Excel Data Analysis Research Articles

Utility of Nucleic Acid Extraction Free COVID-19 Real Time PCR Protocol in Resource Limited Setting: A Pilot Study

Introduction: Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19), a respiratory infection, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first identified in Wuhan, Hubei province, China in December 2019. Alarming increase in the number of cases has put tremendous pressure on existing health resources. Real Time Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), a molecular diagnostic method, is considered gold standard for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. It involves RNA extraction as the preliminary step. Innovations to cut down cost and time involved in SARS-CoV-2 testing are need of hour. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of Nucleic Acid Extraction Free (NEF) protocol for COVID-19 diagnosis in resource limited settings. Materials and Methods: In this pilot study a panel of 148 Nasopharyngeal (NP) samples was subjected to the novel NEF RT-PCR protocol and results were compared to gold standard RT-PCR on RNA extracted from NP specimen. The cycle threshold value for each target was tabulated in MS Excel Spreadsheet and data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 15.0. Results: Out of 148 collected samples, 120 showed amplification of E and RdRp targets by RNA extraction-based RT-PCR. Overall sensitivity and specificity observed for NEF protocol was 43.94% and 96.42%, respectively. Conclusion: Further refinement in the protocol would be required to improve the sensitivity of NEF protocol and widespread use in laboratories.

Evaluating an e-Learning Platform at Graduate School Based on User Experience Evaluation Technique

This study was aimed to evaluate the e-learning platform in a graduate school by using User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ). The data were collected from 65 respondents and analyzed using an excel data analysis tool. The results indicate that all six scales of the instrument are consistent except the novelty scale. Also, the calculated means of the scales are slightly positive as all values are greater than 0.8 compared to the UEQ benchmark. Although the respondents show a little positive impression with the platform, all scales means are below average category except efficiency scale which is above average as compared to the benchmark. This indicates that the platform needs more improvement in all aspects of user experience for it to be at least in a good category. The findings discussed in this paper are valuable for all academic stakeholders in various educational institutions which implement interactive e-learning systems as well as practitioners of user experience and developers of e-learning systems.

The Effect of Small-Scale Dairy Farming in Enhancing Sustainable Food Security for Farmers and their Households in Murang’a East Sub-County, Murang’a County.

The study sought to investigate the effect of small-scale dairy farming in enhancing sustainable food security for farmers and their households in Murang’a East Sub-County, Murang’a County. The paper applied descriptive research design and quantitative research technique for the methodology. Besides, the investigation used a sample size computed from a populace size of small-scale dairy farmers in Gaturi, Township and Mbiri Wards (lower Kiharu Constituency), Murang’a East Sub-County, approximated to be 45,000 Km2. The sample size comprised of 385 respondents selected through stratified sampling aiming at the equal representation of the three wards. Out of the selected 385 individuals, only 297 respondents were effective participants in the study. The rest did not give feedback or were nonresponsive. The data analysis used descriptive statistics through the Microsoft Excel data analysis tools to develop distribution tables, frequencies, percentages, charts, and measures of central tendency. Data collection instruments included questionnaires, interviews and observation. The study also conducted a pre-test and analysis to ensure validity, accuracy, and reliability of instruments applied. Data collection process involved getting permits and necessary approvals. The study concluded that the study concludes that small-scale dairy farming has an effect in multiple ways on food security within the county. The effect is the provision of milk to the farmers for consumption as food. The study recommends that county government should invest in research activities that would enhance dairy farming practices. Such research activities may include those on the market, diseases, animal feeds, and value addition to dairy produce.

