Influence Of Excess Body Weight Research Articles

Obesity-induced immunological effects on the skin.

There is an increasing prevalence of obesity globally. Equally, the significance of maintaining a healthy body weight for maintaining a healthy skin homoeostasis is gaining greater attention. On this background, there is growing evidence of an adverse influence of excess body weight on the immune system, which has a resultant detrimental effect on the functioning of the skin. The presence of obesity appears to intensify various inflammatory skin disorders. These immune-dermatological consequences in the obese occur because of multiple adverse changes in the skin physiology, endocrine imbalance, metabolic deviations, alterations in circulation, skin microbiome and immunological disruptions. The purpose of this article is to highlight the profound impact of increased fat deposition on cutaneous immunology and its role in the pathophysiology of various chronic inflammatory dermatological conditions. Understanding these immunological modulations will aid in developing therapies targeting the specific inflammatory mediators in the management of obesity-associated chronic immunological skin disease.

Excess body weight significantly affects systemic and tumor inflammatory status and correlates to poor prognosis parameters in patients with breast cancer

IntroductionObesity is a pro-inflammatory disease critical for developing breast cancer (BC), which impacts the profiles of systemic inflammatory mediators and determinants of different disease clinical outcomes remains little explored. MethodsA total of 195 patients diagnosed with breast cancer were included. Aiming to exclude chemotherapy interference on circulating mediators, samples were collected at diagnosis, out of the treatment period. Patients were classified as normal weight (BMI up to 24.9 kg/m2) or overweight (BMI ≥25.0 kg/m2). Serum levels of IL-4, IL-12, hydroperoxides, and nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) were measured. Also, tumor expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), TGF-β1, CD4+, and CD8+ lymphocytes were evaluated. ResultsIL-4 levels were significantly increased in the overweight BC group (p = 0.0329), including patients with luminal B subtype (p = 0.0443), presence of lymph node metastases (p = 0.0115) and age of diagnosis below 50 years, (p = 0.0488). IL-12 levels were significantly increased in overweight BC patients with lymph node metastases (p = 0.0115). Hydroperoxides were increased in overweight BC patients (p = 0.0437), including those with tumors smaller than 2 cm (p = 0.05). NOx levels were also increased in overweight BC patients, including those with luminal B disorders (p = 0.0443), high-grade tumors (p = 0.0351) and lymph node metastases (p = 0.0155). The expression of iNOS (p < 0.001) and TCD4+ lymphocytes (p = 0.0378) was significantly investigated in tumor biopsies from overweight BC women. ConclusionsThese data provide a picture of the influence of excess body weight on inflammatory mediators' systemic and tumoral profiles, especially in patients displaying poor outcome BC.

Influence of excess body weight on tactics of maintaining women of reproductive age with hyperplastic processes an endometrium

The objective: decline of frequency of relapses of hyperplastic processes of endometrium for the women of reproductive age with surplus mass of body on the basis of improvement and introduction of algorithm of treatment-and-prophylactis and prognostic measures. Materials and methods. The conducted researches carried stage-by-stage character. So, on I stage the analysis of clinical – anamnestic, hormonal and metabolic features of patients of reproductive age with surplus mass of body and hyperplastic processes of endometrium is a 1 group (n=90), patients with surplus mass of body, but without the hyperplastic processes of endometrium – 2 group (n=60). On II stage progressive, randomized, opened, comparative research of efficiency of hormonotherapy of hyperplastic processes of endometrium was conducted in 90 women of reproductive age with surplus mass of body (1 group) by the agonist of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (sub-group of 1.1, n=30), progestine (sub-group of 1.2, n=30), by estrogen-gestagenic preparation (sub-group of 1.3, n=30) and means that it is powerful enough. On III stage were found out the factors of risk of uneffectiveness of treatment and recurrent flow of hyperplastic processes of endometrium for the women of reproductive age with obesity. Method of incremental discriminant analysis (n=90): patients with recurrent motion of hyperplastic processes of endometrium (3 group of, n=40), patients without the relapse of hyperplastic processes of endometrium (4 group of, n=50). Results. At the comparative estimation of efficiency of treatment of hyperplastic processes of endometrium for women it was set with surplus mass of body, that frequency of relapses in 24 months takes place for 6,7% patients after therapy of а-GRG, at 46,7% patients which got norethisterone, and for 63,3% women, treated the combined oral contraceptives. A level of the forced operative treatment (hysterectomia) is 3,3% for women which got а-GRG and 23,3% – norethisterone and combined oral contraceptives. Conclusion. For the women of reproductive age with the hyperplastic processes of endometrium and surplus mass of body for treatment most effective and safe in relation to operating there is application of а-GRG on metabolic processes and hormonal status. The use of norethisterone and combined oral contraceptives is possibly in default of found out the factors of risk.

