Excellent Output Performance Research Articles

All-polarization maintaining single-longitudinal-mode fiber laser with ultra-high OSNR, sub-KHz linewidth and extremely high stability

An all-polarization maintaining (PM) single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) with ultra-high optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR), ultra-narrow linewidth and extremely high stability is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. A double-ring passive subring resonator (DR-PSR) composed of two single-coupler fiber rings and a length of unpumped EDF-based saturable absorber filter is designed and employed in the EDFL to serve as the efficient SLM selecting element to guarantee SLM lasing with excellent output performance. The all-PM structure enables the proposed EDFL to present strong ability to resist the environment disturbance. At the pump power of 100 mW, we obtain an SLM EDFL with an ultra-high OSNR of 83 dB and an ultra-narrow linewidth of 459 Hz. For the SLM operation, the all-PM EDFL processes outstanding stability performance of both the wavelength lasing and the output power. The maximum fluctuations of the center wavelength and the output power are 0.012 nm and 0.01 dB.

Transfer matrix model and experimental validation for a radial-torsional ultrasonic motor

Traditional traveling-wave rotary ultrasonic motors have been widely used in many applications due to their excellent output performances. However, the structure optimization have be hindered by the specific requirements on the piezoelectric ceramics with complex polarizations and shapes. To address such issues, a compact type ultrasonic motor operating at radial-torsional conversion mode is proposed in this paper, which is simply excited by one ring type piezoelectric wafer with a single polarization. This motor basically consists of one rotor and one disk type stator, which can be divided into an outer ring, four connection beams and an inner ring. A ring type piezoelectric wafer is bonded to the bottom face of the outer ring. Upon an excitation signal at resonance frequency, the proposed motor is able to rotate, driven by the torsional vibration mode of the inner ring converted from the radial vibration mode of the outer ring via the connecting beams An electromechanical model utilizing the transfer matrix method is built to analyze the dynamic behavior of the motor. This transfer matrix model of the system could provide an effective approach for simulating the coupled mechanical and electrical properties. Based on the proposed model, the dynamic process for converting the radial vibration mode into the torsional mode is quantatively assessed. Last, the vibration characteristics of the prototype motor is tested by using a 3D laser Doppler vibrometer and the experimental results are in good agreement with the calculations, confirming the validity of the transfer matrix model and the feasibility of the motor design.

Scalable fabrication process for new structure BaZr0.8Y0.2O3-δ-based protonic ceramic fuel cells

Anode-supported thin-film BaZr0.8Y0.2O3-δ (BZY) electrolyte protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs) have demonstrated the potential for commercial application with excellent output performance, fuel flexibility, and durability at 500–600 °C. However, scaling up of BZY-based PCFCs using traditional cell fabrication processes such as tape-casting & co-sintering is still a big challenge because of the large demand of high-quality BZY powder and the high sintering temperature of BZY ceramic. Herein, an integrated BZY electrolyte matrix with porous/dense bilayer structure was fabricated by a scalable process combining tape-casting, hot-pressing, and solid-state reactive sintering. The electrolyte matrix sintered at 1500 °C showed a pure cubic perovskite phase and desired microstructure in which the thickness of the dense electrolyte layer was 74 μm. NiO anode was in-situ generated within the porous electrolyte layer via rapid impregnation process. The NiO impregnation amount influences the output performance of single cell. The cell with the optimal NiO impregnation amount of 20 wt% delivered a maximum power density of 170 mW cm−2 at 600 °C under wet hydrogen and static air operation. It also showed good short-term stability for 20 h with a constant current density of 155 mA cm−2 at 0.70 V.

Energy Harvesting Floor from Commercial Cellulosic Materials for a Self-Powered Wireless Transmission Sensor System.

