Excess Body Mass Research Articles

Prognostic Capabilities of Diagnosing Non-Alcoholic Hepatic Steatosis at Early Stages of Its Development.

Patients with excessive body mass (n=26) and obesity (n=28) having different concomitant pathologies of the digestive organs have undergone a comprehensive examination including assessment of biochemical blood indices, ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs, dynamic hepatobiliscintigraphy, assessment of the comorbidity level as a whole (calculation of CIRS) and by the available pathology of the digestive organs. The ultrasound signs of hepatic steatosis have been found in all patients with obesity stage II and III, in 69.2% of the examined patients (95% CI: 42.37-87.32) with obesity stage I, in 30.8% (95% CI: 16.50-49.99) with excessive body mass, and in 13.9% of patients (95% CI: 6.08-28.66) with normal body mass. According to the ROC analysis, the predictors of hepatic steatosis development in patients with excessive body mass and obesity are BMI (>31, р<0.0001) and the number of digestive organ illnesses (more than 4 diseases, p<0.0001). On the basis of the data obtained, a logistic model has been developed in the form of the regression equation permitting us to predict the groups of patients with a low or high degree of risk of hepatic steatosis. The analysis of dynamic hepatobiliscintigraphy has revealed deceleration of the absorbing function of hepatocytes in patients with normal ultrasound images of the liver even in case of excessive body mass. The obtained results made it possible to develop a method of diagnosing fatty hepatosis with subsequent calculation of the functional hepatocyte activity index (FHAI) which helps not only establish functional disorders but identify the group of patients having the risk of developing these disorders. Normal ultrasound imaging of the liver and absence of the biochemical changes in the blood are not indicators of preservation of its functional activity, since the risk of functional disorders was found in 32.3% of cases (95% CI: 18.57-49.86) and reversible disorders in 19.3% (95% CI: 9.19-36.28) when FHAI was calculated for patients with normal body mass. With the increase of body mass, irreversible functional disorders of hepatocytes are observed in 80-100% of patients.Thus, the results obtained in the course of the investigation have confirmed the possibility of using new prognostic markers of hepatic steatosis for early diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

The Link between Three Single Nucleotide Variants of the GIPR Gene and Metabolic Health.

Single nucleotide variants (SNVs) of the GIPR gene have been associated with BMI and type 2 diabetes (T2D), suggesting the role of the variation in this gene in metabolic health. To increase our understanding of this relationship, we investigated the association of three GIPR SNVs, rs11672660, rs2334255 and rs10423928, with anthropometric measurements, selected metabolic parameters, and the risk of excessive body mass and metabolic syndrome (MS) in the Polish population. Normal-weight subjects (n = 340, control group) and subjects with excessive body mass (n = 600, study group) participated in this study. For all participants, anthropometric measurements and metabolic parameters were collected, and genotyping was performed using the high-resolution melting curve analysis. We did not find a significant association between rs11672660, rs2334255 and rs10423928 variants with the risk of being overweight. Differences in metabolic and anthropometric parameters were found for investigated subgroups. An association between rs11672660 and rs10423928 with MS was identified. Heterozygous CT genotype of rs11672660 and AT genotype of rs10423928 were significantly more frequent in the group with MS (OR = 1.38, 95%CI: 1.03–1.85; p = 0.0304 and OR = 1.4, 95%CI: 1.05–1.87; p = 0.0222, respectively). Moreover, TT genotype of rs10423928 was less frequent in the MS group (OR = 0.72, 95%CI: 0.54–0.95; p = 0.0221).