Continuous Maternal Hemodynamics Monitoring at Delivery Using a Novel, Noninvasive, Wireless, PPG-Based Sensor

Objective: To evaluate continuous monitoring of maternal hemodynamics during labor and delivery utilizing an innovative, noninvasive, reflective photoplethysmography-based device. Study design: The Biobeat Monitoring Platform includes a wearable wristwatch monitor that automatically samples cardiac output (CO), blood pressure (BP), stroke volume (SV), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), heart rate (HR) every 5 s and uploads all data to a smartphone-based app and to a data cloud, enabling remote patient monitoring and analysis of data. Low-risk parturients at term, carrying singletons pregnancies, were recruited at early delivery prior to the active phase. Big data analysis of the collected data was performed using the Power BI analysis tool (Microsoft). Next, data were normalized to visual presentation using Excel Data Analysis and the regression tool. Average measurements were compared before and after rupture of membranes, epidural anesthesia, fetal delivery, and placental expulsion. Results: Eighty-one parturients entered analysis. Epidural anesthesia was associated with a slight elevation in CO (5.5 vs. 5.6, L/min, 10 min before and after EA, p < 0.05) attributed to a non-significant increase in both HR and SV. BP remained stable as of counter decrease in SVR (1361 vs. 1319 mmHg⋅min⋅mL−1, 10 min before and after EA, p < 0.05). Fetal delivery was associated with a peak in CO after which it rapidly declined (6.0 vs. 7.2 vs. 6.1 L/min, 30 min before vs. point of delivery vs. after delivery, p < 0.05). The mean BP remained stable throughout delivery with a slight increase at fetal delivery (92 vs. 95 vs. 92.1 mmHg, p < 0.05), reflecting the increase in CO and decrease in SVR (1284 vs. 1112 vs. 1280 mmHg⋅min⋅mL−1, p < 0.05)with delivery. Placental expulsion was associated with a second peak in CO and decrease in SVR. Conclusions: We presented a novel application of noninvasive hemodynamic maternal monitoring throughout labor and delivery for both research and clinical use.

Prevalence of outflow of patients for esthetic rehabilitation through the maxillofacial surgical procedure - A retrospective study

Dental esthetics is a field of dentistry concerned especially with the appearance of dentition as achieved through its arrangement, form and color. The type of malocclusion, the degree of malocclusion, age, patients’ esthetic desires, practitioners’ style of treatment as well as gender predilection can influence the final esthetic treatment the patient will be subjected to. From functional demands, over the years, patients’ demands have dynamically shifted to meeting the maximum esthetics possible. In older patients, it is difficult to treat the malocclusion by orthodontic procedures, hence bringing in the requirement of performing surgical treatment along with prosthetic rehabilitation. This will help maximize esthetics as well as provide a long term, sustainable solution for the patient. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of outflow of patients undergoing jaw-related surgery requiring prosthetic rehabilitation and its association with esthetic demand. A sample size of 1743 patients' information from SDC DIAS database of Saveetha Dental College was taken and a retrospective study was performed where the data collection was done using Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet and data analysis was done using SPSS version 20.0 software. It can be said that surgical treatment is done majorly due to esthetic desires. There is no significant association of the requirement of the treatment with age as well as the gender of the patient (P&gt;0.05). There is a statistically significant association between Requirement of Prosthetic Rehabilitation and Age group (P&lt;0.05).

The Implementation of E-Learning in Raudhatul Athfal and Madrasah During The Covid-19 Pandemic in Central Java

During the Covid-19 pandemic, learning in madrasah was carried out by using e-learning. The policy came from the Ministry of Education &amp; Culture and the Ministry of Religion Affairs. The purposes of this study were to describe the readiness of teachers to implement e-learning, to describe the quality of e-learning, and to describe the obstacles to implement e-learning. The method is a mix method of quantitative-qualitative with concurrent embedded strategy. The data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, and documentation. The analysis of descriptive quantitative data used Pivoting MS Excel and qualitative data analysis used Nvino12+. The research steps are in accordance with the Miles and Huberman, namely collecting data, reducing data, presenting data, and drawing conclusions. The respondents were 3,729 teachers in 35 regencies/cities in Central Java Province. The results showed that most teachers were not ready yet to implement e-learning, the quality of e-learning was still low, and there were four main obstacles in implementing e-learning.