The effect of body mass index on hippocampal morphology and memory performance in late childhood and adolescence.

Childhood obesity is associated with negative physiological and cognitive health outcomes. The hippocampus is a diverse subcortical structure involved in learned feeding behaviors and energy regulation, and research has shown that the hippocampus is vulnerable to the effects of excess adiposity. Previous studies have demonstrated reduced hippocampal volume in overweight and obese children; however, it is unclear if certain subregions are selectively affected. The purpose of this study was to determine how excess body weight influences regional hippocampal surface morphology and memory performance in a large cross-sectional cohort of 588 children and adolescents between 8.33 and 19.92 years of age using body mass index expressed as a percentage of the 95th percentile cutoff (%BMIp95). We demonstrate %BMIp95 is associated with reduced radial thickness in the superior anterior region of the left hippocampus, and this relationship is predominantly driven by children younger than 14 years. We also found %BMIp95 was associated with worse performance on a spatial episodic memory task and this relationship was partially mediated by the radial thickness of the significant shape cluster. These results demonstrate the differential influence of excess body weight on regional hippocampal structure and hippocampal-dependent behavior in children and adolescents.

Excess Body Weight Affects Viscoelastic Properties of Triceps Surae in Older Women

Aging, inactivity, and excess body weight may negatively affect the passive work absorbing capacity of human skeletal muscle. The objective of this study was to examine the influence of excess body weight on the viscoelastic properties of the triceps surae in older women. Twenty-five women, 65-80 yr, were separated into normal weight (NW, BMI 蠄 24.9 kg m-2, n = 11) and overweight groups (OW, BMI 蠅 25.0 kg m-2, n = 14). Resistive torque of the triceps surae was recorded on an isokinetic dynamometer by passively moving the ankle from a plantarflexed to dorsiflexed position. Stiffness was calculated as the slope of the passive torque vs. position curve from 1.57 – 1.48 rad (90 – 85 deg) of dorsiflexion, and work absorption was calculated as the area under the curve. Maximal voluntary isometric strength of the triceps surae was recorded, then participants walked at maximal speed on an instrumented treadmill while muscle activation was recorded by electromyography (EMG). Stiffness was higher in NW (40.0 ± 15.7 Nm rad-1) than in OW (26.4 ± 12.7 Nm rad-1, p = 0.032), as was stiffness per kg (0.70 ± 0.28 vs. 0.37 ± 0.16 Nm rad-1 kg-1, p = 0.002). Work absorption was not statistically different between NW (0.48 ± 0.29 Nm rad) and OW (0.36 ± 0.16 Nm rad, p = 0.31) nor when expressed per kg (0.0083 ± 0.0052 vs. 0.0050 ± 0.0023 Nm rad kg-1, p = 0.078). Stiffness per kg was correlated to strength (r = 0.66, p < 0.001), peak vertical ground reaction force during walking (r = 0.72, p < 0.001), and EMG (r = -0.40, p = 0.046) with similar relationships for work absorption. OW older women have low stiffness of triceps surae, which may impair ability to absorb and return work during stretch-shortening cycles. Low stiffness in OW may limit propulsive forces during walking and necessitate greater muscle activation for active force generation. Supported by NIH L30TR000588-02