Racial and Sex Disparities in Gout Prevalence Among US Adults

Emerging data suggest gout and hyperuricemia may now be more frequent among Black adults in the US than White adults, especially Black women. However, national-level, sex-specific general population data on racial differences in gout prevalence and potential socioclinical risk factors are lacking. To identify sex-specific factors driving disparities between Black and White adults in contemporary gout prevalence in the US general population. This cross-sectional analysis used nationally representative, decadal survey data from successive cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2007 to 2016. Data were analyzed from November 1, 2019, through May 31, 2021. Participants included US adults self-reporting Black or White race. Self-reported race, excess body mass index, chronic kidney disease (CKD; defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2, according to latest equations without race coefficient), poverty, poor-quality diet, low educational level, alcohol consumption, and diuretic use. Race- and sex-specific prevalence of physician- or clinician-diagnosed gout and hyperuricemia and their differences before and after adjusting for potential socioclinical risk factors. A total of 18 693 participants were included in the analysis, consisting of 3304 Black women (mean [SD] age, 44.8 [0.4] years), 6195 White women (mean [SD] age, 49.8 [0.3] years), 3085 Black men (mean [SD] age, 43.6 [0.5] years]), and 6109 White men (mean [SD] age, 48.2 [0.3] years). Age-standardized prevalence of gout was 3.5% (95% CI, 2.7%-4.3%) in Black women and 2.0% (95% CI, 1.5%-2.5%) in White women (age-adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.81 [95% CI, 1.29-2.53]); prevalence was 7.0% (95% CI, 6.2%-7.9%) in Black men and 5.4% (95% CI, 4.7%-6.2%) in White men (age-adjusted OR, 1.26 [95% CI, 1.02-1.55]). These associations attenuated after adjusting for poverty, diet, body mass index, and CKD among women and for diet and CKD among men but became null after adjusting for all risk factors (ORs, 1.05 [95% CI, 0.67-1.65] among women and 1.05 [95% CI, 0.80-1.35] among men). Hyperuricemia end point findings were similar. In this nationally representative race- and sex-specific cross-sectional study of US adults, gout was more prevalent in adults self-reporting Black race during a recent 10-year period compared with their White counterparts. These racial differences may be explained by sex-specific differences in diet and social determinants of health and clinical factors. Culturally informed efforts focusing on these factors could reduce current gout-related disparities.

Is hypertension associated with arthritis? The United States national health and nutrition examination survey 1999–2018

Objective Hypertension and arthritis are two common diseases in the general population, with multiple common risk factors. This study aimed to assess the association between hypertension (HTN) and arthritis. Patients and methods This cohort study included 48,372 eligible non-pregnant participants aged ≥ 20 years who had valid data on hypertension and arthritis from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2018. The association between hypertension and arthritis was studied by logistic regression, adjusting for demographics, socioeconomic factors, excess sodium intake, physical activity, ever smoking, diabetes status and body mass index (BMI). Results Among the participants, 48.0% (95% CI: 47.2–48.9) had hypertension and 24.5% (95% CI: 23.8–25.3) had self-reported arthritis. Hypertension was associated with arthritis [OR = 2.90, (95% CI: 2.74–3.07), p < 0.01], which remained significant [OR = 1.27, (95% CI:1.18–1.37), p < 0.01] after adjustments. Stratified by the types of arthritis, the association remained significant in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [OR = 1.25, (95% CI: 1.11–1.41), p < 0.01] and osteoarthritis (OA) [OR = 1.32, (95% CI: 1.16–1.50); p < 0.01]. There was no clear association between hypertension and OA in participants aged 60 years old and above [OR = 1.08, (95% CI: 0.92–1.26); p = 0.37]. Conclusions In this large nationally representative survey over 20 years, arthritis, including both RA and OA, was strongly associated with hypertension. Our study demonstrates a need for hypertension screening and blood control among patients with arthritis. Key Messages Arthritis was associated with hypertension. Both rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis are strongly associated with hypertension. There is an urgency for hypertension screening and blood control among patients with arthritis.

Sex difference in the safety and efficacy of bariatric procedures: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