Cellulose-based materials have gained increasing attention for the development of low-cost, eco-friendly technologies, and more recently, as functional materials in triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). However, the low output performance of cellulose-based TENGs severely restricts their versatility and employment in emerging smart building and smart city applications. Here, we report a high output performance of a commercial cellulosic material-based energy harvesting floor (CEHF). Benefiting from the significant difference in the triboelectric properties between weighing and nitrocellulose papers, high surface roughness achieved by a newly developed mechanical exfoliation method, and large overall contact area via a multilayered device structure, the CEHF (25 cm × 15 cm × 1.2 cm) exhibits excellent output performance with a maximum output voltage, current, and power peak values of 360 V, 250 μA, and 5 mW, respectively. It can be directly installed or integrated with regular flooring products to effectively convert human body movements into electricity and shows good durability and stability. Moreover, a wireless transmission sensing system that can produce a 1:1 footstep-to-signal (transmitted and received) ratio is instantaneously powered by a TENG based entirely on cellulosic materials for the first time. This work provides a feasible and effective way to utilize commercial cellulosic materials to construct self-powered wireless transmission systems for real-time sensing applications.

High-performance triboelectric nanogenerators based on the organic semiconductor copper phthalocyanine.

In this work, we fabricated triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) with the triboelectric friction layer made of the organic semiconductor copper phthalocyanine (CuPc). Iodine was incorporated into CuPc to tune the work function of the CuPc films. With 10 wt% iodine doping concentration, the TENG showed an excellent output performance with a voltage output of 300 V, a current density of 110 mA m-2, and a power density of 8.68 W m-2 compared to those reported for inorganic semiconductor-based TENGs. Leveraging the ethanol sensitivity of CuPc, a self-powered ethanol sensor was also demonstrated. The successful demonstration of organic semiconductors as the triboelectric friction layer will enable the development of fully flexible high performance semiconductor-based TENGs, as well as direct current TENGs based on semiconducting heterojunctions.

High‐performance flexible piezoelectric nanogenerator based on necklace‐like PZT particle chains

SummaryFlexible piezoelectric nanogenerators (F‐PENG) as a clean, green power generation device have attracted much attention. Dielectrophoresis (DEP) was used to prepare flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators with necklace‐like oriented structure. The results showed that the oriented structure significantly improved the electrical output performance of F‐PENG by enhancing the stress and free charge transmission. For the F‐PENG with 8 vol% oriented PZT particle, open‐circuit voltage and short‐circuit current reached 176 V and 35 μA and an instantaneous power of up to 2 mW was collected for an optimal matched load resistance of 6 MΩ. Output voltage and current increase by 135% and 133%, respectively, compared with the F‐PENG with random structure. Meanwhile, the finite element simulation results also confirmed the superiority of this oriented structure. There was a clear linear relationship between the output voltage and pressure, and the sensitivity was 1.13 N/V. The oriented PZT particle‐based F‐PENG with excellent electrical output performance has great application prospects in the fields of green power generation and self‐powered building monitoring system.

Highly Durable and Easily Integrable Triboelectric Foam for Active Sensing and Energy Harvesting Applications

AbstractTriboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have potential applications as active sensors or energy harvesters in self‐powered sensors and systems as they enable harvesting and conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy. TENG development allows high‐efficiency energy harvesting capability and outstanding sensing characteristics, such as excellent output performance, high durability, reliable stability, easy integration, and convenient fabrication, among others. A triboelectric foam (T‐Foam) composed of a foam material with an embedded soft electrode is proposed in this study. The T‐Foam inherits the dominant mechanical properties of the foam material, which allows it to be freely folded, compressed, and kneaded, as well as immediate recovery upon stimulus withdrawal. The durability and stability of the T‐Foam are tested for a 0.1842 g sample; after stamping 14 times with a 158.6 lb tester, its output performance remained nearly identical. These properties indicate that the T‐Foam can be easily integrated into products, such as insoles, schoolbags, and seat mats, to build smart applications for motion, health, and safety monitoring. When driven by a polytetrafluoroethylene plate, a T‐Foam sample of 135 × 135 × 25 mm3 exhibits considerable energy harvesting capability, with the output power as high as 5.46 mW.

