Excellent Regeneration Research Articles

Highly effective catalytic degradation of bisphenol a through activation of peroxymonosulfate by an Fe-Nx structure anchored on novel lignin-based graphitic biochar: Electron transfer mechanism

A lignin-based Fe/N co-doped carbonaceous catalyst was synthesized via freeze-drying followed by pyrolysis to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for efficient degradation of bisphenol A (BPA). The Fe/N co-doped biochar exhibited a high specific surface area (364.84 m2/g), hierarchical porous structures, and abundant oxygen-containing functional groups (hydroxyl and carboxyl groups), which enhancing the dispersion of Fe3O4 nanoparticle and exposure of catalytic site. The Fe8-N10-C/PMS system achieved 100 % BPA degradation within 20 min with a corresponding first-order reaction rate constant (kobs) of 0.4056 min−1, which outperformed most reported catalysts in efficiency. Quenching and EPR analyses revealed that both free radicals (•OH, SO4•−, and O2•−) and non-radical (1O2) were rate-limiting steps, while graphitic N and Fe-Nx structures facilitated direct electron transfer from BPA to PMS in electrochemical tests. XPS results confirmed that pyrrolic N, rather than pyridinic N, played a crucial role in forming the Fe-Nx structure. Moreover, the catalyst showed excellent stability, regeneration capability, and adaptability under diverse conditions, highlighting the potential of the Fe-N-C/PMS system for practical wastewater treatment applications.

Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles-Reinforced GelMA Hydrogel Loading Bone Marrow Stem Cells with Osteogenic and Inflammatory Regulatory Capacity for Bone Defect Repair

Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles-Reinforced GelMA Hydrogel Loading Bone Marrow Stem Cells with Osteogenic and Inflammatory Regulatory Capacity for Bone Defect Repair

Magnetic coconut shell biochar/sodium alginate composite aerogel beads for efficient removal of methylene blue from wastewater: Synthesis, characterization, and mechanism

The challenges of recovering powdered biochar and its limited adsorption capacity are major obstacles to the application of agricultural waste in dye adsorption. To address these issues, this work fabricates Fe3O4-modified coconut shells biochar (mCSB)/sodium alginate (SA) aerogel beads using an in-situ crosslinking-gelation method and freeze-drying technology for methylene blue (MB) removal from wastewater. The spherical mCSB/SA aerogel beads with good magnetic properties (12.8 emu·g−1) can be easily separated from aqueous solutions, thereby completely avoiding the hazard of secondary pollution and device obstruction associated with powdered adsorbents. The absorption capability of MB by mCSB/SA aerogel beads was analyzed and optimized at different conditions. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of mCSB/SA aerogel beads is 625 mg·g−1 for MB, following the Langmuir isotherm model (R2 = 0.9997). Additionally, the adsorption process of MB on mCSB/SA aerogel beads is found to be spontaneous and endothermic, following the pseudo-second-order kinetic (R2 = 0.9991). Encouragingly, the adsorption efficiency of mCSB/SA aerogel beads remains above 95 % even after 5 times of reusability cycles, demonstrating excellent regeneration ability. This work proposes a straightforward and scalable fabrication strategy to convert agricultural waste into efficient adsorbents for wastewater treatment, adhering to the principles of sustainable development.

Magnetic carrageenan gum-grafted-polyacrylamide nanocomposite for uptake of cationic dyes from the aquatic systems

Using an ex-situ growth approach, this research fabricated k Carrageenan/Polyacrylamide@magnetite nanocomposites (NCs), (k-Car/PAM@Magnetite NCs). The k-Carrageenan (k-Car) backbone was modified through graft polymerization of acrylamide (PAm) via radical polymerization using ammonium persulfate (APS) as the initiator. N'-N' methylenebisacrylamide (MBAA) was used as the cross-linking agent, and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were incorporated to impart magnetic properties. The successful synthesis of the k-Car/PAM@Magnetite NCs was confirmed through various analyses, including FT-IR, FESEM, EDS, XRD, VSM, BET, TGA, and Zeta. The adsorption effectiveness of the NCs for removing methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB) from wastewater was evaluated by optimizing experimental parameters such as pH, adsorbent dosage, agitation time, and initial dye concentration. The NCs demonstrated a maximum adsorption capacity according to the Langmuir Isotherm (Qmax) of 204.082 mg. g−1 for MB and 200 mg.g−1 for RhB using 0.004 g of NCs.The adsorption data fit the Freundlich non-linear isotherm model well, and the kinetic data followed a pseudo-second-order (PSO) model. It is evident from the thermodynamic parameters that adsorption is an endothermic process that is spontaneous and favourable. The k-Car/PAM@Magnetite NCs also exhibited excellent regeneration capabilities, maintaining high adsorption efficiency after three consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles.