With the prevalence of obesity alarmingly increasing, it is of primary interest to identify those factors predicting the success of anti-obesity therapeutic strategies currently adopted in clinical practice, and in particular, those of bariatric procedures showing the greatest success in terms of weight loss and maintenance in both the short and long term. Given sex-related differences in psychosocial status, hormonal homeostasis, and body fat distribution, it is likely that the response to different weight management strategies differs by sex. The objective was to elucidate the effect of sex on different bariatric procedures' efficacy and safety outcomes. Searches of PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases were performed, followed by hand-searching of reference lists from all relevant articles. We included all the studies evaluating the effect of bariatric procedures on body mass index loss (BMIL), and/or percentage excess weight loss (%EWL), and/or percentage excess body mass index loss, and/or percentage of responders, and/or short-/long-term complications and co-morbidity resolution, broken down by sex. Twenty-seven studies with a total of 114,919 patients were included. Men were more likely to achieve greater BMIL, consistent with higher male baseline BMI, and women were 2.87 times more likely to be classified as weight responders (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.90-4.34), as well as to perform better in terms of %EWL (95% CI: .13-.54). Upon subgroup analysis based on bariatric procedure, women were more likely to be successful in terms of %EWL upon bioenteric intragastric balloon (BIB) placement (.72, 95% CI: .42-1.02). There was no sex difference regarding investigated co-morbidity resolution (hypertension, diabetes, and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome) or occurrence of short-term complications, whereas women were more likely to develop long-term complications, with an odds ratio of 1.97 (95% CI: 1.57-2.49). Sex does not have a clear effect on efficacy outcomes of bariatric procedures. Differentiating by procedure, BIB may be more effective in women, although results are discordant based on the weight loss outcome considered. If the short-term postoperative complication rate is similar across both sexes, long-term complications occur more frequently in women. To clarify the real effect of sex on bariatric procedure-derived health benefits, it is crucial to report sex-stratified results in future studies, as well as evaluate body composition changes that go beyond simple body weight reduction.

Predictors of Long-Term Complications of Femoropopliteal Bypass with Autovenous Graft

INTRODUCTION: Atherosclerotic lesion of lower limb arteries often occurs with the development of chronic and later with critical ischemia of the lower limbs. Revascularization in these conditions has always been at the center of attention of vascular surgeons worldwide.&#x0D; AIM: To analyze long-term complications after femoropopliteal bypass (FPB) with the autovenous graft.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective open study was conducted in Scientific the Research Institute Regional Clinical Hospital No. 1 named after Professor S. V. Ochapovsky (Krasnodar) in the period from January 10, 2016, to December 25, 2019, and included 464 patients who underwent FPB with venous autograft. The following autovenous conduits were used: n = 266, reverse vein (great saphenous vein (GSV)); n = 59, autovein (GSV) prepared in situ; n = 66, autovein (GSV) prepared ex situ; and n = 73, veins of an upper limb. The long-term follow-up period was 16.6 10.3 months.&#x0D; RESULTS: During the postoperative hospital period, single cases of lethal outcome and myocardial infarction were noted. No ischemic strokes were recorded. Shunt thrombosis developed in 4.5% of the patients, and 2.1% required limb amputation. Postoperative wound revision caused by bleeding was performed in 1.7% of the cases. In the remote follow-up period, adverse cardiovascular events were noted in every fifth patient (21.8%). Shunt thrombosis was diagnosed in 17.4% of cases, and limb amputation was performed in 5.1% of the cases. To identify the factors for poor prognosis, the whole sample was divided to two groups: group 1 (n = 366) included those without long-term complications and group 2 (n = 99) comprised patients with long-term complications. Using the odds ratio (OR), the following predictors of adverse cardiovascular events were identified: degree I obesity (р 0.0001; OR = 3.24; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.935.43), degree II obesity (р = 0.0005; ОR = 4.84; 95% CI = 1.7113.67), and stage IIB chronic lower limb ischemia (CLLI) (р = 0.0006; ОR = 2.24; 95% CI = 1.423.52). Protective factors were postinfarction cardiosclerosis (р = 0.04; ОR = 0.51; 95% CI = 0.270.95), excessive body mass (р = 0.01; ОR = 0.56; 95% CI = 0.350.88), and stage IV CLLI (р = 0.01; ОR = 0.53; 95% CI = 0.320.86).&#x0D; CONCLUSIONS: FPB with venous autograft is characterized by a low frequency of complications in the hospital and long-term follow-up periods, making this technique a method of choice for the open surgical treatment of patients with extended atherosclerotic lesion of the superficial femoral artery. Predictors of adverse cardiovascular events in the long-term period are degree I obesity, degree II obesity, and stage IIB CLLI. Protective factors against the development of long-term surgical complications are postinfarction cardiosclerosis, overweight, and stage IV CLLI. The presented results should be considered when constructing stratification risk scales for adverse cardiovascular events in patients who underwent FPB. Precision management of patients with identified predictors of complications will allow the reduction of the risks for the development of these conditions and increase long-term survival free from shunt thrombosis and limb amputation.