Ultrahigh performance polyvinylpyrrolidone/Ag2Se composite thermoelectric film for flexible energy harvesting

Flexible thermoelectric generator (f-TEG) has been considered to be a competitive candidate for powering wearable electronics and node sensor of internet-of-things. Herein, we report a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)/Ag 2 Se composite film on nylon membrane prepared by first in-situ synthesis of PVP coated Ag 2 Se nanostructures (NSs), then vacuum assisted filtration of the NSs and finally hot pressing. High-resolution scanning and transmission electron microscope observations reveal that the PVP is located at the wall of pores and most Ag 2 Se grains are with coherent interfaces. Because of the unique microstructure and synergistic effect of the two components, an optimal composite film exhibits an ultrahigh power factor of ~ 1910 μW m −1 K −2 (corresponding ZT ~ 1.1) at 300 K and outstanding flexibility (only a 5.5% decrease in power factor after 1000 times bending around a 4 mm radius rod). An assembled 6-leg f-TEG produces 4.16 μW and the maximum power density is 28.8 W m −2 at a temperature difference of 29.1 K. This work demonstrates that insulating polymer can act as a great additive for improving both the TE properties and flexibility of inorganic TE films via fine design. The as-prepared composite film shows great promise for directly converting low-grade heat into electrical energy near room temperature. N-type polyvinylpyrrolidone/Ag 2 Se film on nylon membrane with ultrahigh thermoelectric performance and excellent flexibility. • Polyvinylpyrrolidone coated multi-sized Ag 2 Se nanostructures are prepared. • The nanostructures are compacted into films by filtration and then hot pressing. • Optimal film on nylon shows ultrahigh thermoelectric property and flexibility. • A thermoelectric generator is designed using the optimal flexible film. • The generator exhibits an excellent output performance.

Theoretical investigation and experimental verification of the self-powered acceleration sensor based on triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs)

Self-powered acceleration sensors based on triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are critical components for vibration detection, which have promising applications in Internet of Things, wearable electronics and sensor networks. However, the development of this sensor is restricted by lack of the working mechanism. Herein, we propose a novel theoretical model V-Q-a based on contact-separation TENGs to systematically illuminate the mechanism of the self-powered acceleration sensor under different motion. Based on the model, the self-powered sensor’s output performances such as transferred charges, output voltage and sensitivity are deeply analyzed under common uniform accelerated and sinusoidal motions. Also, a self-powered acceleration sensor with silk-fibroin triboelectric layer is fabricated to verify the V-Q-a model. The test results show that experimental verification data agrees well with the theoretical analysis. It also exhibits a high sensitivity of 19.07 V s2 m−1 of the as-fabricated sensor with higher stability, which is 12 times as higher than the self-powered accelerometer fabricated by Zhang et al. with sensitivity of 15.56 V g−1. The excellent output performance enables the acceleration sensor to be applied in wearable devices (passometer) and machine vibration monitoring. This work advances an in-depth understanding of self-powered acceleration sensor based on TENGs, which will effectively guide for optimizing sensor structure and performance in future specific applications.

Recent Advances in Self‐Powered Tribo‐/Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters: All‐In‐One Package for Future Smart Technologies

AbstractElectric devices has become a necessity in modern smart societies. The energy research community is continually exploring new solutions that can be employed as potential and reliable alternatives to satisfy future energy requirements in this context. Triboelectric/piezoelectric nanogenerators (TNGs/PNGs) are considered promising renewable energy harvesting technologies. TNGs/PNGs are gaining considerable research attention because of their advantages such as ease of fabrication, cost effectiveness, flexibility, lightweightness, long‐term‐durability, and excellent output performance. The TNGs/PNGs have enormous potential in harvesting energy from water waves (blue energy), airflow (wind energy), sound frequency (acoustic energy), vibrations/mechanical motions (such as body motions activities/sleeping), and in vivo body motions. These technologies are thus an “all‐in‐one package,” which is a unique selling point. The advantage of this technology is that all sources are natural and abundant. This paper provides a review of the potential use of PNGs/TNGs and includes a description of the rise of nanogenerators, their underlying mechanisms, different materials used, various models, possible applications, and future prospects. Stored energy can be used to develop smart/informative technologies (as ultrasensitive sensors) and self‐powered biomedical science. Owing to their considerable effects, these harvesting technologies are expected to dominate the future smart world.

