Excellent Safety Performance Research Articles

The relationship between safety attitude and safety performance in the petrochemical industry: The mediating role of safety climate.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between safety attitudes and safety performance considering the mediating role of safety climate in the petrochemical industry. The statistical population of this study included all 1700 employees in the petrochemical industry of Iran, among whom 320 were randomly selected as the participants and completed the research questionnaire. Then, the validity (content, convergent, and divergent) and reliability (Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability) of the instrument were examined, and the research hypotheses were tested using Smart partial least squares (PLS) software. The results showed that the model has goodness of fit and, thereby, the positive effect of safety attitude on safety performance was confirmed. In addition, the mediating role of safety climate in the relationship between safety attitude and safety performance was proved. That is, 39.6% of the total effect of safety attitude on safety performance was explained through the mediating role of safety climate. The findings of this study can improve safety culture and bring about excellent safety performance in petrochemical industries.

Methanol-derived high-performance Na3V2(PO4)3/C: from kilogram-scale synthesis to pouch cell safety detection.

Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) is regarded as a potential cathode material that can be applied in sodium ion batteries (SIBs) owing to its NASICON structure. However, most of the reported works have focused on the synthesis of materials and the improvement of their electrochemical properties, with little research on the design and safety of pouch cells. Herein, we implemented a cost-saving route to realize the industrial-scale synthesis of NVP cathode materials. The obtained NVP samples possess an impressive Na-ion storage capability with high reversible capacity (116.3 mA h g-1 at 0.2 C), superior power capability (97.9 mA h g-1 at 30 C), and long lifespan (71.6% capacity retention after 2500 cycles at 20 C). It was remarkable that industrial-scale NVP/hard carbon (HC) sodium-ion pouch cells could be designed with an 823 mA h discharge capacity at a current of 200 mA (about 0.25 C), and which possess a long life and high rate performance (1000 cycles with a little decay at a current of 4000 mA). Besides, the pouch cells also exhibit excellent thermal stability when demonstrated for application in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and puncturing experiment results can further prove the excellent safety performance of NVP-hard carbon pouch cells.

Discussion

Dr Song Wan (Shatin, Hong Kong). Your 2-year outcome analysis indicated excellent safety, efficacy, and hemodynamic performance of this newly developed bovine pericardial valve. I have 2 related questions and 1 comment.

A High Capacity Aluminum‐Ion Battery Based on Imidazole Hydrochloride Electrolyte

AbstractAluminum‐ion batteries (Al‐ion batteries) have become a potential energy storage system, owing to their excellent cycling performance, three‐electron‐redox properties, and safety performance. Until now, great progress has been made in Al‐ion batteries. However, the Al‐ion battery system still encounters various problems, such as high electrolyte price, harsh working environment, low discharge platforms, and inferior capacity. Here, we prepared a novel Al‐ion battery with AlCl3/Imidazole hydrochloride (ImidazoleHCl) as the electrolyte, aluminum as the negative electrode, and commercial graphite as the positive electrode. The battery achieves a high specific discharge capacity of 129 mA h g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1 and 105 mA h g−1 with a high coulombic efficiency of 99 % at the current density of 4 A g−1 after 1000 cycles. The mechanism of AlCl4− intercalation/de‐intercalation is proved by Raman, XRD and EDS studies. ImidazoleHCl is a promising electrolyte and this work provides a new insight for the Al‐ion battery system.

Economical and facile synthesis of a highly efficient flame retardant for simultaneous improvement of fire retardancy, smoke suppression and moisture resistance of epoxy resins