Bariatric surgery as a treatment for refractory obesity in patients with schizophrenia. Weight-loss outcomes and safety in 36 months follow-up

IntroductionObesity has increased worldwide and concerns comorbidity in patients with schizophrenia, and is linked to a high mortality rate in this group. Although bariatric surgery is the gold standard treatment for refractory obesity, it rarely is indicated for subjects with schizophrenia due to psychotic symptoms recurrence.ObjectivesReport weight-loss outcome and psychopathology changes over 36 months follow-up of 5 patients with schizophrenia submitted to bariatric surgery.MethodsPatients have been followed for 36 months. Clinical and anthropometric assessments such as percentage of excess weight loss (EWL) and body mass index (BMI) have been performed at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months follow-up. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used to assess psychopathology status. Wilcoxon test was used to assess statistical differences.ResultsThe sample included four female and one male subject, with BMI at baseline 42,81± 5,66. The results of BMI and EWL over time are described in Table 1. A significant statistical difference was found between BMI at baseline and at T6, T12, T24, and T36 (p&lt;0,05). EWL was higher at T12 ( compared with T6), but not different from other measurements. PANSS scores at the baseline were 7,7 ± 1,6 for a positive domain, 8,7 ± 2,3 for a negative domain, and 19,2 ± 6 for general psychopathology, with no statistically significant differences during the follow-up.ConclusionsDespite the small sample, bariatric surgery has been shown a safe and efficient refractory obesity treatment in patients with schizophrenia.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Associations of Body Mass Index at Different Ages with Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer

Background and Aim: The risk of colorectal cancer is significantly associated with excessive body mass index, the relationship between body fatness at a young age and the risk of colorectal cancer has proven equivocal. The aim of the present study was to assess the association of early-onset colorectal cancer with body mass index at different ages. Methodology: This population-based control case study was conducted on 450 colorectal cancer patients and 410 controls in the department of Gastroenterology, Isra University Hospital, Hyderabad, Pakistan from March 2020 to February 2022. Standardized questionnaire was used for gathering patient’s information such as medical history, sociodemographic, and lifestyle history with interviewers who collected information and data. All the patients with age less than 35 years and had histopathological evidence of colorectal cancer were included in this study. Prior to study conduction, ethical approval was taken from the respective hospital. Multiple regression model was used for estimating colorectal cancer. SPSS version 23 was used for data analysis. Results: The risk of colorectal cancer at early-onset was compared in patients with body mass index of &lt;25 kg/m2 and &gt;30 kg/m2 at age between 20 and 30 years. The diagnosis of interviewers had early-onset CRC fold risk 2.6- (95% confidence interval, 1.19–5.32), 2.1- (confidence interval, 1.3–3.32), and 1.9- (95% confidence interval, 1.29–2.67). The link between BMI and early-onset CRC risk was most significant among, and virtually limited to, the majority of people who had never had a colonoscopy. Conclusion: The present study found that being overweight or obese in early adulthood is closely connected with an increased chance of developing CRC. As a result, data strongly supports the notion that topical increases in the incidence of obesity among younger population may be a contributing cause to the rise in the prevalence of early-onset CRC. Our findings show that interventions to reduce the obesity pandemic in future generations will be important in preventing CRC. Keywords: Early-onset colorectal cancer, Body Mass index, Different Ages

Effect of Significant Postoperative Complications on Decision Regret After Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy: a Case–Control Study