Fabrication of tannic acid-incorporated polyvinylpyrrolidone/polyvinyl alcohol composite hydrogel and its application as an adsorbent for copper ion removal

An effective tannic acid-incorporated polyvinylpyrrolidone/polyvinyl alcohol composite hydrogel with high-potential sorption capacity was developed for the removal of copper from aqueous solution. The composite hydrogel exhibited pH-dependent swelling, in which swelling and shrinking occurred reversibly with adjustment of the pH of the medium. At pH 4, the maximal adsorption capacity for copper at 30 °C was 297.0 mg g-1, and the adsorbent dose was 4 g L-1. The adsorption kinetics were best fitted with a pseudo-second order kinetic model. The adsorption behavior was well predicted by the Freundlish isotherm. The thermodynamics parameters indicated a spontaneous and exothermic reaction with an increase in the entropy of the system. The chemical changes in the film structure before and after adsorption treatment were characterized by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The FTIR, XPS and XAS results confirmed that Cu bound to the oxygens in the -OH, C = O and N-(C = O)- functional groups on the T-HD. XAS analysis revealed the chemical composition and molecular geometry of the adsorbed copper ions. The single-solute adsorption and coadsorption mechanisms, which provide insight into cobalt-copper, nickel-copper, or nickel-cobalt-copper complex solutions, were investigated. The composite hydrogel exhibited excellent regeneration ability in EDTA solution. Notably, the adsorbent retained an adsorption efficiency exceeding 87% even after five regeneration cycles. On the basis of both adsorbent characteristics and adsorption performance, it was determined that the composite hydrogel has the potential to be used as a platform for developing materials to treat wastewater containing high levels of metal contaminants such as those from the electroplating industry.

Label-free electrochemical biosensor with magnetic self-assembly constructed via PNA-DNA hybridization process on α-Fe2O3/Fe3O4 nanosheets for APOE ε4 genes ultrasensitive detection

A label-free electrochemical DNA detection strategy based on self-assembled α-Fe2O3/Fe3O4 nanosheets with PNA-DNA hybridization process was developed for ultrasensitive detection of APOE ε4 gene, one of the most robust genetic risks for Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). In this work, magnetic α-Fe2O3/Fe3O4 heterogeneous nanosheets were prepared by hydrothermal-calcined reduction method and loaded with Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) on their surfaces. The magnetic α-Fe2O3/Fe3O4@Au nanocomposites significantly enhanced the electrochemical response as a signal amplification matrix and were able to bind to the magnetic glassy carbon electrode (MGCE) surface by magnetic self-assembly. Moreover, owing to the high specificity and stable binding capacity of PNA with respect to the target DNA, the biosensor not only enabled accurate (the limit of detection was estimated to be 0.147 pM) and rapid detection of the APOE ε4 gene, but also exhibited excellent specificity, stability and regeneration capability. Additional, the satisfactory recoveries were also obtained in real samples of human serum, ranging from 92.83 % to 106.22 % with relative standard deviation (RSD) between 0.25 % and 1.85 %. The results possessed important reference value for exploring the application of DNA biosensor technology in the diagnosis of APOE gene mutation.

Modification of nickel ferrite nanoparticles by sodium docusate surfactant for superior crystal violet dye removal from aqueous solutions

In this study, nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) nanoparticles were synthesized using the Pechini sol-gel method and modified with sodium docusate surfactant. The modified nanoparticles showed an enhanced adsorption capacity of 384.62 mg/g for crystal violet dye, compared to 237.53 mg/g for unmodified NiFe2O4. Characterization was performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The adsorption process was spontaneous, exothermic, and followed the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Optimal conditions for maximum dye removal were achieved at pH 10, 50 min, and 298 K. Additionally, the synthesized adsorbents demonstrated excellent regeneration and reusability over five adsorption-desorption cycles with minimal efficiency loss.

