Abstract
Arising awareness of health hazards due to long-term exposure of fluoride has led researchers to seek for more innovative strategies to eliminate excess fluoride in drinking water. Fluoride-bearing chemicals in both natural and anthropogenic sources contaminate drinking water, which mainly cause for human fluoride ingestion. Hence, developing sustainable approaches toward alleviation is essential. Among many emerging techniques of defluoridation, nanotechnological approaches stand out owing to its high efficiency, and hence, as in many areas, nanotechnology for excess fluoride removal in water is gaining ground compared to other conventional adsorbents and process. The present review focuses on some of the advanced and recent nanoadsorbents including their strengths and shortcomings (e.g., CNT, LDH, graphene-based nanomaterials, and magnetic nanomaterials) and other processes involving nanotechnology while discussing basic aspects of hydrochemistry of fluoride and geological conditions leading for water fluoride contamination. Considering all the findings in survey, it is evident that developing more sustainable techniques is essential rather than conducting batch-type experiments solely.
Highlights
Being an integral need of human survival, the quality and safety of water, drinking water, is thoroughly concerned. e chemical composition of water is one of the basic factors monitored to make sure the access to safe drinking water of any community
Fluoride is deliberately added into drinking water systems to prevent dental carries and dental fluorosis; an issue which has been debatable for a long time since some authors have reported an opposite trend [1,2,3,4,5]
Study conducted by Zhao et al [76] illustrated the fluoride removal potential of a nanocomposite constructed with hydrous Al(OH)3 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles, having an adsorption capacity around 88.48 mg g−1 according to Langmuir equation
Summary
Being an integral need of human survival, the quality and safety of water, drinking water, is thoroughly concerned. e chemical composition of water is one of the basic factors monitored to make sure the access to safe drinking water of any community. While there are several chemical factors governing the quality of water, the concern over maintaining optimum fluoride concentration is gaining its ground in today’s world. Both developed countries and nondeveloped countries are facing the repercussion of excess fluoride in drinking water. Us, this paper discusses various types of novel nanotechnological endeavors and their basic physical, chemical parameters, and the degree of possibility to use those in real-world applications Most of these adsorbents have been assessed in batch-type experiments, and only few have been assessed on continues type experiments. To evaluate the industrial applicability of the adsorbents, carrying out continuous type methods as fixed-bed adsorption process is essential [12]. There are plenty of batch experiments conducted along with matching experimental data with existing kinetic and isotherm models [12,13,14,15]
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