Exceptional Circumstance Research Articles

ASSESSING THE LEGAL RAMIFICATIONS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON ADMINISTRATIVE CONTRACTS IN THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES: COMPARATIVE REVIEW

Background: This study aims to establish whether COVID-19 qualified as a force majeure event or exceptional circumstance according to the laws of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and assess if a particular principle can circumvent contractual duties. It investigates how COVID-19 impacted administrative contracts in the UAE, using UAE laws and case studies to explore legal theories that justify failure to perform an obligation in such contracts. The UAE, like many other countries, faced an unpredictable event and utilised all its resources and manpower to combat the danger and ensure the safety of its people. This resulted in various restrictions, such as mandatory quarantine for everyone entering the UAE and limitations on travel outside the country. Additionally, certain Emirates within the UAE, such as Abu Dhabi, imposed entry restrictions, requiring a negative COVID-19 test result for entry and later mandating that only vaccinated individuals were permitted to enter. Additionally, the study explores the necessary criteria for demonstrating force majeure or exceptional circumstances in said contracts. This study used an analytical approach to examine laws and court decisions. Based on the findings, the outbreak of COVID-19 did not directly impact administrative contracts in the UAE. This is likely due to the authorities’ effective handling of the situation. Notably, the theories of force majeure and exceptional circumstances could not be automatically and generally applied to all contracts because each contract was unique and required individual considerations. The study presents potential theoretical and practical applications, highlighting opportunities for future research.

COVID-19, multiple emergencies, and moral entanglements: extraordinary and transcendental moral worlds as a new analytical framework

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a multitude of complex emergencies, extending beyond the realm of health and healthcare. The situation presented a significant challenge to human security. The content analysis and literature review provide evidence of varied choices and decision-making processes at individual, local, national, and global levels in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. These decisions were influenced by various factors such as time constraints, limited resources, unfamiliar situations, unpredictable outcomes, and the uncertainty surrounding the end of the pandemic. The necessity to make exceptional moral decisions posed a challenge to existing conceptual and analytical frameworks, including Arthur Kleinman’s concept of “local moral worlds.” An examination of emergency medicine, particularly in the context of a critical global event, revealed the presence of numerous ethical decisions that, I suggest, may better be termed extraordinary local moral worlds and transcendental moral worlds. Following the development of an effective vaccine and the official declaration of the end of the pandemic, a thorough assessment of these impacts has commenced at various levels. We have observed a growing sense of regret regarding numerous decisions made amidst this exceptional circumstance. Not only can individuals regret over their choices, but governments and stakeholders, including the World Health Organization (WHO), may also find themselves regretting decisions that were initially seen as pragmatic in containing the virus and flattening the curve. Individuals can also experience regret over their choices. To illustrate the exceptional impacts of the pandemic on “ordinary people”, I specifically draw upon the case of thalassemia patients from Pakistan as these patients required blood to survive, thus, they serve as a significant example of making certain choices. Lastly, I contend that it is crucial to reexamine these choices in order to gain valuable insights that can inform more moral and practical choices in the future.

Introduction: Lockdown and the intimate

The lockdowns imposed upon cities, regions, and countries as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic are extraordinary state-sanctioned spatial interventions, both in terms of scale and scope. However, rather than a time-delimited event nor an exceptional circumstance of a temporary crisis, the pandemic lockdown was entangled with long-standing and on-going intimate and embodied histories of political violence, upheaval, militarization, displacement and dispossession. Be it as a result of war, terrorism, natural disaster, or pandemic – lockdown is more than an intervention in physical space and infrastructure alone. It is also an intervention that mobilizes, and often relies on, the sphere of the intimate along different and often unequal geographies of vulnerability. In this Theme Issue, we build on feminist geopolitics and feminist political geography to examine the intimacies of lockdown, seen through the experiences of refugees, migrants, low-income residents, as well as within the contexts of war and terrorism. Here, the politics of embodiment, domesticity and affectivity is central for understanding how lockdowns actively shape and are shaped by intimate geographies, thus advancing the theorization of the lockdown more broadly. The contributions to this Theme Issue gather around the following questions: how does the spatial politics of lockdown mobilize the sphere of the intimate? More broadly, how does the intimate help forge possibilities and places of counter-narratives of solidarity, shared vulnerabilities and care in contrast to renewed militarization, rising authoritarianism, violence, and the expanding spatialities of confinement in everyday life?