BackgroundThus far, no data are available on decision regret about sleeve gastrectomy (SG), particularly in patients who experienced perioperative complications. This study aimed to assess whether patients with postoperative complications regret their decision to undergo laparoscopic SG more than patients with an uneventful postoperative course.MethodsThe study group comprised patients with complications after laparoscopic SG (cases). The control group comprised patients who did not experience any postoperative complications (controls). A telephone survey was conducted on all patients. Patients’ satisfaction regarding their decision to undergo surgery was assessed using the Decision Regret Scale.ResultsIn total, 21 patients who experienced postoperative complications and 69 controls were included. The patients in the study and control groups achieved similar percentages of total weight loss (32.9 ± 11.9 vs. 33.8 ± 15.0, p = 0.717) and excessive body mass index loss (74.9 ± 30.7 vs. 73.1 ± 36.7, p = 0.398) at 1 year postoperatively. The difference in weight change at 12 months postoperatively was not significant in both groups. The mean regret scores in the study and control groups were 13.2 ± 1.2 (range, 28–63) and 13.3 ± 1.1 (range, 12–66) (p = 0.818), respectively. Moreover, no significant difference was found among patients who expressed regret between the study and control groups (regret score > 50; 4.76% vs. 4.35%) (p = 1.000).ConclusionThis study suggests that patients with postoperative complications do not regret their decision to undergo SG more than patients with an uneventful postoperative course.Graphical abstract

Reciprocal relations between body dissatisfaction and excessive exercise in college women

Objective: Body dissatisfaction elevates the risk for disordered eating behaviors. Excessive exercise is prevalent among college women and associated with harm. Risk theory posits a bidirectional relationship between risk factors for disordered eating behaviors and the behaviors themselves. This study investigated the longitudinal, reciprocal relationship between body dissatisfaction and excessive exercise. Participants and methods: College women (n = 302) assessed in August (baseline) and November (follow-up). Results: Baseline body dissatisfaction significantly predicted increases in excessive exercise endorsement at follow-up, controlling for baseline excessive exercise endorsement and body mass index (BMI). Baseline excessive exercise endorsement predicted increases in body dissatisfaction at follow-up, controlling for baseline body dissatisfaction and BMI. Conclusions: Findings support the presence of a positive feedback loop between body dissatisfaction and excessive exercise; both predict increases in risk for the other, regardless of weight status. Future research should test whether this process is ongoing and predicts further distress.

Changes from 1986 to 2018 in the prevalence of obesity and overweight, metabolic control and treatment in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus in a Mediterranean area of Southeast Spain

BackgroundIn recent decades, a global increase in the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity has been observed in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.MethodsThis retrospective, cross-sectional, population study examined three groups (1986, 2007, and 2018) of children and adolescents aged < 16 years diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. Overweight and obesity were defined according to the World Health Organization recommendations.ResultsThe prevalence of overweight and obesity in diabetic children and adolescents was 30.2% (95% CI: 23.1–38.3). There was a significant increase from 1986 to 2007 (11.9% to 41.7%, p = 0.002) and from 1986 to 2018 (11.9% to 34.8%, p = 0.012), but no significant differences were found from 2007 to 2018 (41.7% to 34.8%, p = 0.492). The age at diagnosis was lower in the group with excess body mass (p = 0.037). No significant differences were observed in age (p = 0.690), duration of diabetes (p = 0.163), distribution according to sex (p = 0.452), metabolic control (HbA1c, p = 0.909), or insulin units kg/day (p = 0.566), between diabetic patients with overweight or obesity and those with normal weight. From 2007 to 2018, the use of insulin analogs (p = 0.009) and a higher number of insulin doses (p = 0.007) increased significantly, with no increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity.ConclusionsThe prevalence of overweight and obesity in diabetic children and adolescents increased in the 1990s and the beginning of the twenty-first century, with stabilization in the last decade. Metabolic control and DM1 treatment showed no association with this trend.

Somatic Development Disorders in Children and Adolescents Affected by Syndromes and Diseases Associated with Neurodysfunction and Hydrocephalus Treated/Untreated Surgically.