An economical flame retardant additive dimelamine pyrophosphate (DMPY) was synthesized from melamine and sodium pyrophosphate and its chemical structure was well characterized and confirmed. It was used to flame retardant epoxy resin (EP) thermosets and the fire retarded performance, mechanical properties, moisture resistance and flame retardant mechanism of EP thermosets were investigated in details. The samples achieved UL-94 V-0 grade during vertical burning tests and the limiting oxygen index value reached 28.7% when 9 wt% DMPY was incorporated. DMPY stimulated the degradation of EP matrix in advance and the formation of intumescent and compact char layer during combustion. Besides, the nonflammable gases generated from the decomposition of DMPY exerted flame retarded effect in gas phase. Thus, the rate and total amount of heat release and smoke production were significantly suppressed. The moisture resistance of EP/DMPY thermosets was improved comparing with that of pure EP. The samples remained superior flame retardant performance and mechanical properties after water resistance tests due to the excellent water resistance of DMPY. In summary, the EP/DMPY thermosets exhibited excellent flame retardancy, moisture resistance, mechanical properties and fire safety performance. The presented investigation provided a broad application prospect in the high-performance field of flame retardant EP thermosets because of the low cost and easy industrialization of DMPY.

Synthesis of Alumina‐Coated Natural Graphite for Highly Cycling Stability and Safety of Li‐Ion Batteries

Summary of main observation and conclusionThe natural graphite (NG) uniformly coated with alumina ceramics (Al2O3) was successfully synthesized through sol‐gel method. The aluminum plastic film soft‐packed battery prepared using Al2O3‐coated NG as anode material exhibits excellent cycle performance and safety performance. The cycling retention of AN‐1 is 84.95% after 200 cycles at a rate of 1 C in a potential window ranging from 3.0 to 4.35 V, which is much greater than 75.07% of NG under the same test conditions. The result of the nail penetration tests shows that the successful nail penetration rate of the NG used as anode is 0%, while that of Al2O3 coated samples AN‐1 is 100%. The test results show that the Al2O3 coating could act as a solid electrolyte to suppress side reactions, improve cycle stability, and prevent a thermal runaway under mechanical abuse.

Simultaneously Improved Flame Retardance and Ceramifiable Properties of Polymer-Based Composites via the Formed Crystalline Phase at High Temperature.

Ceramifiable polyolefin materials have an excellent application prospect in high-temperature-resistant wires and cables because of their excellent fire safety performance via a ceramization process under fire conditions. During the ceramization process, the control of the crystalline phase plays a vital role in determining the final fire resistance and ceramifiable properties. In this work, ammonium polyphosphate/zinc borate (APP/ZB) was developed to achieve the highly efficient flame retardance and ceramization of the ethylene-vinyl acetate/mica powder/organo-modified montmorillonite (EVA/MP/OMMT) composite. In the combustion test, the EVA/MP/OMMT/APP/ZB system displayed obvious flame retardance feature, showing much lower total heat release and total smoke production than neat EVA. After treating at high temperatures, rigid ceramic products were formed for EVA/MP/OMMT/APP/ZB. The ceramic that was formed at 900 °C had a flexural strength of 10.3 MPa for EVA/MP/OMMT/APP/ZB containing 23 wt % of APP/ZB (9.9:13.1), increased by 2475.0, 635.7, and 586.7% compared to the corresponding values of EVA/MP/OMMT, EVA/MP/OMMT/ZB, and EVA/MP/OMMT/APP. For the latter two systems, the content of ZB or APP was 23 wt %. APP/ZB showed a remarkable fluxing effect on the ceramization of the MP-based EVA composite. The fluxing mechanism of APP/ZB was revealed by different measurements. Both APP and ZB led to the formation of a glass melt containing α-Zn3(PO4)2 and orthophosphate by increasing the temperature. Successively, the melt crystalline structure cohered the OMMT and MP together, accompanied by the gradual disappearance of the mica phase and the generation of eutectic phenomenon. Finally, a ceramic with high flexural strength was formed, leading to the improved flame retardance and ceramifiable properties of EVA-based composites.

Habit prediction of 3,4,5-trinitro-1H-pyrazole in four solvent mediums using a molecular dynamics simulation

3,4,5-Trinitro-1H-pyrazole (TNP) is a novel all-carbon nitrated azole energetic compound with excellent potential, whose explosion and safety performance is affected by its crystal morphology. In this study, an attachment energy (AE) model was employed to study the growth habit of TNP in vacuum and predict the results of the growth habit of the TNP crystals grown from benzene, toluene, dichloromethane and water by the molecular dynamics simulation. The interactions between the solvent molecules and crystal faces were analyzed. The period bond chains (PBCs) of the crystal faces were calculated. The TNP crystals were obtained by the natural cooling experiments in benzene, toluene, dichloromethane and water, respectively. The {1 0 0} crystal form had the largest morphological importance for the TNP crystal habit in vacuum, followed by the {0 1 1} and {0 0 1} forms in turn. The crystal morphology was significantly influenced by the he interactions between the solvent molecules and crystal face. There were three different crystal shapes that are flaky, columnar, and blocky. The aspect ratios of the habit in benzene, toluene, dichloromethane and water were 19.42, 5.65, 5.31 and 3.55, respectively. The predicted TNP morphologies qualitatively agreed with those from the experiment.