Life satisfaction in the time of COVID-19. The frog effect

Besides the physical and mental health problems it brought, the COVID-19 pandemic impinged on economic and social aspects of people's lives, threatening economic security and interpersonal relationships, aspects that are major determinants of perceived subjective well-being. We investigate the relationship between individual life satisfaction, and relational and material goods under the exceptional circumstance of the pandemic and lockdown in Italy. Unlike other studies, this paper examined whether COVID-19 infection and deterioration of economic and relational circumstances caused by COVID-19 can predict changes in individual life satisfaction, controlling for other contextual factors. The results suggest that the pandemic threatened the life satisfaction of respondents and the main predictor of this deterioration was related to the effect of the pandemic and lockdown on social relations. Aspects like gender, type of city and dwelling also emerged to be important predictors of LS. These findings have implications for social policies and urban planning, and offer additional insight in the research on LS.

Examining the Benefits and Drawbacks of Remote Work in the Information Technology Industry

The surge in remote work at global level has led to growing interest in the successful implementation and smooth transition to remote work. Both managers and workers find themselves in an exceptional circumstance that necessitates comprehensive modifications to the structure of contemporary office environments and the concept of office work in the modern day. Despite the increasing prevalence of remote work, the majority of individuals continue to engage in telecommuting for only a limited number of days each week, with the other days being spent in a traditional office setting. Information technology (IT) is an essential element within the domain of virtual work. The adoption of remote work facilitates employees in carrying out their duties from a non-traditional workplace environment. This technique offers leaders the capacity to efficiently administer and supervise the activities of the organization. Moreover, it enables efficient and uninterrupted exchange of information among individuals inside the hierarchical framework of the company. The construction of a skilled and efficient communication channel between managers and employees is a critical aspect that exerts a substantial influence on organizational success. Remote employment in the Information Technology (IT) sector is subject to a multitude of circumstances, encompassing both internal and external influences. These characteristics exert a substantial influence on the degree to which remote work is viable and effective within IT firms. The efficacy of remote work in the IT sector hinges upon a meticulous evaluation of these variables and the formulation of tactics that effectively tackle the distinct obstacles and advantages inherent in remote work setups. Flexibility, adaptability, and continuous evaluation are necessary for the efficient implementation and management of remote work within the IT industry. The main aim of this research is to examine the benefits & drawbacks of remote work in IT industry.

Breaching The Limit: A Critical Evaluation Of The Increase In Reservation Limit In Karnataka

The Government of Karnataka had, in October 2022, promulgated an ordinance to increase the reservation limit of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to 17 percent and 7 percent respectively. The ordinance was promulgated in furtherance of the recommendations made by the Justice HN Nagamohandas Commission which is also supported by the Justice Subhash Adi Committee report. Further, in December 2022, the Government of Karnataka had, seemingly as an act of appeasement and prior to the 2023 Assembly elections, tabled a Bill [The Karnataka Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Reservation of Seats in Educational Institutions and of Appointments or Posts in the Services under the State) Bill, 2022] in the Legislative Assembly which reiterates the increase in reservations for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the State just as the previously promulgated ordinance. The bill was eventually passed. The relevance of the ordinance and the bill is based on the observation that such an increase in reservation quota for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes would bring the overall reservation quota above 50 percent, which is against the desirable limit prescribed by the Supreme Court on reservation. This paper mainly aims to critically analyse the bill and the possible legal hurdles it might encounter. The paper shall, in the first part, deal with the history of reservation in India and the various constitutional provisions regarding the same. Secondly, the various landmark Supreme Court judgements on reservation, especially the decisions on the desirable limit of reservation, would be elucidated. The paper would also delve into the recommendations of the Commission and Committee that have been cited as the main reasons for the introduction of such an ordinance and thereafter the bill. This shall be followed by an analysis of whether this is an exceptional circumstance which demands the breach of the 50 percent rule. The paper shall, in conclusion, pose the various challenges that the Bill raises if the introduction of it is merely a political gimmick rather than a special circumstance requiring the breach of the desirable 50 percent reservation limit.