Transdermal Delivery of Superoxide Dismutase Using Polymeric Microneedle Patches to Inhibit Skin Aging

AbstractSkin aging is characterized by a deterioration of skin quality over time resulting from physiological changes and oxidative stress (OS). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an effective antioxidant enzyme widely used as a food supplement and cosmetic additive to alleviate OS and retard skin aging. However, conventional SOD delivery routes commonly yield unsatisfactory results due to limited stability, compromised bioavailability, and low absorption efficiency in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. These issues are addressed by developing SOD‐encapsulated polymeric microneedle (PMN) patches for efficient transdermal delivery. The use of a highly stable SOD isolated from a hot spring microbe ensures its reactivity throughout PMN fabrication and application. This SOD vehicle demonstrated excellent effectiveness through inhibiting skin‐aging and promoting hair growth as validated by extensive in vivo experiments using D‐galactose (D‐gal) induced aging‐mouse model. SOD‐PMNs promoted excellent regeneration of hair follicles, increased melanin synthesis, decreased lipid oxidation, and elevated antioxidative capacity of skin tissue. The success in effective transdermal delivery of SOD promises wide applicability in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

Research on the Adsorption Performance of Zeolites for Dimethyl Ether

The purification and removal of polar impurities in olefin feedstocks is crucial for downstream deep processing, and adsorption is the main method for deep purification of such impurities. This article takes dimethyl ether, a typical oxygen-containing compound impurity in MTOs, as a polar impurity molecule, and LTA and FAU topological zeolites as research objects. The influence of zeolite topology, morphology, skeleton silicon–aluminum (Si/Al) ratio, and ion type on the adsorption and removal of trace dimethyl ether was investigated by XRD, SEM, XRF, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption methods. The FAU topological zeolites show a better adsorption performance for dimethyl ether owing to their larger specific surface area and unobstructed pores compared with LTA zeolites. Among FAU topological zeolites, the NaX zeolite a with lower framework silica–alumina ratio has the highest adsorption capacity for dimethyl ether. Magnesium ion exchange on NaX zeolites (MgNaX) reduce the specific surface area and adsorption capacity of the NaX zeolite. However, after forming with alumina as a binder, the adsorption capacity of the MgNaX–Al2O3 adsorbent is about 13% higher than that of the NaX–Al2O3 adsorbent without Mg ion exchange. This may be due to the decomposition of residual organic Mg salts in the Mg ion exchange samples during high-temperature calcination, resulting in a larger specific surface area for the formed adsorbent. Further characterization of NH3–TPD and CO2–TPD shows that Mg ion exchange weakens the acid–base active sites on the adsorbent surface. The reduction in acid–base sites reduces the occurrence of side reactions such as polymerization and isomerization caused by the exothermic adsorption of olefins on adsorbents. Repeated adsorption data show that the formed adsorbent has excellent regeneration–adsorption performance.

Preparation of amino-functionalized CoAl-LDH/palygorskite hierarchical composites for CO2 capture

Layered double hydroxides (LDH) are regarded as an outstanding adsorbent with the ability to capture CO2. Nevertheless, the stacking and curling of CoAl-LDH significantly impact the CO2 adsorption performance. In this study, CoAl-LDH were synthesized on a rigid palygorskite (Pal) framework to form a hierarchical CoAl-LDH/Pal composite, which effectively reduced the original particle size of CoAl-LDH and addressed the drawbacks. Subsequently, polyethylene imine (PEI) was impregnated onto the surface of CoAl-LDH/Pal to fabricate PEI/CoAl-LDH/Pal adsorbent, further improving the CO2 capture performance. Finally, the mechanism of CO2 adsorption was also elaborated. The PEI/CoAl-LDH/Pal demonstrated a higher equilibrium adsorption capacity and a longer breakthrough time for CO2 capture, with the adsorption capacity reaching 158.8 mg/g and increasing by 8 times compared to that of CoAl-LDH/Pal. Herein, CO2 was adsorbed on the surface of PEI/CoAl-LDH/Pal in the forms of bicarbonate and amino carboxylate. Additionally, PEI/CoAl-LDH/Pal exhibited excellent regeneration performance and maintained the adsorption capacity over 9 cycles, which is anticipated to be a promising candidate for CO2 capture.