The Role of E-Skills in Developing Sustainable Organizations and E-Activities in the New Digitized Business World

Today’s business environment is governed by changes and challenges, such as the Internet which is also changing our personal and professional lives, our way of thinking, of acting, as well as our daily activities. By using new technologies and the Internet, any company can do business in any corner of the world, and with the help of e-skills any person can relate with anyone, anywhere, and anytime. Moreover, the world is at our fingertips, opening new opportunities and visions. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between the e-skills and e-activities. Furthermore, the differences between e-skill and e-activity values recorded for Romania, at the EU28 level, and the values for the best-in-class group are analyzed. Through the use of benchmarking, we show that this gap exists, and thus some improvement measures are proposed. Thus, the correlation among three proposed zones (Romania, the average for EU28, and the best-in-class group) is analyzed with the help of simulation and mathematical modeling. The Excel data analysis shows that the correlation and future trends that could take place at the European level, helps the specialists improve skills, overcome risks, make better decisions, reduce costs, and increase performance.

Association of Posterior Maxillary Bone Height and Dental Implant Placement: An Institutional Study.

This study evaluates the success of dental implants placed in the maxillary posterior region and whether an association exists regarding length and implant success. Dental implants are a surgical component that interfaces with jaw bone to support dental prostheses. In 1978, Brandmarks presented a two-stage threaded titanium root-form implant that has become the best-maintained dental implant. Differences in anatomy make treatment for posterior quadrants more challenging than that for anterior quadrants. The need for dental implants includes partial/complete edentulousness, tooth loss during a mixed dentition period, and immediate replacement due to trauma. This retrospective study was conducted as an institutional setting, and all patients undergoing implant surgery in the maxillary posterior region were considered. We performed Excel tabulation and data analysis using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM, Armonk, NY). Results show that posterior maxilla bone height was greater in females than males. Patients aged 41-50 yr with bone height of 12-14 mm occurred most often. For implant placement, females showed significant bone height in the posterior maxillary region, and age did not play a significant part in posterior bone height.

ПРОГНОЗУВАННЯ АКТИВІЗАЦІЇ ІННОВАЦІЙНОГО РОЗВИТКУ РЕГІОНУ ЗА ДОПОМОГОЮ ЕКОНОМІКО-МАТЕМАТИЧНОГО МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ

The article is devoted to the research of the algorithm of strategic forecasting of activation of innovative development of the region, which is based first of all on the fact that the innovative potential can be considered as an integral criterion of innovative development. Also, this criterion is to summarize the indicators of potential development at the levels of regional governance and the structure of the innovation potential at the same time. In the process of research it is substantiated that in forecasting the innovative development of the region, an important role is played by the assessment of its innovative potential, which allows to increase the reliability of forecasts and create general additional data from methods with a set of existing ones. The use of effective assessment tools helps to improve product quality and ensure the competitiveness of the region as a whole. In order to determine the regional measurement of innovation development between the indicator and the factors, a correlation is used, which means the dependence of two random variables, the Spearman rank correlation coefficient is also considered, which helps to estimate how satisfactory the relationship between two variables can be using a monotone function. A multi-regression multi-factor model of innovative development of the region was built and calculated, using the tool Regression of the MS Excel data analysis package a regression analysis was performed, where the coefficient of determination is R 2 = 97, which indicates high accuracy of its selection, as it is very close to 1, this means that 97% of the variation of the dependent variable Y is determined by the variation of the independent variables X, thus the constructed econometric multifactor model is adequate to reality. According to the results of the calculations, it is determined that the greatest impact on the innovative development of the region has the state of the ecological situation in it. The application of the proposed model will allow predicting further changes in the level of innovative development of the region based on the preservation of the natural environment of the territorial system.