Influence of excess body weight on the surgical outcomes of total gastrectomy

We conducted this retrospective study to identify the influence of excess body weight on the surgical outcome of total gastrectomy (TG) and to evaluate recent advances in this operation. The subjects were 644 consecutive gastric cancer patients who underwent TG between 1992 and 2008. Patients with a body mass index (BMI) of 25.0 kg/m(2) or greater were defined as overweight (overweight group) and those with a BMI less than 25.0 kg/m(2) as not overweight (non-overweight group). The operating times were longer (P = 0.005) and intraoperative blood loss was greater (P < 0.001) in the overweight group. The incidence of overall postoperative complications (P = 0.012) and of pancreatic fistula (P < 0.001) were significantly higher in the overweight group. In recent years, we achieved a reduction in operating time (P < 0.001), intraoperative blood loss (P = 0.033), and incidence of pancreatic fistula (P = 0.005), while maintaining curability, in the overweight group. Although TG for gastric cancer is technically more difficult in overweight patients, they should not be denied this operation. Conversely, we should make a greater effort to improve the surgical outcomes of overweight patients.

Effect of obesity on survival in epithelial ovarian cancer

BACKGROUND. Epidemiologic studies suggest that obese women are more likely to die of ovarian cancer than those of ideal body weight, but it is not known whether increased incidence, comorbidities common to obese women, or altered tumor biology is responsible for this difference. The current study attempted to determine the influence of excess body weight on ovarian cancer survival, disease progression, and clinicopathologic factors. METHODS. The records of patients undergoing surgery for epithelial ovarian cancer at Cedars Sinai Medical Center between January 1, 1996 and June 30, 2003 were reviewed for height, weight, age, comorbidities, and treatment-specific details. Statistical analyses included the Fisher exact test, Kaplan-Meier survival, and Cox regression analyses. RESULTS. In all, 216 patients were identified. Eight percent were underweight (body mass index [BMI] < 18.5), 50% were ideal body weight (18.5 ≤ BMI < 25), 25% were overweight (25 ≤ BMI < 30), and 16% were obese (BMI ≥ 30). Age, comorbidities including coronary artery disease and venous thromboembolism, and rates of optimal surgical cytoreduction were similar among BMI strata. Diabetes and hypertension were more common in obese women. Ten (29%) of the obese patients had International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Stage I disease, compared with 19 (10%) of the patients with BMI < 30 (P = .01). In a subcohort of 149 patients with Stage III or IV disease, a significant trend was identified favoring increased BMI as an independent negative factor for disease-free (P = .02) and overall (P = .02) survival. CONCLUSIONS. Obese patients were more likely to have disease limited to the ovaries. For patients with advanced stage disease, obesity was independently associated with both shorter time to recurrence and shorter overall survival. These findings suggest an effect of excess body weight on tumor biology, and studies are under way to elucidate the molecular and hormonal mechanisms underlying these clinical observations. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.

Effect of obesity on survival in epithelial ovarian cancer

Epidemiologic studies suggest that obese women are more likely to die of ovarian cancer than those of ideal body weight, but it is not known whether increased incidence, comorbidities common to obese women, or altered tumor biology is responsible for this difference. The current study attempted to determine the influence of excess body weight on ovarian cancer survival, disease progression, and clinicopathologic factors. The records of patients undergoing surgery for epithelial ovarian cancer at Cedars Sinai Medical Center between January 1, 1996 and June 30, 2003 were reviewed for height, weight, age, comorbidities, and treatment-specific details. Statistical analyses included the Fisher exact test, Kaplan-Meier survival, and Cox regression analyses. In all, 216 patients were identified. Eight percent were underweight (body mass index [BMI] < 18.5), 50% were ideal body weight (18.5 </= BMI < 25), 25% were overweight (25 </= BMI < 30), and 16% were obese (BMI >/= 30). Age, comorbidities including coronary artery disease and venous thromboembolism, and rates of optimal surgical cytoreduction were similar among BMI strata. Diabetes and hypertension were more common in obese women. Ten (29%) of the obese patients had International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Stage I disease, compared with 19 (10%) of the patients with BMI < 30 (P = .01). In a subcohort of 149 patients with Stage III or IV disease, a significant trend was identified favoring increased BMI as an independent negative factor for disease-free (P = .02) and overall (P = .02) survival. Obese patients were more likely to have disease limited to the ovaries. For patients with advanced stage disease, obesity was independently associated with both shorter time to recurrence and shorter overall survival. These findings suggest an effect of excess body weight on tumor biology, and studies are under way to elucidate the molecular and hormonal mechanisms underlying these clinical observations.