Synthesis and characterization of L-Arg-polypyrrole@g-C3N4 nanocomposite for highly efficient removal of orange G dye: Mechanistic insights and RSM@BBD optimization

Dye pollution, specifically orange G dye (OG dye) has been substantial threat owing to its poisonous to both human health and ecosystems. Thus, developing adsorbents with high stability, strong adsorption efficiency, easy separation, and excellent regenerability remains a challenge. In the present research, L-Arg-PPy@g-C3N4 nanocomposite was crafted through an interfacial polymerization process. OG adsorption onto L-Arg-PPy@g-C3N4 was optimized in batch mode using response surface methodology coupled with box-Behnken design (RSM@BBD) to assess the adsorbent dose, pH and initial OG concentration. The developed composite proficiently eliminates 94.87 % of OG dye molecules at 1 g·L−1 with a reaction time approaching 60 min, with high uptake efficacy of 23.31 mg·g−1. The Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models effectively describe the adsorption process in both aqueous solution and wastewater. Based on XPS/FT-IR analysis, the OG dye mechanism is mainly driven by π-π interactions, hydrogen bonding and electrostatic attractions. The adsorbent efficacy achieved 88.3 % removal in real wastewater treatment. This slight detriment was explained by the individual study of co-interfering ions. Reusability tests confirmed the adsorbent’s excellent regeneration capability for purifying wastewater containing OG dye molecules maintaining 73.8 % removal capacity during 4 cycles. These findings confirm the potential of the developed L-Arg-PPy@g-C3N4 as an effective filter for OG removal from wastewater.

High paracrine activity of hADSCs cartilage microtissues inhibits extracellular matrix degradation and promotes cartilage regeneration

Due to its unique structure, articular cartilage has limited self-repair capacity. Microtissues are tiny tissue clusters that can mimic the function of target organs or tissues. Using cells alone for microtissue construction often results in the formation of necrotic cores. However, the extracellular matrix (ECM) of native cartilage can provide structural support and is an ideal source of microcarriers. Autologous adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are widely used in cartilage tissue engineering. In this study, we fabricated microcarriers and compared the behavior of two homologous cell types in the microcarrier environment. The microcarrier environment highlighted the advantages of ADSCs and promoted the proliferation and migration of these cells. Then, ADSCs microtissues (ADSCs-MT) and BMSCs microtissues (BMSCs-MT) were fabricated using a three-dimensional dynamic culture system. In vitro and in vivo experiments verified that the cartilage regeneration ability of ADSCs-MT was significantly superior to that of BMSCs-MT. Transcriptomics revealed that ADSCs-MT showed significantly lower expression levels of ECM degradation, osteogenesis, and fibrocartilage markers. Finally, the protective effect of microtissues on inflammatory chondrocytes was validated. Overall, the ADSCs-MT constructed in this study achieved excellent cartilage regeneration and could be promising for the autologous application of cartilage microtissues.

Boosting light olefin production from pyrolysis of low-density polyethylene: A two-stage catalytic process

The increasing production of waste plastics poses significant environmental and health risks. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), a major component of plastic waste, is a high-quality feedstock for pyrolysis due to its high carbon and hydrogen content. Traditional pyrolysis methods, such as thermal cracking and one-step catalytic pyrolysis, have limitations in yield and selectivity of valuable products like light olefins. This study introduces a two-stage catalytic pyrolysis (TSCP) process aimed at enhancing the production of light olefins from LDPE. In the first stage, LDPE undergoes pyrolysis with MCM-41 catalyst, yielding a substantial number of liquid products and a minor portion of light olefins. The second stage utilizes Mg-ZSM-5 catalyst to further crack the high-temperature volatile matter into light olefins. The optimal conditions identified were 450 °C in the first stage and 500 °C in the second stage, achieving a maximum light olefin yield of 45.80 wt% and a low reaction temperature, decreasing the energy consumption. Additionally, the MCM-41 catalyst demonstrates excellent regeneration performance, with only a slight decrease in liquid yield after nine cycles. The Mg-ZSM-5 catalyst maintains high stability, with light olefin yield remaining at 83.60 % of the initial yield after 48 h of operation.

Anion-Regulated Ionic Covalent Organic Frameworks for Highly Selective Recovery of Gold from E-Waste.