271: Continuous maternal hemodynamics monitoring at delivery using a novel, noninvasive, wireless, PPG-based sensor

Existing means of hemodynamic monitoring are invasive, expensive, complex to use and associated with complications. In this study, we utilized an innovative, noninvasive, reflective photoplethysmography based device (Biobeat Technologies Ltd.) that enables maternal hemodynamics continuous monitoring to assess cardiovascular changes during labor and delivery. The Biobeat Monitoring Platform includes a wearable watch, placed on parturient wrist, that automatically samples cardiac output (CO), cardiac index (CI), blood pressure (BP), stroke volume (SV), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), heart rate (HR) and more every 5 seconds and uploads all data to a smartphone-based app and to the cloud, where it can be monitored and analyzed remotely. Eight unselected term parturients (age 29.2±8, years; 4 nullipara; BMI 28.4±5.9 Kg/m2) were recruited after initial calibration to maternal weight and height. Overall, over 150,000 measurements were retrieved. Data was normalized to visual presentation using Excel Data Analysis and regression tool. Average measurements were compared 30 minutes before rupture of membranes (first stage of labor), 30 minutes before delivery (second stage of labor) and 30 minutes after delivery. Cardiac output increases with labor reaching a peak of 8 L/min with delivery, after which, it rapidly declines (5.4 vs. 6.1 vs. 5.8, L/min, p< 0.001). This is mainly due to marked changes in HR up to 110 bpm (78 vs. 90 vs. 86, bpm, p< 0.0001) and a slight change in SV (69.3 vs. 67.6 vs. 68.5, ml/beat, p=0.006)(Figure 1). Mean BP remains relatively stable throughout delivery with a slight increase at delivery, reflecting the increase in CO and decrease in SVR with delivery (Figure 2). This study serves as a proof of concept for application of noninvasive maternal hemodynamic monitoring throughout labor and delivery for research and clinical use. Further studies will implement technology to assess maternal hemodynamics and cardiovascular adaptation during labor and delivery in women with cardiovascular risk factors and pregnancy complications. View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)

Diabetes registry and service in Nigerian suburban-based tertiary healthcare facility

Background: Diabetes register is a clinical tool necessary for patient management including follow-up and referral procedures. In the Bringing Research in Diabetes to Global Environments and Systems that is in progress in Delta State, Nigeria; part of focus is establishment of diabetes register at a tertiary health facility. This phase of the project aimed to establish a diabetes register and to assess the baseline data.Methods: This was a clinical observational descriptive study at Eku Baptist Government Hospital. The diabetes register developed as in previous report was adopted as a scale-up study. After due clearance from the hospital, patients’ hospital record files were screened for cases of diabetes and 70 files were identified. Data were analyzed descriptively using Microsoft Excel Data Analysis ToolPak 2010.Results: There was a 2/1 female/male ratio, while 6% were below 40 years. 90% of patients had blood glucose levels results that indicated poor diabetes control. There is problem of incomplete data collection, for instance &lt;25% BMI data was available. Capability and opportunity for standard service, e.g. diabetic foot examination, lipid profile, renal and retinal assessment was available at the tertiary health facility to allow management and referral from other hospitals.Conclusions: This report highlights poor adherence to diabetes care practices by stakeholders. It underscores the need for motivation to improve the quality of clinical data collection vis-à-vis documentation that enables assessment of diabetes epidemiology, especially in a facility that has the capacity.

Development of diabetes register in low-mid income country: survey of healthcare professionals’ behavioural change wheel

Background: There has been and ongoing research and development on diabetes care in Ndokwa community of Nigeria, and one of the items to be addressed is development of diabetes register in some of the health facilities. This study assesses the behavioural change wheel of the healthcare professionals to address the willingness of the primary healthcare providers willing to scale up and sustain the diabetes register; and how glycaemic control and metabolic syndrome factors in diabetes patients were assessed.Methods: The study adopted clinical observational approach and survey questionnaires. A descriptive cross sectional method evaluated how glycaemic control among diabetes patients (n=42) was assessed. Clinical observations were at Catholic Hospital Abbi, while the survey of healthcare professionals (n=71) included health facilities in other communities. Data from questionnaire and test results was analysed using Microsoft Excel Data Analysis Toolpak 2010.Results: It is observed that 62% wished they had a diabetes register. Over 50% of the patients showed presence of &gt;2 metabolic syndrome indices. Further, ≈52% disagreed that diet, exercise, medication, quitting smoking and less stress contributed to effective control and management of diabetes.Conclusions: Most of the respondents thought that their practice did not have a special interest in diabetes. There is prevalence of metabolic syndrome, but the majority of healthcare professionals did not view lifestyle as effective to control diabetes. These observations highlight the need for diabetic education on healthcare professionals and patients.