Clinicopathological influence of excess body weight in IgA nephropathy: Comparative study of 68 patients

Clinicopathological influence of excess body weight in IgA nephropathy: Comparative study of 68 patients

Adiponectin and its receptors in patients with chronic hepatitis C

There is increasing interest in the influence of excess body weight and associated metabolic factors on the liver. In patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, lower levels of adiponectin were associated with higher grades of hepatic steatosis and necroinflammatory activity, suggesting a pathophysiological role for this adipokine in liver disease. We studied 194 consecutive patients with untreated chronic HCV, to assess the relationship between adiponectin and its receptors and hepatic steatosis, fibrosis and inflammation. Significant negative correlations between serum adiponectin and male gender, body mass index and serum insulin were observed. However, there was no association between serum adiponectin and stage of fibrosis and lower levels of serum adiponectin were associated with the presence of steatosis in males only. In contrast, there was a significant increase in serum adiponectin and hepatic adiponectin immunoreactivity with increasing inflammation. The hepatic mRNA expression of the adiponectin receptors, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2, displayed significant but opposite associations with phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) gene expression, a substitute marker of hepatic insulin sensitivity. In patients with chronic HCV, adiponectin was associated with steatosis only in males and was paradoxically increased with inflammation. Our results suggest that the role of adiponectin in chronic liver diseases may be linked to gender and etiology.

Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults.

The influence of excess body weight on the risk of death from cancer has not been fully characterized. In a prospectively studied population of more than 900,000 U.S. adults (404,576 men and 495,477 women) who were free of cancer at enrollment in 1982, there were 57,145 deaths from cancer during 16 years of follow-up. We examined the relation in men and women between the body-mass index in 1982 and the risk of death from all cancers and from cancers at individual sites, while controlling for other risk factors in multivariate proportional-hazards models. We calculated the proportion of all deaths from cancer that was attributable to overweight and obesity in the U.S. population on the basis of risk estimates from the current study and national estimates of the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the U.S. adult population. The heaviest members of this cohort (those with a body-mass index [the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters] of at least 40) had death rates from all cancers combined that were 52 percent higher (for men) and 62 percent higher (for women) than the rates in men and women of normal weight. For men, the relative risk of death was 1.52 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.13 to 2.05); for women, the relative risk was 1.62 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.40 to 1.87). In both men and women, body-mass index was also significantly associated with higher rates of death due to cancer of the esophagus, colon and rectum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and kidney; the same was true for death due to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma. Significant trends of increasing risk with higher body-mass-index values were observed for death from cancers of the stomach and prostate in men and for death from cancers of the breast, uterus, cervix, and ovary in women. On the basis of associations observed in this study, we estimate that current patterns of overweight and obesity in the United States could account for 14 percent of all deaths from cancer in men and 20 percent of those in women. Increased body weight was associated with increased death rates for all cancers combined and for cancers at multiple specific sites.