Hybrid energy system based on solar cell and self-healing/self-cleaning triboelectric nanogenerator

Solar cells acted as sustainable energy harvest are quickly spread across the worldwide. However, the output performance of solar cells is dramatically reduced in rainy day and the potential mechanical damages to the surface solar cell may also suppress its output capability. Herein, we propose a hybrid energy system consisted of a solar cell and a self-healing/self-cleaning triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) for harvesting both solar and raindrop energies. The application of self-healable TENG for hybrid energy system has been a challenging task, since it is difficult to maintain both the super-hydrophobicity and healable capability for the electrification surface of TENG. This self-healable and transparent TENG shows an excellent output performance under rainy day with a peak short-circuit current of 0.8 μA and a peak open-circuit voltage of 6 V, respectively, while it can work very well with solar cell under sunny days. The self-healing TENG with elastic texture can serve as a protection layer for the solar cell, where the broken risk of the solar cell can be significantly suppressed. This proposed hybrid energy system can be used as a compensation for the currently widely used solar cells and provide a promising strategy to harvest energy from multiple sources.

β-Phase-Preferential blow-spun fabrics for wearable triboelectric nanogenerators and textile interactive interface

Abstract Wearable textile electronics have been extensively developed with versatile functionality and self-powered autonomy. Here, we demonstrated β-phase-preferential solution-blow-spun fabrics for application to wearable TENGs and a textile interactive interface. The nonwoven fabric fabricated by solution blow spinning (SBS) was successfully applied as the triboelectric layer in TENGs. The uniaxial elongation of the polymer chains along the fiber axis during the SBS process promoted the formation of polar β-phase crystals in the solution-blow-spun nanofibers, which led to a negative shift in the surface potential and enhancement of the TENG performances. The relationship between the surface charge potential and the crystalline phase of the fabricated nonwoven fabric was comprehensively investigated. The constructed fabric TENG delivered excellent output performances such as a high open-circuit voltage of 260 V, short-circuit current of 27 μA, and high output power of 7 mW; these values were satisfactory for its utilization in the harvesting of biomechanical energy and subsequent driving of commercial portable electronic devices. The fabric TENG was further successfully utilized as a wireless fabric interactive interface for controlling domestic appliances and video playback. The proposed β-phase-preferential blow-spun fabric TENGs are highly promising for application to next-generation intelligent textronics and self-powered human–robot interaction interfaces.

A fully stretchable textile-based triboelectric nanogenerator for human motion monitoring

Triboelectric textiles with cost-effectiveness, wearable and manufacturability have indicated their potential applications in energy collection and posture recognition from human motions. Here, we present a fully stretchable textile-based triboelectric nanogenerator (FSTTN), which is developed by interacting between woven units of the silver-coated glass microspheres (GM@Ag)/ rubber electrode and the electrode@rubber triboelectric thread. Owing to the high mix ratio of GM@Ag and the remarkable stretchability of rubber matrix, the fabricated FSTTN (5 cm * 5 cm) produced open-circuit voltage of 7.3 V and short-circuit current of 0.39 μA at 100% strain, meanwhile, produced open-circuit voltage of 138 V and short-circuit current of 2.1 μA under the flapping frequency of 3 Hz, respectively. Considering the excellent output performances, the FSTTN can effectively collect tensile mechanical energy to power the commercial electronics, and easily be installed on the human body to monitor the motion posture. Therefore, this work provides a new approach for promoting the development of stretchable and wearable triboelectric textiles.

Cellulose II Aerogel-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator.

Cellulose-based triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have gained increasing attention. In this study, a novel method is demonstrated to synthesize cellulose-based aerogels and such aerogels are used to fabricate TENGs that can serve as mechanical energy harvesters and self-powered sensors. The cellulose II aerogel is fabricated via a dissolution-regeneration process in a green inorganic molten salt hydrate solvent (lithium bromide trihydrate), where. The as-fabricated cellulose II aerogel exhibits an interconnected open-pore 3D network structure, higher degree of flexibility, high porosity, and a high surface area of 221.3 m2 g-1. Given its architectural merits, the cellulose II aerogel-based TENG presents an excellent mechanical response sensitivity and high electrical output performance. By blending with other natural polysaccharides, i.e., chitosan and alginic acid, electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups are introduced into the composite cellulose II aerogels, which significantly improves the triboelectric performance of the TENG. The cellulose II aerogel-based TENG is demonstrated to light up light-emitting diodes, charge commercial capacitors, power a calculator, and monitor human motions. This study demonstrates the facile fabrication of cellulose II aerogel and its application in TENG, which leads to a high-performance and eco-friendly energy harvesting and self-powered system.