Analysis of the Effect of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Support on the Preparedness of the Team for Exceptional Events and Outbreaks at Public Health Center the Bengkulu Province

Background: Community Extraordinary events need to be anticipated by preparing a team to respond quickly to exceptional circumstances and outbreaks at each health center, and it is necessary to increase the capacity of the special personnel of the Rapid Action Team (RAT). What is the preparedness of the fast-moving team to respond to the prevention and control of outbreaks at the Public Health center. Materials/Methods: Quantitative research with a cross-sectional approach was implemented to determine the effect of knowledge, attitude, and support on the preparedness of the Team for Extraordinary Events in Health Centers in Bengkulu Province. The population of the Rapid Action Team training participants was 10 batches. A sample of 153 respondents, analysis of linear and multiple regression data using SPSS 22 to analyze the effect of knowledge, attitudes, and support on the preparedness of the TGC Team. Result: The team must prepare themselves by compiling and training in applying standard operating procedures (SOP) for handling extraordinary events for each disease that can potentially be an exceptional circumstance (KLB). The fast-moving team must prepare themselves by conducting simulations to find out their readiness by evaluating each simulation result to improve the team's preparedness. The fast action team (RAT) for handling outbreaks and outbreaks at the Puskesmas is a policy that must be established by the decision of the authorized official. Conclusion: The Rapid action team (RAT) for handling extraordinary events and outbreaks at the Public health center is a policy that must be established by the decision of the authorized official so that it is more motivated and facilitates the need for Team preparedness for Extraordinary Events (KLB). The team is expected to carry out routine simulations for team preparedness in handling extraordinary events.

Regulating a ‘state of exception’ in Times of War: The Legal Regime Applicable to Derogation in Situations of Armed Conflict

Abstract An armed conflict is one of the severest forms of ‘public emergency’, the very condition to activate the derogation regime of international human rights law. There is indeed no greater threat to the very survival of a nation to warrant the suspension of human rights than an armed conflict. However, while adopting the relevant international humanitarian law (IHL) treaties, states have bound themselves ‘to respect and ensure the respect for’ the norms enshrined therein, regardless of the urgency and exceptional challenges that they may face as a result of an armed conflict. As such, derogation from the baseline rules in those treaties is, in principle, not permissible by making reference to the existence of military necessity or the general state of armed conflict. Notwithstanding this, some provisions in the various IHL treaties exceptionally envisage the possibility of derogation from the rights and privileges of a particular group of victims of armed conflict for security reasons. One of such provisions is Article 5 of the Fourth Geneva Conventions (GC IV), which explicitly allows derogation both within a state’s own and occupied territories. Similar other provisions, albeit some without express mentioning of derogation, can also be found in the Four Geneva Conventions (1949) and their Additional Protocols of 1977. Nonetheless, there is a common thread that runs through these provisions, that is, a state’s power of derogation is limited by strict legal constraints. This essay aims at illustrating these normative restrictions by fleshing out the limits placed upon states’ ability to suspend the rights and freedoms of some individual victims of armed conflict, using Article 5 of GC IV as a reference point. It is argued that while derogation from some norms of IHL is exceptionally possible and lawful, any derogation measure should comply with some procedural and substantive requirements and remain justified throughout its duration. No exceptional circumstance, whether the exigencies of military necessity or the protection of national security, can be invoked to dispense with such requirements.