Teste de sentar-levantar: influência do excesso de peso corporal em adultos

As ações de sentar e levantar do solo integram o repertório motor de crianças e adultos e demandam força e potência muscular, flexibilidade de membros inferiores, equilíbrio e coordenação motora e são provavelmente influenciadas pelas dimensões corporais. Araújo (1999) propôs um procedimento simples, denominado de teste de sentar-levantar (TSL), para avaliar a destreza nessas ações. Neste estudo verificou-se a influência do excesso de peso corporal sobre o desempenho no TSL. Todos os 461 (288 homens/173 mulheres) adultos submetidos à avaliação na Clinimex, entre setembro de 1998 e junho de 2000, que realizaram o TSL foram retrospectivamente analisados. No TSL, os resultados variam de 0 a 5, separadamente para o sentar e para o levantar, perdendo-se um ponto para cada apoio utilizado (ex.: mão ou joelho) e meio ponto quando há desequilíbrio perceptível. A relação peso/altura foi avaliada por três métodos distintos: índice de massa corporal (IMC)-peso (kg)/altura² (m) -, recíproco do índice ponderal (RIP) -altura (cm)/peso1/3 (kg) e ectomorfia. Existe uma relação inversa entre o desempenho no TSL e o excesso de peso em relação à altura nos três métodos nos dois sexos (p &lt; 0,01). Trabalhando com pontos de corte semelhantes para excesso de peso corporal nos dois sexos, observou-se que as mulheres com IMC &gt; 25kg/m² ou ectomorfia &lt; 1,45 ou RIP &lt; 41cm/kg1/3 apresentaram mais dificuldades para sentar e levantar do que aquelas que se situam no outro lado das escalas (p &lt; 0,05), o que não foi tão claramente observado nos homens. Isso pode ser devido às diferenças nos componentes de endomorfia e de mesomorfia nos dois sexos, permitindo que nos homens o peso proporcionalmente maior em relação à altura seja devido a uma maior massa muscular, enquanto nas mulheres isso ocorre, na maioria das vezes, devido ao aumento da quantidade de gordura corporal. Conclui-se que o excesso de peso corporal dificulta as ações de sentar e levantar em adultos, especialmente nas mulheres, o que se deve provavelmente a diferenças de composição corporal que não são evidenciadas pelos métodos de análise da relação peso/altura. Em adendo, obteve-se uma validação indireta dos pontos de corte de normalidade propostos para o RIP e para a ectomorfia em relação ao IMC, já que os resultados do TSL foram similares.

The influence of excess body weight on the surgical treatment of patients with gastric cancer.

Sixty-two overweight gastric cancer patients were compared with 201 normal-weight patients to clarify the influences of excessive weight on the surgical treatment of gastric cancer. The frequencies of hypertension and diabetes mellitus were significantly higher in the overweight group (P < 0.01), but no pathologic differences in the resected tumor were found between the two groups. The operative times were longer (P < 0.01) and the number of lymph nodes extirpated and examined was smaller (P < 0.01) in the overweight group. The incidence of postoperative complications was not higher in the overweight group. The postoperative survival rate of patients with nodal metastasis was statistically lower in the overweight group (P < 0.05). Regarding the causes of death in patients with nodal metastasis, 61.1% of overweight patients and 43.8% of normal-weight patients died of recurrence of gastric cancer. In conclusion, surgical treatment of overweight patients with gastric cancer was found to be technically more difficult and the prognosis of such patients with nodal metastasis may thus be worse than that of their normal-weight counterparts.

Vertebral postmenopausal bone loss is reduced in overweight women: a longitudinal study in 155 early postmenopausal women.

To study the influence of excess body weight on vertebral postmenopausal bone loss, 155 healthy early postmenopausal women were divided into 2 groups according to their body mass index (BMI = weight/height2) and prospectively followed over a mean 31-month period. Spinal (L2-L4) bone mineral density was measured by dual photon absorptiometry. The annual rate of vertebral bone loss (percentage) was significantly reduced (-0.54 +/- 1.1% vs. -1.46 +/- 1.6%; P < 0.05) in the overweight group (BMI, > or = 25; n = 40) compared to that in the normal weight group (BMI, < 25; n = 115). At baseline, a significant decrease in the urinary calcium/creatinine ratio was observed in the overweight group, which suggested a decrease in bone turnover. A significant correlation was found between the annual rate of bone loss and the BMI (r = 0.21; P < 0.05), but not the body weight. The positive correlation between vertebral postmenopausal rate of bone loss and BMI was confirmed after adjustment for age and time since menopause. Moreover, plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels were higher in the high BMI group than in the normal BMI group (P < 0.05). We conclude that within the first years after menopause, moderate excess body weight significantly reduces vertebral postmenopausal bone loss. This effect is probably related to excess adipose tissue through increased conversion of estrogen from adrenal precursors and/or increased production of adrenal androgens.