detrimental (>2 ppm) if present in excess (WHO, 2006). High fluoride levels in drinking water has become a critical health hazard of this century as it induces intense impact on human health including skeletal and dental fluorosis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of nanoalumina-carbon nanotubes blend as a sorbent for the removal of excess fluoride from water. Batch studies were conducted to assess the influence of various operational parameters viz. pH, temperature, agitation time, adsorbent dosage and presence of interfering ions. From the studies, it was clear that the rate of adsorption was initially rapid and attains equilibrium gradually in about 100 min. The presence of interfering ions such as chlorides and sulphates has very little effect on fluoride removal by nanoalumina-carbon nanotubes blend. Analysis of the equilibrium data fitted the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms very well. The results of the study appear to be quite promising in the sense that they demonstrate the capability of nanoalumina-carbon nanotubes blend for removing fluorides from drinking water.

Zirconium-Doped Fungal Sorbents: Preparation, Characterization, Adsorption Isotherm, and Kinetic and Mathematical Modelling Study for Removal of Fluoride

The present study involves usage of more efficient and eco-friendly zirconium-doped, fluoride-resistant fungal biosorbents for removal of excess fluoride from groundwater. It was observed that &gt;94% fluoride removal was possible at optimal conditions for the four fungal species studied. The adsorption isotherm studies indicated that zirconium-doped Aspergillus ficuum SIT-CH-2, Aspergillus terreus SIT-CH-3, and Aspergillus flavipes SIT-CH-4 were best described by Freundlich isotherm and zirconium-doped Penicillium camemberti SIT-CH-1 fitted well with Langmuir adsorption isotherm equation. The pseudo-second-order kinetics model showed the best fit for all of the four zirconium-doped fungal species for the fluoride biosorption.

Life cycle assessment of adsorbents for fluoride removal from drinking water in East Africa

Purpose Various fluoride adsorbents have been studied for removal of excess fluoride from drinking water to meet the World Health Organization (WHO) Guideline value of 1.5 mg/L. Production of these adsorbents emits contaminants that can affect human health and the environment, but the extent of these impacts is currently unknown. This study evaluates the environmental impacts of four low-cost and easy to use adsorbents: activated alumina, aluminum oxide amended wood char, bone char, and treated alum waste.

Synthesis optimization and fluoride uptake properties of high capacity composite adsorbent for defluoridation of drinking water

A novel low cost composite adsorbent has been successfully synthesized from waste eggshell (ES), alum, and chitin for removal of excess fluoride from drinking water. Synthesis of chitin based adsorbent (CBA) was optimized by varying different synthesis parameters such as alumina loading, ES:chitin ratio, calcination temperature, calcination time, shaking time, drying temperature, and washing time. CBA is a composite type material having heterogeneous phases of Ca(OH)2, Al(OH)3, Al2O3 encapsulated with carbon, Al(OH)3 and Al2O3 deposited on carbon and Al2O3. Presence of multiple phases with prominent presence of crystalline as well as amorphous phases of alumina has been substantiated by using XRD and SEM analysis. The elemental composition of material and EDX also suggests composite nature of material with different phases. The SEM image of CBA reveals the presence of both coarse and fine particles with irregularly shaped particles of alumina agglomerates adhering to calcite particles of ES. Defluoridation performance was systematically studied for CBA, which has outperformed several reported adsorbents with its higher adsorption capacity of 30.3 mg g−1. No significant influence on the percent fluoride removal was observed in presence of Cl−, and ions, whereas the fluoride removal decreases significantly by 36, 24.84 and 24% in presence of , and ions, respectively. CBA follows pseudo second order kinetic and fluoride adsorption mechanism was rather complex one, wherein both intraparticle diffusion and surface diffusion are involved in the rate‐limiting step. Negligible leaching of Al+3 ions was observed. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 34: 1576–1585, 2015

Modification of Fe3O4 superparamagnetic nanoparticles with zirconium oxide; preparation, characterization and its application toward fluoride removal

Fe3O4 superparamagnetic nanoparticles (NPs) modified with zirconia (ZrO2) were synthesized (Fe3O4@ZrO2) using a chemical co-precipitation method and used as a nanoadsorbent in the removal of excessive fluoride from aqueous solutions.