Updated performance of the Micra transcatheter pacemaker in the real-world setting: A comparison to the investigational study and a transvenous historical control

Early results of the Micra Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) study and Micra Post-Approval Registry (PAR) demonstrated excellent safety and efficacy performance; however, intermediate-term results across a large patient population in the real-world setting have not been evaluated. We report updated performance of the Micra transcatheter pacemaker from a worldwide PAR and compare it with the IDE study as well as a transvenous historical control. The safety objective of the analysis was system- or procedure-related major complications through 12 months postimplantation. We compared the major complication rate with that of the 726 patients from the IDE and with a reference data set of 2667 patients with transvenous pacemakers by using a Fine-Gray competing risk model. The Micra device was successfully implanted in 1801 of 1817 patients (99.1%). The mean follow-up period was 6.8 ± 6.9 months. Through 12 months, the major complication rate was 2.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.0%-3.7%). The risk of major complications for Micra PAR patients was 63% lower than that for patients with transvenous pacemakers through 12 months postimplantation (hazard ratio 0.37; 95% CI 0.27-0.52; P < .001). The major complication rate trended lower in the PAR than in the IDE study (hazard ratio 0.71; 95% CI 0.44-1.1; P = .160), driven by the lower pericardial effusion rate in the PAR. There were 3 cases of infection associated with the procedure, but none required device removal and there were no battery or telemetry issues. Pacing thresholds were low and stable through 12 months postimplantation. Performance of the Micra transcatheter pacemaker in international clinical practice remains consistent with previously reported data. Major complications were infrequent and occurred 63% less often compared to transvenous systems. Micra Transcatheter Pacing System Post-Approval Registry ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02536118; Micra Transcatheter Pacing Study ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02004873.

Fluorinated phosphazene derivative – A promising electrolyte additive for high voltage lithium ion batteries: From electrochemical performance to corrosion mechanism

The development of novel electrolytes for next-generation high voltage lithium ion battery is of primary importance. In this work, a fluorinated phosphazene derivative, ethoxy-(pentafluoro)-cyclotriphosphazene (PFN), is proposed as a novel electrolyte additive for improving the electrochemical performance and safety of lithium nickel manganese oxide (LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4) cathode. With the addition of PFN, the electrolyte can be preferentially oxidized and decomposed, thus producing some linear polymers, multi-ring polymers, LiNO3, RONO2Li (RONO2: nitrate ester functional group, with R standing for any organic residue), Li3PO4, and ROPO3Li (ROPO3: monoester phosphate) simultaneously. These as-generated materials form a dense, uniform, and thin protective layer on the surface of the cathode material, which suppresses the decomposition of electrolyte and electrode corrosion, correspondingly protecting the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 from structural destruction. Due to the coverage by the protective film and corrosion suppression, charge and discharge tests demonstrate that PFN is effective for improving the cycling stability of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4. The discharge capacity of a battery with 5 wt% PFN is 124.4 mAh g−1 and 99.8 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at the current rates of 0.2 C and 1 C, respectively, which is much better than the performance without PFN. Meanwhile, because of the combined structure of the nonflammable cyclophosphazene and fluorine, the PFN creates a highly synergistic flame retardant effect, and a low content of PFN can almost completely extinguish burning electrolyte, leading to excellent safety performance for the lithium ion battery.