Prospects of diabetes registry and standard care at primary health facilities in Nigeria: experiential note

Background: As part of the series to advance diabetes register, the aim of this piece of the project was to evaluate the development of a diabetes register at primary healthcare (PHC) level in Delta State Nigeria. This is with a view to determine the PHC capacity for diabetes services.Methods: This clinical observational study was carried out in Novena University health centre in Ukwani Local Government Area and Ogume primary health centre in Ndokwa West Local Government Area, Delta State. A community-based screening was carried out in three communities of Amai, Ezionum and Ogume in July to September 2018, after which a diabetes registers were developed in Novena University health and Ogume primary health centres. Cases of probable diabetes were identified during screening and entered into the diabetes register being developed, which formed the sampled population (n=42). The data were analysed using Microsoft Excel Data Analysis ToolPak 2010.Results: Glucometer, stethoscope and sphygmomanometer were the most available equipment at the two facilities. Medical records of patients were incomplete with 81% missing home addresses and 62% did not have phone numbers. Others records such as date of entry, height, weight and type of diabetes were not recorded. The study also showed 35% prevalence of hypertension in diabetes cases.Conclusions: There is capacity to run diabetes screening and service clinic at the primary healthcare levels, but the limitation was incomplete patient information in the medical records. In development of a diabetes registry at the primary healthcare level, the study recommends comprehensive patients’ documentation during screening and routine medical check-up.

Energy Success Test For Classroom Teacher Candidates: Validity And Reliability Study

Bu araştırmada, çevre-enerji ilişkisi bağlamında sınıf öğretmeni adaylarına yönelik geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması yapılmış bir enerji başarı testi geliştirilmiştir. Çalışmada nicel araştırma yaklaşımlarından biri olan tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu kolay ulaşılabilir örnekleme yöntemiyle seçilmiştir. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Sınıf Eğitimi Ana Bilim Dalı’nda 2017-2018 güz döneminde öğrenim gören 348 sınıf öğretmeni adayı pilot uygulamada, 88 sınıf öğretmeni adayı da asıl uygulama çalışmada grubunu oluşmaktadır. Başarı testinin geliştirilmesi sırasında öncelikle 79 maddelik bir madde havuzu oluşturulmuştur. Daha sonra bu maddeler soru köküne dönüştürülerek 50 soruluk başarı testi hazırlanmıştır. Uzman görüşü sonrasında bir madde taslak formdan çıkarılmış ve 49 madde soruların anlaşılabilir olduğunu test etmek için 10 sınıf öğretmeni adayına uygulanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde SPSS ve Excel programlarından yararlanılmıştır. Madde analizi sonrasında bazı maddelerin çıkarılmasıyla Enerji Başarı Testi 36 maddelik bir hal almış ve testin ortalama güçlük indeksi 0,54 (orta güçlükte); ortalama ayırt edicilik indeksi 0,33 (oldukça ayırt edici) bulunmuştur. Daha sonra alt-üst grup ortalama farkına dayalı madde analizi, korelasyona dayalı madde analizi yapılmış ve her bir maddenin p&amp;lt;0,05 olduğu tespit edilerek herhangi bir madde çıkarımına gerek kalmadan test son halini almıştır. Madde analizlerinden sonra ölçeğin iç tutarlığını belirlemek için Kuder-Richardson-20 (KR-20) güvenirlik katsayısı hesaplanmış ve pilot uygulama için 0,79 (oldukça güvenilir) bulunmuştur. Asıl uygulamada Enerji Başarı testi pilot uygulamaya dâhil edilmeyen 88 sınıf öğretmeni adayına yeniden uygulanmış ve testin Kuder-Richardson-20 (KR-20) güvenirlik katsayısı 0,71 (oldukça güvenilir) bulunmuştur. Enerji Başarı Testinde yer alan soruların çevre eğitimi dersi kapsamındaki konuları yansıttığı ve çevre-enerji ilişkisi bağlamında sınıf öğretmeni adaylarına enerji konusunda kapsam geçerliği sağladığı ortaya konulmuştur.