Capacity estimation for lithium-ion battery using experimental feature interval approach

The estimation of lithium-ion battery capacity is of great importance in electric vehicle battery management system (BMS), its results will contribute to controlling the battery to have both excellent output performance and long life. However, there still lacks generalized approaches for different kinds of batteries with high estimating accuracy. Therefore, an experimental feature interval approach for LiFePO4 (LFP) and LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2 (NCM) capacity estimating is proposed in this paper. Firstly, two concepts of feature interval and remaining charge electricity (RCE) are defined, then partial charging electricity based on incremental capacity analysis is used to estimate capacity. According to the results, there is a strong linear relationship between RCE and capacity. We can obtain capacity directly through this linear function by calculating RCE from the feature interval to the end of charge. A satisfying estimation performance is verified by the results of another experiment data, where the accuracy is more than 98.5%. Moreover, it is found that this approach can be used to NCM battery by modifying the linear fitting weights. This proposed approach is verified in NASA dataset, with the estimating deviations less than 2.4%. Further, the proposed estimating approach may serve as a reference for batteries from other manufactures.

Comparison and analysis of permanent magnet vernier motors for low‐noise in‐wheel motor application

In this study, the permanent magnet vernier motors (PMVMs) with different external rotor topologies are investigated and compared to obtain the optimal topology, which can reduce the vibroacoustic noise and keep the excellent output performance. Firstly, the unipolar and bipolar PMVM motors with V-shape magnets are designed based on the torque and cost of the consequent-pole PMVM (CPMVM), which have the reduced unbalanced magnetic force (UMF). Then to evaluate the performances of PMVMs comprehensively, the characteristics including flux density, back-electromotive force, torque, the electromagnetic force and acoustic noise etc., are quantitatively investigated and compared by the finite element analysis (FEA). Finally, the modal parameters and acoustics noise spectrum of CPMVM are tested and compared with the noise FEA results, which verify the V-shape magnet PMVMs can reduce the UMF and low-frequency noise level by maintaining the output performance.

Flexible and lead-free piezoelectric nanogenerator as self-powered sensor based on electrospinning BZT-BCT/P(VDF-TrFE) nanofibers

Recently, the flexible and environmental-friendly piezoelectric generators have drawn much attentions due to the power-supplying apply applications of powering implantable and wearable devices. In this work, an environmental-friendly and flexible piezoelectric nanogenerator is proposed based on electrospinning nanofiber which is composed of 0.5Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3-0.5(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3 (BZT-BCT) and polyvinylidene fluoride–trifluoroethylene P(VDF-TrFE). The as-prepared nanofiber mats with different amounts of doping of BZT-BCT nanoparticles varied from 0 wt% to 50 wt% are characterized by XRD and SEM. Based on the testing results, the nanofiber generator with 40 % content of BZT-BCT exhibits the excellent output performance, which produces the output voltage as high as 13.01 V under cyclic tapping under 6 N and 10 Hz, which is mostly attributed from the doping of the BZT-BCT with high piezoelectric coefficient. The generator can be deployed as the self-powered sensor, which can measure the tensile and compressive deformation, the movement of different parts of body. Due to the advantages of flexibility and environmental kindness, this developed nanogenerator has great potential for wearable and implantable devices.

A flexible triboelectric nanogenerator based on a super-stretchable and self-healable hydrogel as the electrode.

Stretchable electronic devices nowadays have become more and more necessary in our daily lives, and most of the present electronic devices are based on inorganic materials. The obtained electronic devices can hardly bear various deformations in practical applications because of the poor flexibility and stretchability of these conventional inorganic materials. However, the biggest challenge for producing flexible and stretchable electronic devices is that each component of the device should endure deformations, and in the meantime, ensure that the whole electronic devices not only have excellent flexibility and stretchability, but also maintain excellent electrical output performances even under the situation of being deformed. In this work, a kind of super-stretchable, self-healable, and conductive hydrogel which could bear about sixty times stretching compared with its original state (∼ 6000%) is prepared; it could self-heal in about 10 min after being cut. More importantly, the hydrogel can greatly enhance the output performances of the TENG compared with the conventional copper foil as the electrode. Furthermore, when used as the electrode in flexible TENGs, relatively stable and excellent electrical output performances could be maintained even after being seriously stretched. Consequently, this study provides an ideal candidate for the electrode material of electric devices.