Cover Picture: Nitrate Salt Based Melt Cast Materials (Prop., Explos., Pyrotech. 1/2018)

The cover picture shows a drop weight impact test of a melt castable formulation. The molecular structures of some of the ingredients used to develop environmentally friendly melt castable formulations that could serve as alternatives to TNT based melt-cast materials such as Comp B. The formulations are based on heterocycles, such as the heterocyclic compounds such as amino-1,2,4-triazolium nitrates, guandinium 5-amino-tetrazolate. Combinations of these materials with ammonium nitrate lead to melt castable formulations that display excellent safety properties and performance better than TNT. Formulations that included HMX were also prepared and these materials have performance similar to Comp B (PCJ = 28–30 GPa, VD = 8.78–9.0 km/s) and show good safety properties. More details can be found in the Short Communication by P. W. Leonard et al. on page 11 ff.

Analysis of the car body stability performance after coupler jack-knifing during braking

ABSTRACTThis paper aims to improve car body stability performance by optimising locomotive parameters when coupler jack-knifing occurs during braking. In order to prevent car body instability behaviour caused by coupler jack-knifing, a multi-locomotive simulation model and a series of field braking tests are developed to analyse the influence of the secondary suspension and the secondary lateral stopper on the car body stability performance during braking. According to simulation and test results, increasing secondary lateral stiffness contributes to limit car body yaw angle during braking. However, it seriously affects the dynamic performance of the locomotive. For the secondary lateral stopper, its lateral stiffness and free clearance have a significant influence on improving the car body stability capacity, and have less effect on the dynamic performance of the locomotive. An optimised measure was proposed and adopted on the test locomotive. For the optimised locomotive, the lateral stiffness of secondary lateral stopper is increased to 7875 kN/m, while its free clearance is decreased to 10 mm. The optimised locomotive has excellent dynamic and safety performance. Comparing with the original locomotive, the maximum car body yaw angle and coupler rotation angle of the optimised locomotive were reduced by 59.25% and 53.19%, respectively, according to the practical application. The maximum derailment coefficient was 0.32, and the maximum wheelset lateral force was 39.5 kN. Hence, reasonable parameters of secondary lateral stopper can improve the car body stability capacity and the running safety of the heavy haul locomotive.

A novel chaotic image encryption algorithm using block scrambling and dynamic index based diffusion

In this paper, we propose a novel chaotic image encryption algorithm which involves a block image scrambling scheme and a new dynamic index based diffusion scheme. Firstly, the original image is divided into two equal blocks by vertical or horizontal directions. Then, we use the chaos matrix to construct X coordinate, Y coordinate and swapping control tables. By searching the X coordinate and Y coordinate tables, the swapping position of the processing pixel is located. The swapping control table is used to control the swapping of the pixel in the current block or the other block. Finally, the dynamic index scheme is applied to the diffusing of the scrambled image. The simulation results and performance analysis show that the proposed algorithm has an excellent safety performance with only one round.

Honoring excellent lab safety performance

Honoring excellent lab safety performance

Effect of Anatase TiO2 on Electrochemical Properties of Elongated Bending TiO2-Bronze nanowires for Lithium Ion Batteries

Exploring anode materials with excellent safety, high capacities and superior rate performance for lithium ion batteries remains a persistent objective. Herein, TiO2-bronze/anatase TiO2 hybrid nanowires are successfully prepared through a facile stirring hydrothermal method, which have elongated bending wire morphology and a heterojunction structure with TiO2-bronze and anatase TiO2 nanocrystal. The ratio of the two constituents can be easily adjusted by controlling the hydrothermal time, of which the growing orientation of the major TiO2-bronze is along <110> direction that facilitates the transport of Li+ ions. More importantly, the optimized hybrid material with 8.21% of anatase has superior electrochemical performances in terms of specific capacities, rate capability and cycling stability. Typically, the material shows a discharge capacity of 230.6m Ah g−1at 1C rate with a capacity retention of 99% after 80 cycles, and also displays a discharge capacity of 145.7mAhg−1 even at a higher rate of 30C, which make it as promising anode material for high power rechargeable batteries.