QUALITY OF SOFTWARE PROJECTS – A CASE STUDY

In software projects, many points that are overlooked such as time constraints and human factors are causing great problems in the future. By measuring the quality of software projects, problems that may arise in important parameters such as maintenance-repair, functionality and reliability can be eliminated. In this study, metrics that can be used for measuring maintainability quality attribute within the scope of ISO 9126 Quality Standard are examined. In order to perform the study, 40 open source object-oriented software was selected and code complexity analysis was performed. Values of metric sets such as Chidamber and Kemerer (CK), Lorenz and Kidd (LK) and McCabe's complex Suite were determined by the Understand Code Analysis tool. It was determined whether the obtained values exceeded the threshold values indicated in the literature. Frequencies of metrics passing threshold values were determined for 40 open source object-oriented software projects, and the consistency among the metrics was evaluated using WEKA Machine Learning Software and EXCEL Data Analysis Tool. When the results were evaluated, it was observed that in addition to CK metrics such as WMC, CBO, and RFC, which measure the maintainability quality attribute, NOC (CK), NIM (LK), and the ratio of comment/code metrics have been observed to yield significant measurement results.

Australian doctors' perspectives on spiritual history-taking skills

Introduction: This original research examined the experience of Australian doctors using spiritual history-taking skills in holistic medical consultations and evaluated the support of Australian doctors for education on spiritual history-taking skills. Methods: General practice registrars and post-registrar graduate doctors, sourced primarily from the Hawkesbury Nepean region within NSW, Australia, completed an online survey. Excel data analysis tools were applied to analyse the quantitative results obtained. Line-by-line coding and manual analysis were applied to the free-text answers. Results: The survey was completed by 147 doctors practising medicine in Australia, a response rate of 24%. Registrars or residents-in-training accounted for 46%; 53% were post-registrar general practitioners. Most doctors (91%) recognised that spiritual care had some role in holistic medical care. Spirituality was included in medical consultations at least occasionally by 47% of doctors. However, only 21% felt confident with including spiritual history. Key barriers were insufficient time, lack of knowledge and lack of skills. Key facilitators included understanding other world views, knowledge of religions, awareness of own beliefs and basic communication skills. Spiritual history-taking skill education for all doctors was supported by 75%. Conclusions: The majority of Australian doctors who participated in this survey acknowledged the importance of spiritual history within holistic medical care, and many are incorporating this into their regular practice. Yet most doctors recognised a lack of knowledge and skills and desired further training, especially in spiritual history-taking skills. Inclusion of this in Australian medical education was strongly supported.

Adequate versus inadequate weight gain and socioeconomic factors of pregnant women followed up in primary care

Abstract Objectives: to identify the socioeconomic factors associated with inadequate (excessive and insufficient) weight gain in women followed during prenatal care in Basic Health Units in a Municipality of the Countryside of Ceará. Methods: a study was carried out with 189 pregnant women. Data were tabulated in the Excel Program and data analysis was performed in the Stata Program. In the bivariate analysis, the chisquare or Fisher's exact test was used, and the Poisson multivariate regression was used for the association between variables and the excessive or insufficient weight gain. Results: insufficient weight gain was associated with the absence of the partner (RR=1.15 CI95% = 1.02 - 1.30) and excessive weight gain was associated with non-working women (RR = 0.90 CI95% = 0.84-0.96). Conclusions: absence of partner and lack of work were associated with inadequate weight gain during pregnancy.