Good governance as a basis for sustainable development in the face of sustainable development in light of the Corona pandemic (COVID 19)

In light of the exceptional circumstance that countries are going through, it is necessary for governments to be bold and take innovative measures to mitigate the impact on state-owned enterprises and their affiliated bodies.

A “Ticking Bomb” Named FSO Safer: Environmental Impact and State Responsibility under the View of International Law of the Sea

Oil spill is known as one of many common environmental disasters. Many oil spill disasters have cost countries and companies around the world huge amount of losses, and most importantly severe environmental damage which is not recoverable. Currently, one of Yemeni ships named FSO Safer is trapped and stranded around 5 miles from the outer coast of Yemen. The ship is carrying around 1 million barrels of crude oil in its storage, unfortunately the ship is currently in a poor condition and unstable, which may cause the largest super tanker oil spill disaster in the history, even worse than the Exxon Valdez disaster. Countries around the world including UN Members are looking for an immediate alternative to mitigate the disaster, as the Yemeni Government is currently in an armed conflict with the Houthi and have a very limited resource. This paper will analyze, which country will be affected by this imminent peril, who shall be responsible for the disaster and whether an exceptional circumstance that surrounds Yemen Government may discharge them for their responsibility as a state. This paper found that, this imminent disaster, will affect most of the countries located in the area of Red Sea, and the responsibility to deal with this imminent disaster are attached to all the affected countries under the UNCLOS 1982, including Yemen without any exception. An international movement initiated by the UN and Yemen Government itself must act immediately to prevent the disaster.

P.108 Use of intravenous immunoglobulin for central nervous system disorders in British Columbia: consensus guidelines

Background: Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) may benefit many inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) disorders based on multiple immunomodulatory effects. IVIg is being used in inflammatory CNS conditions however robust evidence and guidelines are lacking in many disorders. Over the last 5 years, the percentage of IVIg used for CNS indications within neurology almost doubled in British Columbia (BC), Canada. Clear local guidelines may guide rational use. Methods: Consensus guidelines for IVIG use for CNS indications were developed by a panel of subspecialty neurologists and the Provincial Blood Coordinating Office, informed by focused literature review. Guidelines were structured similarly to existing BC peripheral nervous system guidelines and Australian Consensus Guidelines. Utilization and efficacy will be monitored provincewide on an ongoing basis. Results: Categories of conditions for Conditionally Approved (N=11) and Exceptional Circumstance Use (N=5) were created based on level of evidence for efficacy. Dosing and monitoring recommendations were made and outcomes measures defined. Rationale for Not Indicated conditions (N=2) was included. Guidelines were distributed to BC neurologists for feedback. This system will be re-evaluated after 1 year. Conclusions: IVIG use in CNS inflammatory conditions has an emerging role. Guidelines for use and monitoring of outcomes will help improve resource utilization and provide further evidence regarding effectiveness.

Challenges Faced by PH.D. Scholars and Supervisors During COVID-19 in Turkey and Pakistan

This study focuses on explicit written feedback from online supervisors to PhD supervisees regarding their performance delivered during the first wave of COVID-19. The impact of this exceptional circumstance on pupils' academic lives is wide-ranging. This situation has affected how students and teachers communicate. Given that online feedback and communication are new experiences for most students, the current study aimed to reveal the supervisee's and supervisors' perceptions of the communication and feedback process. The results show that professors and supervisors provide feedback on students' work and that teacher-student interaction is crucial for students' ability to improvise during performances. The outcome revealed several social, academic, and unexpectedly psychological challenges both supervisees and supervisors encountered when communicating online during COVID-19. Keywords: Performance, Supervision feedback, ESL, and Communication.