Background: This study was conducted to evaluate the co-occurrence of hydrocephalus treated/untreated surgically and congenital nervous system disorders or neurological syndromes with symptoms visible since childhood, and with somatic development disorders, based on significant data obtained during admission to a neurological rehabilitation unit for children and adolescents. Methods: The study applied a retrospective analysis of data collected during hospitalization of 327 children and adolescents, aged 4–18 years, all presenting congenital disorders of the nervous system and/or neurological syndromes associated with at least one neurodysfunction that existed from early childhood. To allow the identification of individuals with somatic development disorders in the group of children and adolescents with hydrocephalus treated/untreated surgically, the adopted criteria considered the z-score values for body height, body weight, head circumference, body mass index, and head circumference index. Results: Treated/untreated hydrocephalus was observed in the study group at the rates of 8% and 0.9%, respectively. Among 239 patients with cerebral palsy, 9 (3.8%) had surgically treated hydrocephalus, 17 (70.8%) of 24 patients with neural tube defects also had hydrocephalus treated with surgery, and 3 (12.5%) of 24 patients with neural tube defects had untreated hydrocephalus. This medical condition was a more frequent comorbidity in subjects with neural tube defects compared with those with cerebral palsy (p < 0.001). Subjects with untreated hydrocephalus most frequently presented macrocephaly (p < 0.001), including absolute macrocephaly (p = 0.001), and with tall stature (p = 0.007). Excessive body mass co-occurred more frequently with surgically untreated hydrocephalus, but the relationship was not statistically significant (p = 0.098). Conclusions: Surgically treated hydrocephalus occurred in patients with cerebral palsy and neural tube defects, and untreated hydrocephalus was present only in patients with neural tube defects. Untreated hydrocephalus negatively changed the course of individual development in the studied group of children, in contrast to surgically treated hydrocephalus.

Skeletal and muscular robustness and physical fitness of Polish children and adolescents (3-18 years) with normal weight and overweight/obesity.

Individuals with excess body mass are usually characterised by a more robust skeleton and greater muscle mass than their leaner counterparts. The aim of this study was to evaluate the skeletal robustness, bone and muscle mass as well as physical fitness of Polish children and adolescents with and without excess body mass. The study group consisted of 3292 individuals (1705 girls and 1587 boys). Body height, mass, triceps skinfold, humerus, femur and bistyloid breadths, as well as thigh and mid-upper arm circumferences, were measured. BMI, Frame Index, bone and muscle mass were calculated. Results of handgrip strength, standing broad jump, sit-and-reach and shuttle-run tests were obtained. Participants were categorised as normal-weight or with overweight/obesity according to Cole's cut-offs. Statistical differences were calculated using two-way ANOVA (independent variables: age category, BMI group; dependent variable: analysed characteristic). Individuals in the overweight/obese category had larger absolute bone and muscle mass, as well as values of associated measurements and results of handgrip strength than their leaner counterparts. The normal-weight individuals had a greater relative bone, muscle mass and achieved better results in most fitness tests, including relative dynamometric force. In conclusion, individuals in the overweight/obese category were characterised by an increased absolute mass of bone and muscle tissue, as well as greater values of associated measurements, in comparison to their leaner counterparts. However, those advantages did not translate into better physical fitness. It may be associated with the fact that in proportion to the total body weight, bone and muscle mass were greater among participants in the normal-weight category.

Weight-Related and Personal Risk Factors of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966.

Background: Excess body mass is a risk factor for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), but the mechanisms of this are unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the association between CTS and personal risk factors of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). Methods: The study sample consisted of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (n = 9246). At the age of 31 in 1997 and at the age of 46 in 2012, the participants underwent a clinical examination. Cohort A consisted of complete cases with a follow-up from 1997 to 2012 (n = 4701), and Cohort B was followed up from 2012 to 2018 (n = 4548). The data on diagnosed CTS were provided by the Care Register for Health Care until the end of 2018. Results: After an adjustment for confounding factors, BMI was associated with CTS among women (hazard ratio (HR) 1.47, 95% Cl 0.98–2.20 for overweight women and HR 2.22, 95% Cl 1.29–3.83 for obese women) and among both sexes combined (HR 1.35 95% Cl 0.96–1.90 for overweight and HR 1.98 95% Cl 1.22–3.22 for obese participants). Neither waist circumference nor WHR was associated with CTS. Conclusions: BMI is an independent risk factor for CTS and is more relevant for estimating the increased risk of CTS due to excess body mass than waist circumference or WHR.