Evaluation of Team Teaching Method Efficiency in Postgraduate Students and Professors of Shiraz Health School, 2017

Background: Team teaching method is an attempt to strengthen the spirit of teamwork among teachers and students as well as to expand scientific interactions between the teachers. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate team teaching method among postgraduate students and professors of the Shiraz Health School based on a scientific approach. Methods: This is a cross-sectional and descriptive-analytical study. Two modified questionnaires were designed for two groups of professors and students. Totally, 62 questionnaires were collected from different individuals with different educational backgrounds, including 21 professors and 41 students. The collected data were entered in the Excel software and data analysis was done by t-test via STATA software version 12. Results: A total of 60.98% of students believed that team teaching improves people’s spirituality and mentality. 63.41% of them agreed with the effective role of this teaching method in learning. 56.10% of students and 62.30% of professors agreed with teaching of a certain course by different professors with different specialties. Moreover, 43.25% of the professors agreed with having a fellow in teaching. 80.95% of them agreed with dividing the duties of professors according to their expertise and 80.96% of them agree with regular meetings through a course. The results indicated that there is a significant difference between two groups regarding the effects of team teaching on the relationship between teachers and students (P value = 0.04), appropriate scheduling and planning in team teaching method (P value = 0.01), and the effects of this method on better understanding of the students (P value = 0.003). Conclusions: According to the results, this teaching method can be considered as an appropriate alternative to traditional methods. With correct implementation of this educational technique, classrooms will be transformed from teacher-centered to team and interactional classrooms, and interactions between professors and students will be improved during courses.

Effectiveness of E-learning Mode for Teaching English Language in Arab Universities

E-learning is increasingly being embraced by the traditional academic institutions, hybrid educational organizations and newly established online organizations for teaching English and other subjects in universities in the Arab world. The present study investigated the effectiveness of using e-learning platform to teach the English language to students in Arab universities. Data was collected using a questionnaire and analysed using excel data analysis tool. Results revealed that e-learning platform is an effective platform for teaching English language. Participants held that they learned better via e-learning and that all English language courses should be taught through the e-learning mode. They consider e-learning platform as appropriate and better means for acquiring vocabulary, developing speaking skills, English language grammar, reading skills, writing skills, listening skills, and as a better mode of enhancing performance in English than the traditional classroom mode. They see e-learning as a better tool for testing and evaluation and prefer it to other traditional methods. Conclusion: e-learning can be more effective in learning English than the face-to-face classroom system.

Assessment of knowledge and skill of sahiyya (ASHA) and anganwadi worker on appropriate usage of mother and child protection card in Ranchi, Jharkhand: a cross sectional study

Background: Mother and child protection card (MCP card) is a common card to maintain the record of health care delivery including antenatal care, post-natal care and care of the child that can be used by both the health personnel and the beneficiaries. This study was done among Sahiyyas and AWWs to assess their awareness about MCP card, to find out their training status, to assess their knowledge and skill in recording information in MCP card and assess their role perception of MCP card.Methods: A multi-stage stratified random sampling method was adopted to select Sahiyyas and AWW’s for interview between November 2017 – April 2018 (6 months). 17 Sahiyya and 19 AWWs were interviewed using a pre tested schedule. Templates were generated in MS Excel sheet and data analysis was done using SPSS software (version 20).Results: All the Anganwadi workers who were included in this study were aware about the MCP card whereas 15 out of 17 sahiyyas had awareness about the existence of MCP card. Training in order to orient the AWW and Sahiyya about using MCP card was very low, only 6 out of 19 (31.6%) of AWW had received training and 8 out of 17 (47.1%) Sahiyya’s were trained. We found that majority of the workers and Sahiyya had knowlwdge about most of the sections and had used it to record information in MCP card.Conclusions: Sahiyya’s and AWWs were aware about existence of MCP card, and most of them use it, despite very low training status.