The existing electronic waste (e-waste) and leaching solutions generated by industries accumulate significant amounts of gold (Au), even in excess of those in natural minerals. Therefore, the recycling of Au is extremely significant for the potential sustainability of chemical industry. By designing ionic covalent organic frameworks (COFs), here we synthesize a series of Ionic-COF-X (X=Cl-, Br-, AcO-, and SO4 2-) by anion regulation strategy and further explore their adsorption performance towards Au recovery. All these ionic COFs exhibit ultrahigh gold adsorption efficiency and excellent regeneration. Moreover, anion regulation could indeed affect the Au capture performance. In particular, when Cl- ions serve as counter ions, the Au capacity of Ionic-COF-Cl could reach 1270.8 mg g-1. Moreover, in the actual CPU leaching solution test, the selectivity of Ionic-COF-Cl towards Au3+ ion hits 39000 and 4600 times higher than that of Cu2+ and Ni2+ ions, respectively, suggesting that the Ionic-COF-Cl is a promising material for highly selective recovering gold from actual e-waste. DFT calculations further reveal that counter ions can regulate the adsorption affinity of ionic COF framework toward Au. In short, this work provides a useful anion regulation strategy to design ionic COFs as a promising platform for gold selective recovery from actual e-waste.

Anion‐Regulated Ionic Covalent Organic Frameworks for Highly Selective Recovery of Gold from E‐Waste

AbstractThe existing electronic waste (e‐waste) and leaching solutions generated by industries accumulate significant amounts of gold (Au), even in excess of those in natural minerals. Therefore, the recycling of Au is extremely significant for the potential sustainability of chemical industry. By designing ionic covalent organic frameworks (COFs), here we synthesize a series of Ionic‐COF‐X (X=Cl−, Br−, AcO−, and SO42−) by anion regulation strategy and further explore their adsorption performance towards Au recovery. All these ionic COFs exhibit ultrahigh gold adsorption efficiency and excellent regeneration. Moreover, anion regulation could indeed affect the Au capture performance. In particular, when Cl− ions serve as counter ions, the Au capacity of Ionic‐COF‐Cl could reach 1270.8 mg g−1. Moreover, in the actual CPU leaching solution test, the selectivity of Ionic‐COF‐Cl towards Au3+ ion hits 39000 and 4600 times higher than that of Cu2+ and Ni2+ ions, respectively, suggesting that the Ionic‐COF‐Cl is a promising material for highly selective recovering gold from actual e‐waste. DFT calculations further reveal that counter ions can regulate the adsorption affinity of ionic COF framework toward Au. In short, this work provides a useful anion regulation strategy to design ionic COFs as a promising platform for gold selective recovery from actual e‐waste.

Superactivity of Bimetallic CuFeO2 Submicron Particles towards Selective Proteolysis, Depending on their Surface Hydroxyls.

Nano bimetallic oxides as nanoproteases have the great advantages in the heterogeneous hydrolysis of proteins. Here, we report that bimetallic delafossite CuFeO2 submicron particles (CuFeO2 SMPs) display a high protease activity towards selective cleavage of peptide bond involving hydrophobic residue at 25 °C. CuFeO2 SMPs have excellent regeneration performance with high structural stability. The strong Lewis acidity of Fe3+ and the strong nucleophilicity of Cu+ bound hydroxyl groups are both necessary for the high protease activity of CuFeO2 SMPs. Low-valent metal ion has a great advantage in that low-valent Cu+ bound hydroxyl has strong nucleophilicity, resulting in promotion of protein hydrolysis via high-efficient bimetallic catalysis. This study provides evidence that the protease activity of CuFeO2 SMPs depends on metal ion-bound hydroxyls on their surface. Our findings highlight that the valence of metal ions in artificial protease and their surface hydroxyls are two important factors that determine their catalytic efficiency.

Application of Modified Silica as an Efficient Slow-Release Carrier Medium: A Review

The use of mesoporous material as a carrier is increasingly gaining significant attention in recent years. The carrier often exists in the form of organic polymers, including chitosan and starch-g-poly (L-lactide), as well as inorganic substances, namely zeolites, sulfur, and silica. In this context, silica has the greatest abundance in nature and is extensively applied as a carrier medium due to its high selectivity, excellent regeneration ability, and environmental friendliness. However, this material shows some limitations, such as high surface tension and large inter-particle bonding forces, which can be addressed through modifications of the surface area and pore size by adding surfactants. The modifications will transform silica into a mesoporous structure, suitable for use as a slow-release carrier in various applications, including catalysts, sensors, adsorbents, chromatography, drug delivery systems, and intelligent corrosion inhibitors.