La(III)-loaded bentonite/chitosan beads for defluoridation from aqueous solution

Developing low-cost and effective materials for excess fluoride removal is important for providing safe water. A novel adsorbent, La(III)-loaded bentonite/chitosan beads (La-BCB) was prepared for defluoridation from aqueous solution. The effects of various parameters such as dosage of La(III), pH, temperature, contact time, initial fluoride concentration and presence of co-existing anions were investigated to examine the defluoridation behavior. The maximum defluoridation capacity of La-BCB was 2.87 mg/g at pH 5, 30 °C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed to analyze the characteristics of La-BCB. The equilibrium fluoride adsorption data fitted well with both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The RL value revealed that the defluoridation process using La-BCB was favorable. The adsorption kinetics followed pseudo-second order kinetic as well as particle and intraparticle diffusion models. The presence of carbonate and bicarbonate reduced defluoridation capacity of La-BCB while sulphate, nitrate and chloride showed slight effect. The exhausted La-BCB was regenerated using sodium hydroxide with only 17% loss. The reasonable defluoridation mechanism could be interpreted as adsorption and ion exchange.

Water defluoridation by aluminium oxide–manganese oxide composite material

In this study, aluminium oxide–manganese oxide (AOMO) composite material was synthesized, characterized, and tested for fluoride removal in batch experiments. AOMO was prepared from manganese(II) chloride and aluminium hydroxide. The surface area of AOMO was found to be 30.7 m2/g and its specific density was determined as 2.78 g/cm3. Detailed investigation of the adsorbent by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, and ion chromatography (for sulphate only) showed that it is composed of Al, Mn, SO4, and Na as major components and Fe, Si, Ca, and Mg as minor components. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to study the thermal behaviour of AOMO. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the adsorbent is poorly crystalline. The point of zero charge was determined as 9.54. Batch experiments (by varying the proportion of MnO, adsorbent dose, contact time, initial F− concentration, and raw water pH) showed that fluoride removal efficiency of AOMO varied significantly with percentage of MnO with an optimum value of about 11% of manganese oxide in the adsorbent. The optimum dose of the adsorbent was 4 g/L which corresponds to the equilibrium adsorption capacity of 4.8 mg F−/g. Both the removal efficiency and adsorption capacity showed an increasing trend with an increase in initial fluoride concentration of the water. The pH for optimum fluoride removal was found to be in the range between 5 and 7. The adsorption data were analysed using the Freundlich, Langmuir, and Dubinin–Radushkevich models. The minimum adsorption capacity obtained from the non-linear Freundlich isotherm model was 4.94 mg F−/g and the maximum capacity from the Langmuir isotherm method was 19.2 mg F−/g. The experimental data of fluoride adsorption on AOMO fitted well to the Freundlich isotherm model. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption is well described by a non-linear pseudo-second-order reaction model with an average rate constant of 3.1×10−2 g/min mg. It is concluded that AOMO is a highly promising adsorbent for the removal of excess fluoride from drinking water.

Synthesis and Characterization of Polyaniline/Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanocomposite as Practical Approach for Fluoride Removal Process

In order that removal of excess fluoride from water a novel magnetic nanocomposite has been synthesized. Magnetic nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by chemical coprecipitation method. Afterwards, polyaniline containing magnetic nanoparticles were prepared by in-situ doping polymerization in the presence of HCl. The polyaniline/Fe3O4 magnetic nanocomposite has been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) was also used for magnetization characterization of polyaniline/Fe3O4 nanocomposite at room temperature. The conductivity and magnetic properties of the polyaniline containing Fe3O4 nanoparticles showed that the samples have a novel conductivity and a superparamagnetic behavior. Subsequently, the ability of the adsorbent to remove fluoride from water was demonstrated in a batch sorption mode. Results reveal that the adsorption is rapid and the adsorbent has high affinity for fluoride, which depends on solution pH and adsorbent dose. Original Research Article Annual Research & Review in Biology, 4(21): 3262-3273, 2014 3263