Preliminary Clinical Outcomes after Implantation of Newer-Generation Biodegradable Polymer-Coated Everolimus-Eluting Stent in “Real-World” Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

Background and Objective: In the contemporary practice, the use of drug-eluting stents is still associated with low mortality benefits, restenosis and stent thrombosis. To address these issues, newer generation, thin-strut, biodegradable polymer coated stents has been designed. Thus, the aim of the study is to assess the safety and clinical performance of the Everoflex (Sahajanand Medical Technologies Pvt. Ltd., Surat, India), a newer generation biodegradable polymer coated everolimus-eluting stent, in unselected “real-world” patients with coronary artery disease. Methods: It is a multicentre, retrospective, non-randomized, single-arm study enrolling all the consecutive patients who underwent implantation with the Everoflex for coronary artery disease from April 2014 to March 2016. The primary end-point of the study is 30-day major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) rate, which consists of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, target lesion revascularization and target vessel revascularization. Stent thrombosis was also analyzed and reported. Results: A total of 340 patients were intervened successfully with 395 everolimus eluting stents (1.3 ± 0.6 stents per patient). Out of total patients (58.7 ± 10.5 years), 77.9% were male and comorbidities like diabetes and hypertension were observed in 31.2% and 35.3% patients, respectively. According to ACC/AHA classification, there were 34.4% type B lesions and 53.2% type C lesions, indicating a higher proportion of complexity involved. Moreover, 57.9% patients had multivessel disease and there were 15.4% total occlusions. At 30 days, follow-up was completed in 100% patients. The MACE was found to be 1.5%, which is a composite of 1.2% cardiac death and 0.3% target lesion revascularization. Stent thrombosis at 30 days was found to be 0.3%. Conclusion: The low incidence of MACE and stent thrombosis clearly depicts excellent safety and clinical performance of the Everoflex in unselected real world patients with coronary artery disease.

Preparation and properties of the silver loaded activated carbon fibers

Using viscose fiber as precursor, a novel silver loaded activated carbon fiber (Ag-ACF) was prepared by precursor silver-loaded method. Structure of Ag-ACFs was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and its antibacterial property, durability, chemical stability and in vitro cytotoxicity were also studied. The results showed that silver particles on the Ag-ACF were distributed evenly at nanoscale size, the average size of the silver particles was about 20-40 nm and its existence format was Ag0. The prepared Ag-ACF had excellent antibacterial performance. When the silver content of the Ag-ACFs was about 2273 mg/kg, the bacterial inhibitive rate against Candida albicans (C.albicans), Escherichia coli (E.coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) exceeded 99.99 %. There was no obvious decrease on silver content and antibacterial activity of the Ag-ACF after exposure to 50 times consecutive ultrasonic washing conditions, which indicated that the Ag-ACF has excellent durability. The Ag-ACF has strong alkali resistance and weak acid resistance. However, the Ag-ACF treated with 0.2 mol/l HCl or CH3COOH aqueous solution can still maintain excellent antibacterial property. The level of in vitro cytotoxicity of the Ag-ACF was grade 1, implying no obvious cell cytotoxicity, which fully embodies its excellent biological safety performance.