Preventive Screening of Young People from the Perspective of Vascular Aging Phenotypes: the Role of Body Weight

Aim. To study the cardiovascular stiffness index CAVI in relation to main risk factors (RF) in young people from the point of their vascular aging phenotype and gender.Material and methods. 264 young people (93 boys and 171 girls) at age of 18 to 25 years were examined. Vascular screening was performed with evaluating of CAVI. All subjects were divided into tertile groups for this indicator, taking into account gender. Such interval analysis of gender- and age- homogeneous sample allows to identify carriers of the phenotypes of premature (upper CAVI-tercile), normal (middle CAVI-tercile), and favorable or healthy (low CAVI-tercile) vascular aging. The first of them is also called EVA (early vascular aging) syndrome. In these groups, the incidence of carriers of insufficient, normal body mass (BM) and overweight were estimated. In three groups formed by BM indicator, the parameters of CAVI, hemodynamic and metabolic status in response to changes in BM were determined.Results. Among of the presented RF, the correlation was significant for CAVI with a weight -0.428 (p&lt;0.001) for R-CAVI, -0.453 (p&lt;0.001) for L- CAVI, and even more significant with the BM index - at the level of -0.410 (p&lt;0.001) for R-CAVI and -0.462 (p&lt;0.001) for L-CAVI. This connection is found in boys. Among boys and girls with excessive BM, the most favorable vascular aging phenotype is observed 2.7 and 2.2 times more often than the EVA syndrome. In contrast, among girls with insufficient BM, a favorable vascular phenotype is detected almost twice rarely as compared with EVA syndrome. In similar group of boys, a healthy vascular phenotype is not observed at all. Among normal-weight boys and girls, the occurrence of the two extreme vascular phenotypes is almost identical. The arterial rigidity decrease on the background of BM increase occurs despite the сhanges of hemo- dynamic and metabolic indicators. This changes are especially pronounced in girls. The difference between the extreme weight categories in terms of R- CAVI and L-CAVI for boys was 1.4, while for girls it was only 0.3 for R-CAVI and 0.4 for L-CAVI.Conclusion. When carrying out preventive measures among young people, one should not limit oneself to evaluating only traditional RF. Based on the concept of vascular aging, angiological screening should be more widely implemented. It will allow for more individualized preventive interventions among young people in the future.

One-Year Prospective Association of BMI with Later Cognitive Development in Preschoolers.

This study examined the prospective relationships between preschoolers’ body mass index (BMI) and cognitive development. BMI, cognitive (i.e., Brigance), sex, and age data were collected from seven cohorts of children attending Head Start from 2012 to 2018. Children (N = 324) with two years of complete data were included. After controlling for the first year cognitive development scores, age, gender, and the cohort, the BMI was predictive of lower cognitive development scores in year two (B = −0.06, β = −0.14, t = −3.19, p = 0.002). Female sex (B = 2.69, β = 0.10, t = 2.30, p = 0.022) and older age (B = 0.02, β = 0.15, t = 3.20, p ≤ 0.001) were also shown to be statistically significant predictors of improved year two cognitive scores. The initial BMI scores were associated with poorer one year cognitive development scores in this sample of preschool children. Excessive body mass may contribute to numerous biological, psychological, and social factors that inhibit children with obesity from reaching their full cognitive potential, during a time in which brain development and cognitive skills development are at critical points of growth. Early childhood obesity interventions may have positive consequences for cognitive development, but additional prospective studies are needed to confirm these results.

Pelvic Floor Support and Symptoms 1 Year Postpartum in Relation to Excess Body Habitus Before, During and After First Vaginal Birth.

Obesity may be a modifiable risk factor for pelvic floor disorders. The objective of this study is to determine associations between weight, weight changes, and cumulative exposure to excess body mass index (BMI) from prepregnancy to 1 year postpartum on pelvic floor support and symptoms 1 year after first vaginal birth. In 645 primiparous women who gave birth vaginally, we assessed anatomic pelvic floor support, pelvic floor symptoms and BMI at the third trimester, 5 - 10 weeks, and 1 year postpartum; we also assessed BMI prepregnancy and predelivery. Using multivariable models, we determined associations between pelvic floor outcomes 1 year postpartum and BMI quartiles at different timepoints, gestational weight gain, and postpartum weight retention. We evaluated associations between stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and moderate/severe urinary incontinence (UI) 1 year postpartum and cumulative excess BMI from prepregnancy to 1-year postpartum (BMI1year). Body mass index was not associated with anatomic support, composite symptom burden, overactive bladder, anal incontinence, or constipation at any timepoint. Gestational weight gain and postpartum weight retention were not associated with any 1-year outcome. Body mass index at every timepoint was positively associated with SUI and moderate/severe UI; BMI1year was most predictive. Cumulative excess BMI was positively associated with SUI and moderate/severe UI but only slightly more predictive of these outcomes than BMI1year alone. Body mass index over the pregnancy trajectory was not associated with outcomes other than UI. The small advantage of cumulative exposure to excess BMI over BMI1year in predicting SUI and moderate/severe UI suggests that BMI1year adequately captures risk of these 1-year outcomes.