Stretchable shape-adaptive liquid-solid interface nanogenerator enabled by in-situ charged nanocomposite membrane

Wearable and portable electronics for water environment application are of paramount significance, however restricted by its power source component. It remains a great challenge to simultaneously achieve ultra stretchability and high electric output performance for most energy harvesters in water. Herein, we report a high-performance stretchable liquid-solid contact electrification-based nanogenerator (S-LSNG) that enables water wave energy harvesting and subtle motion monitoring in water by an in-situ charged nanocomposite membrane. Notably, the effectively charged PTFE nanoparticles (100 nm) in this novel membrane can highly promote the output of S-LSNG. For the first time, the excellent stretchability (tensile strain, 200%), high output performance (open-circuit voltage of 120 V and short-circuit current of 18 μA) and ultra-thin device structure (300 μm) were achieved simultaneously for a liquid-solid contact electrification-based nanogenerator. Besides, the output performance of S-LSNG barely changed even after 100000 submerging-emerging cycles. In addition, the application of motion monitoring for human body in water was also demonstrated, such as single finger motion sensing and complex motion sensing of multiple-fingers. Because of the excellent stretchability, output performance and durability, the S-LSNG would be extensively applied to a sustainable energy supplier for the stretchable and wearable electronics in water.

Boosting the Oxygen Electrode Performance of Reversible Protonic Ceramic Electrochemical Cells By Interfacial Engineering

Reversible protonic ceramic electrochemical cell (RePCEC) is one of the most promising energy conversion and storage devices. Because of the low to intermediate operating temperatures (300-650oC), RePCECs demonstrated great potential for simultaneously achieving high performance, long-term durability and low cost of materials 1,2. However, the state-of-the-art RePCECs still cannot satisfy with practical demand, which is significantly ascribed to the high polarization resistance from oxygen (O2) electrode 3. Modification of the phase interfaces in the composite O2 electrodes played vital roles in enhancing the performance by extending active sites, which were extensively investigated in the field of oxygen-ion conducting solid oxide electrochemical cells (O-SOECs) 4,5. However, the engineering of the interfaces in the composite O2 electrode, especially in nanoscale, has not been extensively studied for RePCECs 6. In this work, O2 electrode scaffolds based on the barium cerate-zirconate co-doped with ytterbium and yttrium (BaCe0.7Zr0.1Y0.1Yb0.1O3-δ) are decorated by dual phase triple (e-/O2-/H+) conducting oxide (TCO) nanoparticles of BaCeFeCoO, BaCeFeO and BaCeYCoFeO, respectively. The low O2 electrode polarization resistance, excellent power output and water electrolysis performance were achieved below 600℃. References Duan, C., Kee, R., Zhu, H., Sullivan, N., Zhu, L., Bian, L., Jennings, D. and O’Hayre, R., 2019. Highly efficient reversible protonic ceramic electrochemical cells for power generation and fuel production. Nature Energy, 4(3), p.230.Duan, C., Tong, J., Shang, M., Nikodemski, S., Sanders, M., Ricote, S., Almansoori, A. and O’Hayre, R., 2015. Readily processed protonic ceramic fuel cells with high performance at low temperatures. Science, 349(6254), pp.1321-1326.Fabbri, E., Pergolesi, D. and Traversa, E., 2010. Materials challenges toward proton-conducting oxide fuel cells: a critical review. Chemical Society Reviews, 39(11), pp.4355-4369.Dai, H., He, S., Chen, H., Yu, S. and Guo, L., 2015. Performance enhancement for solid oxide fuel cells using electrolyte surface modification. Journal of Power Sources, 280, pp.406-409.Chao, C.C., Hsu, C.M., Cui, Y. and Prinz, F.B., 2011. Improved solid oxide fuel cell performance with nanostructured electrolytes. ACS nano, 5(7), pp.5692-5696.Bi, L., Shafi, S.P., Da'as, E.H. and Traversa, E., 2018. Tailoring the Cathode-Electrolyte Interface with Nanoparticles for Boosting the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Performance of Chemically Stable Proton‐Conducting Electrolytes. Small, 14(32), p.1801231.