Mixed Polyanion Glasses As Lithium Ion Battery Cathode Materials

Lithium iron phosphate is a commercially successful crystalline polyanionic material for use in lithium ion battery cathodes that has excellent specific capacity, cycleability, and safety performance. The success of lithium iron phosphate has lead researchers to explore other crystalline polyanionic materials [1-3], such as LiCoPO4, LiCoBO3, and Li2MnSiO4, which have higher theoretical capacities and/or higher redox potentials. Unfortunately, the experimentally measured capacities of these other crystalline polyanionic materials have not approached their excellent theoretical values typically due to low electrical conductivity and/or irreversible phase changes during cycling.In this paper, mixed polyanion glasses have been demonstrated as a new class of cathode materials that could actually achieve the excellent theoretical capacities of similar crystalline polyanionic materials by having higher electrical conductivity and no crystal structure changes. Electrical conductivity enhancement of glasses by orders of magnitude can be achieved by partial substitution of polyanions, such as vanadate or molybdate, for the network former in the glass (phosphate, borate, or silicate) [4]. Polyanion glasses do not undergo crystalline phase changes as lithium anions cycle in and out of their structure. Mixed polyanion glasses have been made by conventional melt-quench processing by graphite glass casting and splat quenching (FIG. 1). Iron pyrophosphate glasses have shown dramatic improvements in electrochemical performance with increased vanadate substitution. The specific capacity of iron pyrophosphate glass was negligible, but iron pyrophosphate glass with 50% vanadate substitution demonstrated 100% theoretical capacity in the intercalation reaction. In comparison, Padhi, et al. [5] have produced crystalline iron pyrophosphate cathodes that have only achieved 75% theoretical capacity. In addition, mixed polyanion glasses have demonstrated a high capacity second electrochemical reaction in addition to the intercalation reaction. X-ray absorption spectroscopy on glass cathodes has been performed at Brookhaven National Laboratory and has provided insights into electrochemical reaction mechanisms. Future research efforts have shifted to pursuing mixed polyanion glasses with high specific energies.FIG. 1. Splat quenching an iron phosphate glass melt (glass melt in glowing hot crucible about to be poured onto copper bottom copper chill plate) Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Vehicle Technologies of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231, under the Batteries for Advanced Transportation Technologies (BATT) Program. Use of the National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886. The authors acknowledge the technical assistance of Paul Menchhofer, Jagjit Nanda, Surrendra Martha, Hui Zhou, and Loic Baggetto of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Frank Delnick of Sandia National Laboratory, and Syed Khalid of Brookhaven National Laboratory.

Excess lithium storage and charge compensation in nanoscale Li4+xTi5O12

Lithium titanate spinel (Li4Ti5O12; LTO) is a promising candidate for anodes in lithium-ion batteries due to its excellent cyclability and safety performance, and has been known as a ‘zero-strain’ material that allows reversible lithium insertion–deinsertion with little change in the lattice parameters. For a better understanding of lithium reaction mechanisms in this material, it has been of great interest to identify where lithium is inserted and how it migrates during charge and discharge, which is often difficult with x-ray and electron scattering techniques due to the low scattering power of lithium. In this study, we employed atomic-resolution annular bright-field imaging to directly image the lithium on interstitial sites in nanoscale LTO, and electron energy-loss spectroscopy to measure local lithium occupancy and electronic structure at different states of charge. During lithiation, charge compensation occurs primarily at O sites, rather than at Ti sites, and no significant change was found in the projected density of states (Ti 3d) until the voltage was lowered to ∼50 mV or below. The Li K-edge spectra were simulated via ab initio calculations, providing a direct correlation between the near-edge fine structure and the local lithium coordination. During the initial states of discharge, lithium ions on 8a sites migrate to 16c sites (above 740 mV). Further lithiation causes the partial re-occupation of 8a sites, initially in the near-surface region at ∼600 mV, and then in the bulk at lower voltages (∼50 mV). We attribute the enhanced capacity in nanostructured LTO to extra storage of lithium in the near-surface region, primarily at {111} facets.

Sub-micrometric Li4−xNaxTi5O12 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.2) spinel as anode material exhibiting high rate capability

The spinel Li4Ti5O12 has been doped by Na for the purpose of improving its cycle performance as an anode. The lattice parameter of Li4Ti5O12 increases due to the Na doping. SEM shows that all materials are well crystallized with a particle size in the range of 400–600 nm. The pristine Li4Ti5O12 sample has a bigger particle size than that of Na-doped samples. Although the doping does not change the crystallographic structure of Li4Ti5O12, they exhibit better cyclability at high charge–discharge rate compared with pristine Li4Ti5O12. Li3.85Na0.15Ti5O12 gives the best cycling performance, only 11.1% loss of capacity after 80 cycles at 2 C charge–discharge rate. Na-doped Li4Ti5O12 exhibits lower potential separation, indicating faster electron transfer kinetics and cycling reversibility. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy demonstrates that the improved performance of the Na-doped Li4Ti5O12 is due to a small decrease in the charge transfer resistance, indicating high electrochemical activity during cycling. The excellent cycling and safety performance of the Na-doped Li4Ti5O12 electrodes are found to be due to the significantly increased ionic and electronic conductivity. Since fast charge–discharge performance is an important factor that needs to be considered in fabricating power batteries in industry, the Na-doped Li4Ti5O12 materials moves closer to real and large scale applications.