An Analysis of the Links between Smoking and BMI in Adolescents: A Moving Average Approach to Establishing the Statistical Relationship between Quantitative and Dichotomous Variables.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of smoking on BMI in male adolescents and explore the relationship between smoking status and diet. Methods: A cross-sectional epidemiological study into the health and diet of adolescents was carried out based on a representative sample of 375 vocational school male students aged 16–17 in the city of Chelyabinsk (Russian Federation). The students and their parents filled out verified questionnaires on their socioeconomic status, diet, and smoking status. Students’ height and body weight were measured. A comparative analysis of diets was performed between groups of smokers and non-smokers (149 and 226 individuals, respectively), and the relationship between smoking, body mass index, and actual diet was estimated. The methods used included descriptive statistics, Student’s t-test, Mann–Whitney U test, comparison of proportions, and moving average. Results: Non-smoking adolescent boys tended to have excess body mass compared with smokers (19.0% and 12.1%, respectively). Smokers (adolescent boys) consumed less meat, cereals, beans, and cheeses and more sweet beverages, added sugar, coffee, and alcohol. The bulk of the smokers’ diet was composed of carbohydrates (p = 0.026) and, to a lesser extent, proteins (p = 0.006). Conclusions: Significant differences were discovered in the diet between smokers and non-smokers (among adolescent boys), and smoking was associated with several indicators of unhealthy diet patterns. This is an important conclusion for developing a future program that could additionally protect at-risk groups of adolescents.

Sleep quality of urban public transport drivers in a city in the Western Amazon, Brazil

Introduction: problems related to sleep have destructive effects on psychomotor skills, memory, decision making and concentration, which can influence the occurrence of accidents and errors. Bus drivers are subject to the company’s strict rules in respecting timetables, caring for the vehicle and being responsible for the daily transport of people. Objective: to analyze the sleep quality of urban public transport drivers in the city of Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study developed in the city of Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil. The sample consisted of 80 drivers. To check the quality of sleep, the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Questionnaire was used. The anthropometric variables used were neck circumference, waist circumference, skinfolds, and body mass index. The non-parametric test of Spearmand 0.05 (5%) was used to associate. Results: participants were aged between 24 and 60 years, male. 81.25% of drivers had poor sleep quality according to the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Questionnaire (&gt;5). 75% of participants have excessive body mass index and 67.5% with risky waist circumference. The neck circumference, 60% had increased values and 78.75% with the percentage of fat above the recommended. There was a strong correlation between all components and with the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Questionnaire. Conclusion: an association between poor sleep and body mass index and neck circumference has been demonstrated. It also showed a strong correlation between all components with the result of the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Questionnaire.

COVID-19 Mortality in Europe, by Latitude and Obesity Status: A Geo-Spatial Analysis in 40 Countries.

On 30 January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the current novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a public health emergency of international concern and later characterized it as a pandemic. New data show that excess body mass and vitamin D deficiency might be related to the disease severity and mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether latitude, as a proxy of sunlight exposure and Vitamin D synthesis, and prevalent obesity among European populations, is related to COVID-19 spread and severity. European COVID-19 data (incidence and fatality), including information on the prevalence of obesity, social distancing, and others were obtained by the “Our World in Data” website on 17 April 2021. Adjusted analysis showed that higher COVID-19 incidence and fatality were pictured in countries being in higher latitude, both during the whole period, as well as, during the time period 1 November 2020–31 March 2021. Higher incidence and fatality of COVID-19 were observed where the prevalence of overweight/obesity was higher during the whole time period, whereas during the time period 1 November 2020–31 March 2021, only COVID-19 incidence was higher but not a fatality. The present results provide insights for targeted interventions and preventive strategies against COVID-19.