Complexity, Uncertainty and Ambiguity in Korean Military Leadership

In South Korea, being the only divided country in the world and thus being under extreme tension, the weight and the importance that the Korean military carries is surely different from those of other militaries. Under this exceptional circumstance, it is not an overstatement to say that the Korean military faces a more complex and difficult challenge than any other organization and requires a higher state of leadership. The sinking of the Cheonan navy vessel and the bombardment of Yeonpyeong Island on the west coast of South Korea in 2010 were opportunities to look back upon the present state of the leadership of the Korean military. Internally, the Korean military is making efforts to justify its existence, and within the military, it is trying to develop its organizational leadership that can contribute to meeting its objectives. The discussion across society centered on national defense reforms supports this notion, which tells us that reflecting on the organizational leadership to perform the roles of the military is the central task in order to shift the organizational paradigm that meets the changes of security environments surrounding south Korea and far eastern Asia. Under these circumstances, it is imperative and timely to discuss a few phenomena that hinder the development of the military leadership and to look for alternatives.

Mental health services at the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games during the COVID-19 pandemic

Mental health services at the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games during the COVID-19 pandemic

P.091 Consensus Guidelines for Utilization and Monitoring of Intravenous Immunoglobulin for Central Nervous System Disorders in British Columbia

Background: Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) may benefit many inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) disorders based on multiple immunomodulatory effects. IVIG is being used in inflammatory CNS conditions however robust evidence and guidelines are lacking in many disorders. Over the last 5 years, the percentage of IVIG used for CNS indications within neurology almost doubled in British Columbia (BC), Canada. Clear local guidelines may guide rational use. Methods: Consensus guidelines for IVIG use for CNS indications were developed by a panel of subspecialty neurologists and the Provincial Blood Coordinating Office, informed by focused literature review. Guidelines were structured similarly to existing BC peripheral nervous system guidelines and Australian Consensus Guidelines. Utilization and efficacy will be monitored provincewide on an ongoing basis. Results: Categories of conditions for Possible Indication (N=11) and Exceptional Circumstance Use (N=4) were created based on level of evidence for efficacy. Dosing and monitoring recommendations were made and outcomes measures defined. Rationale for Not Indicated conditions (N=3) was included. Guidelines will be distributed to BC neurologists for feedback and re-evaluated after 1 year. Conclusions: IVIG use in CNS inflammatory conditions has an emerging role. Guidelines for use and monitoring of outcomes will help improve resource utilization and provide further evidence regarding effectiveness.

المعوقات النفسية والاجتماعية والبيئية للتعليم الإلكتروني في المنطقة الغربية

The most important results of the study: The emergence of the most important obstacles affecting students' adaptation to e-learning programs, including poor electronic skill, weak communication networks, and political and security instability constitutes frustration. Great in adapting to the requirements of e-learning, the family burdens of those married to them, the difficulty of understanding scientific lessons, the weakness of trust between family members, the magnitude of the scientific material that leads to the frustration of the student, and the state’s lack of interest in providing e-learning techniques. As for the specialization, the study showed the occupation of an obstacle of weakness Communication networks without benefiting from e-learning were ranked first, and with regard to gender, the students ’economic weakness came first among males with an average of (4.33), and fifth among females with an average of (4.32). The magnitude of the scientific material leading to student frustration ranked second among males with an average of (4.32) and the second among females with an average of (4.43), and the complaint came equally among both sexes, which shows us the importance of this obstacle and taking into account the exceptional circumstance, this is what the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research emphasized in taking into account the students ’social conditions. As for the social situation, the student’s weakness of the economic aspect was a major obstacle to the first place among married people and the last rank among singles, and this phenomenon came as a result of the prevalence of the phenomenon of early marriage for both sexes, which is a phenomenon that leads With the youth due to the lack of adaptation as a result of the early burdens that fall on their shoulders as they draw their future, they have a double role to fulfill the requirements of daily life. Also, the obstacle of the enormity of the scientific material that leads to the frustration of the student occupied the third rank among the married and the second among the bachelors, which is a close result and has already appeared to the same degree in As for the rest of the variables, as for the social environment, the obstacle of the state’s lack of interest in providing e-learning technologies came second in both environments, and this is an indication that it is an urgent need for the Ministry of Higher Education to put it among the priorities by providing audio laboratories and other modern science techniques. One of the most important recommendations: is to mobilize all The scientific and skillful capabilities of a faculty member whose role has become an organizer and facilitator of the training process Badly; In order for the new experience to succeed, as for the ministry, it is incumbent upon the ministry to provide appropriate conditions by providing audio laboratories and other modern learning techniques, and coordinating between the Ministry of Higher Education and Communications to support the Western Region by providing electronic reception and broadcasting devices, and holding training courses for faculty members for e-learning and urging them to own Good skill, lightening the momentum of the process article to suit the requirements of the stage.