Electrochemical Immunosensor for the Sensitive Determination of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) 16 L1 Capsid Protein: A Leap in Cervical Cancer Diagnosis

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the principal cause of cervical cancer, which is still a prime universal health concern, especially in underdeveloped nations where access to advanced screening techniques is often restricted. Herein, we propose an electrochemical immunosensor for the determination of HPV 16 L1 protein, a key biomarker associated with cervical carcinogenesis. The developed immunosensor, employing glassy carbon electrode (GCE) enhanced with gold nanoparticles, provides a highly sensitive, specific, and cost-effective approach for early screening of cervical cancer. An optimized stepwise fabrication process which includes electrode surface modification and antibody immobilization, was used to enhance sensor performance. Characterization studies confirmed the effective modification of electrodes and the selectivity of immunoreactions. With an impressive limit of detection (LOD) of 0.033 fg mL−1, the immunosensor showed a linear response to L1 protein concentrations ranging from 0.1 fg mL−1 to 1 ng mL−1. Additionally, the immunosensor exhibits excellent specificity, stability, reproducibility, and regeneration capabilities. The performance of the immunosensor was compared with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) by analyzing clinical samples (positive: n = 12; healthy: n = 5) showed satisfactory results. The findings indicated that the proposed sensing platform has the potential to be utilized for the early diagnosis of cervical cancer.

A Sr@Ag-based spatiotemporal and step-release scaffold against chronic osteomyelitis, fabricated by coaxial 3D-printing

Chronic osteomyelitis (OM) represents a severe and persistent infectious bone disease. Effective treatment requires controlled anti-inflammatory releases and bone regeneration across disease phases. A Sr@Ag-based scaffold was successfully printed, featuring micron-scale coaxial fibers containing Ag-doped hydroxyapatite (HA) in the outer layer of PLLA and Sr-doped HA in the inner layer of PLLA, facilitating the spatiotemporal and sequential release of Ag and Sr ions during OM treatment. Most antibacterial agent (Ag) was released during the first 20 days, followed by a slow-release plateau over the next 40 days in phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS). Meanwhile, the pro-angiogenic agent (Sr) was released in minimal amounts during the initial 20 days, followed by a rapid and considerable release in the following 40 days. The coaxial design effectively inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli while preserving the viability of bone cells. The ion-based scaffold exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial effects and enhanced bone-regenerating gene expression in a complex air-bacteria environment. The Sr@Ag-based coaxial scaffold demonstrated effective antibacterial activity during the early stage and exhibited excellent non-toxic bone regeneration results during the middle and late stages in vivo. This work offered a promising treatment strategy through sequential anti-inflammatory and pro-osteogenic effects for infectious bone-defect diseases.

Removal of Textile Dye Using a Low‑Cost Composite Film Based on PVA-Clay: Preparation, Characterization and RSM Optimization

The use of adsorbent materials in powder form presents significant challenges for industrial wastewater treatment due to their poor regeneration after use. Our research described here aimed to prepare a low-cost and eco-friendly film with excellent regeneration capabilities for the efficient removal of Telon Orange dye (TO) from water. The film was fabricated by incorporating a natural clay, DD3, into a poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) matrix using the solvent casting method. The prepared film was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. The characterization results confirmed that the DD3 interacts and disperses within the PVA matrix. The influence of film dose and composition, pH, contact time, and initial concentration were studied in batch adsorption. Response surface methodology (RSM) using the Box-Behnken design matrix was then used to find the best conditions for dye adsorption. An ANOVA analysis approved the proposed quadratic model with a high correlation coefficients (R2 = 0.98). The F-value of the model was 46.39, indicating that the model was significant. The PVA/DD3 composite film achieved a 93.45% efficiency in removing TO dye under optimal conditions. The recyclability studies showed a removal efficiency of 90.13% after five uses of the film, making it suitable for large-scale applications and adaptable for use in water purification systems.