The principle of proportionality and strict liability of football clubs for the behavior of spectators at UEFA competitions

The subject. This article is devoted to the content of the principle of proportionality in disputes about the strict liability of football clubs for the behavior of spectators. The proportionality means that the sanction corresponds to the offense and it has two dimensions. Firstly, the more serious the offense is the higher the sanction should be. Secondly, proportionality protects sport from unreasonably low sanctions while the violation is serious.The purpose of the study is the content of the principle of proportionality: the use of related principles of sports jurisprudence, exceptional circumstances (mitigating and aggravating) in the practice of applying clubs` strict liability for spectators` behavior in UEFA competitions over the period 2007-2021. Liability without fault increases the value of investigating the factual circumstances of a dispute. The broad discretion of the bodies raises the question of the validity of the choice of aggravating circumstances or the refusal of mitigating circumstances. Therefore, the jurisdictional authority in each specific dispute must search for exceptional circumstances thereby fulfilling the principle of proportionality. The second important nuance of strict liability in the UEFA regulations is the difference in the interconnection between violations and sanctions. In some articles, the sanction is predetermined. It is possible to reduce such a sanction only in the presence of an exceptional circumstance and to increase it in the presence of an aggravating circumstance. Separately considered, in conjunction with the principle of proportionality, other principles: principles of predictability of sanctions, equal treatment, the precedent value of decisions on similar disputes (stare decisis).Methodology. The methodological basis of the stated research involves the generalization and analysis of the practice of two institutions of sports jurisprudence. Firstly, the jurisdictional bodies of UEFA are publicly available, as well as available to the author, but currently not available for free download on the UEFA website. Secondly, the relevant decisions of the Court of Arbitration for Sport are in the public domain. Turning to the approaches of law enforcement officers regarding the content of the principle of proportionality meant comparing positions that did not differ in inconsistency. As a result of the analysis of the practice were systematized and identified typical exceptional circumstances, unique exceptional circumstances, and specific enforcement of the principle of proportionality.The main results of research and the field of their application. The article examined the normative limits of sanctions in the UEFA Disciplinary Regulations; exceptional circumstances affecting the choice of sanction; search by the law enforcement officer of the content of exceptional circumstances; principles of predictability of sanctions, equal treatment, the precedent value of decisions on similar disputes (stare decisis) in connection with the verification of sanctions for proportionality. Compliance with the principle of proportionality, in this case, should protect the club from an unreasonably harsh and grossly disproportional sanction. Therefore, it is important to analyze the factual circumstances: which of them are mitigating and which are aggravating. In other categories of offenses, the sanction remains at the discretion of the jurisdictional authority. In such violations, the principle of proportionality takes on a special value. The more flexibility in the choice of sanction is, the higher is the risk of abuse by the jurisdictional bodes. UEFA`s enforcement practice is seeking exceptional circumstances that are not consistent enough to be predictable. Some consistency exists only concerning aggravating circumstances. There is an unreasonably strict approach to mitigating circumstances. The practice of CAS does not differ from the practice of UEFA in terms of strict liability compositions. The principle of proportionality in sports jurisprudence can be interconnected with other legal concepts. Such concepts are equal treatment, predictability, and so-called stare decisis.Conclusions. For the slightly undisputed observance of the principle of proportionality, several requirements must be fulfilled. First, analyze the factual circumstances to find exceptional circumstances among them. Secondly, always choose the minimum sanction in the absence of aggravating circumstances, since strict liability is a forced legal institution. Thirdly, indicate in the decisions what circumstances are mitigating, what aggravating circumstances have been established, and how they both affect the choice of a sanction. Fourth, use the previous decisions of the UEFA`s jurisdictional bodies and CAS of the strict liability offenses when the actual circumstances are close.

The Extent of the Continuity and Protection of the Public Entity during Coronavirus Pandemic in Light of the Provisions of the Jordanian Legislation and Judiciary: مدى استمرارية وحماية المرفق العام في ظل (جائحة كورونا) في ضوء أحكام التشريع والقضاء الأردني

The administrative activity has two main aspects, namely: the administrative control and public entities management. As a consequence, it is responsible for the well-functioning of these entities and for maintaining the public system and its four elements, so it was granted by the legislator certain powers whether in normal or exceptional circumstances, and its works were put under control during all those circumstances however this control is the least possible on some of the pillars of the administrative decision during exceptional circumstances compared to normal circumstances in order to face the emergency through which the country is going, for example, the current exceptional circumstance due to Coronavirus outbreak, so the public administration, during the exceptional circumstances, may carry out from the administrative control authorities what it cannot carry out during the normal circumstances. However, that does not mean it is behaving without any restriction or control, rather it is subject to many restrictions and controls that the administrative jurisdiction is trying to ensure the commitment to it, so the administration will not take advantage of the exceptional circumstance to overthrow the public freedoms of individuals. The administration, even with the emergence of the exceptional circumstances, acts within the framework of the principle of legality and according to its rules, but it is legitimate of a special kind or exceptional one, which the administrative jurisprudence calls the term legitimacy of crises. Public entities are of a great importance in the life of the community, as they are created to satisfy the public needs that the state considers its duty to satisfy them regularly and without interruption, regardless of the difficulties and costs.

An optical fiber-based monitoring system to study the seepage flow below the landside toe of a river levee

The development of innovative monitoring systems to mitigate the risk associated to river levee failure is a recent challenge involving synergic effort of public institutions, specialized companies and academics. The present study examines a 350 m stretch of Adige river levees, located in the Province of Bolzano (Italy) close to the village of Salorno, interested in the recent past by moderate piping phenomena and subjected to subsequent interventions for seepage control (cut-off diaphragm wall). As is customary, the levee body and its foundation soil were investigated through geophysical and geotechnical surveys. The arising results provided a multi-dimensional characterization of the levee and the nearby soil water-meadows likely to be affected by preferential paths for piping. The detection of those paths entailed the joined use of piezometers and distributed optical fiber sensing (DFOS) system, the latter installed in a shallow trench on the landside. In the last days of October 2018, Northeastern Italy was hit by a tremendous storm and the Adige river was subjected to a relevant double flooding event. This exceptional circumstance, entirely recorded by the monitoring system, gives the chance to provide insight into the seepage process undermining the levee stability.

The Impact of Corona Pandemic on Legal Protection of Jordanian Employee's Right to Salary and Its Extensions

The topic of the study is of special importance, as it relates to the source of public employee income and contemplates unusual events imposed by the Corona pandemic; Led to multiple preventive measures being taken to counter them; including the validity of the emergency defense law, which has multiple effects at all levels. To address negative economic conditions, administrative decisions were issued by the Cabinet against employees, which led to a reduction in their salaries and benefits. Hence, the study problem arose. Because it was not issued by the authority specified by the Defense Law which gives this authority to the Prime Minster, and accordingly many decisions exceeded its established legal rules and specific constitutional texts. The study aims to shit light on many aspects pertaining to the legal protection of Jordanian employee's right to salary and the basis on which the administration can modify it? We reached a set of results, most notably: The validity of the Defense Law specifically gives the Prime Minister, and not the Cabinet, the power to take exceptional measures to face the exceptional circumstance, by invoking exceptional legal rules stipulated by this law and not on the ground of the Civil Service Regulation. The most important recommendation was to cancel the new amendment of Article (193) of the Civil Service Regulation in line with the rule of legislative progression, as it contradicts the defense law and constitutes a violation of the constitutional provisions.