Examples Of Abuse Research Articles

Development of the Internet-Based Safer and Stronger Program for Men With Disabilities

This article describes the development and pilot testing of an Internet-based abuse and safety awareness program, the Men’s Safer and Stronger Program, for men with diverse disabilities and Deaf men (MWD) using a three-phase community-based, qualitative modified Delphi process. In Phase I, MWD participated in individual interviews ( n = 46) and nominal discussion groups ( n = 37), identifying key messages to be included in the program and providing guidance concerning program structure and content. In Phase II, the project staff developed the program content and structure with the assistance of an advisory board of MWD. Video narratives by nine male survivors with disabilities were recorded and edited. In Phase III, 14 MWD served as expert reviewers, verbalizing their thoughts, concerns, and suggestions as they used the program. In Phase IV, the program was piloted with 31 MWD and qualitative and quantitative feedback was gathered. The resulting user-guided program contains eight modules including definitions and examples of abuse, risk factors for abuse, survivor narratives, and strategy suggestions designed to increase safety. The program was generally well received by expert reviewers and pilot study participants. Overall, the use of an Internet-based program to increase abuse awareness in MWD appears feasible.

Staff attitudes towards sexual relationships among institutionalized people with dementia: does an extreme cautionary stance predominate?

This study explores whether staff perceptions and reactions to sexual situations involving one or two persons with dementia (PWD) reflect an extreme cautionary stance (an overprotective and paternalist style) or a person-centered model of care (focusing on understanding the residents' perspective and their rights). Fifty-three staff members currently working in residential aged care facilities (RACFs) were purposively selected to participate in the study. Two vignettes describing sexual situations involving PWD were presented to participants. They were asked about their interpretation of the situation and how they would react. Data were analyzed using content analysis, aimed at identifying common themes in the responses. When the sexual relationship involved a PWD and a cognitively intact resident, participants tended to define the situation as real (54.7%) or possible (35.8%) abuse, whereas when both parties had dementia it was more frequently conceptualized as a possibly abusive (39.6%) or non-abusive (37.7%) situation. The most frequent reaction to both situations was seeking the advice of other professionals. The interpretation of the first situation is compatible with an extreme cautionary stance, whereas the second scenario is less clearly perceived as an example of abuse.

Foresight of evolving security threats posed by emerging technologies

Purpose – Many emerging technologies are being developed in an accelerating pace and are key drivers of future change. In foresight studies, usually their positive impact on the quality of life is considered or their negative environmental effects. This paper seeks to draw attention to an overlooked “dark side” of new technologies: their potential abuse by terrorists or organized crime. Recent cybercrime events are examples of abuse that perhaps could have been minimized if appropriate foresight studies were performed years ago. This was the aim of the recently completed EU-funded project FESTOS. Design/methodology/approach – Several foresight methodologies were employed. Following a horizon scanning for potentially threatening technologies, a Delphi-type expert survey helped to evaluate critical threat characteristics of selected 33 technologies: the likelihood that each technology will actually come to pose a security threat (in different time frames), the easiness of its malicious use, the severity of the threat, and the most threatened societal spheres. Findings – The results enabled ranking the technologies by their “abuse potential” and “threat intensity”. Certain emerging technologies (or their combinations), regarded as “weak signals”, inspired ideas for potential “wild cards”. In a subsequent workshop, which employed a variant of the “futures wheel” method, four wild-card “scenario sketches” were constructed. These were later developed to full narrative scenarios. Originality/value – The entire process enables the introduction of security foresight into policy planning in a long-range perspective. The foresight results were followed by the evaluation of policy implications and coping with the knowledge control dilemma. The paper illustrates how a mix of foresight methods can help in a continuous analysis of new and threats posed by emerging technologies, thus raising awareness of decision makers and mitigating the risk of unforeseen surprises.

Looking Back: Understanding Abu Ghraib

ABSTRACT: A decade ago, in the autumn of 2003, a small group of soldiers criminally abused detainees at the prison in Iraq. Two divergent narratives explaining these events emerged: a bad apple narrative and a bad barrel narrative. Neither does justice to the complex interplay of policy, organizational, and individual factors that contributed to these tragic events. A perfect storm of poor leadership, chaotic and confusing policy changes, and a small group of corrupt and immoral soldiers produced this fiasco with global consequences. ********** It has been a decade since the world learned about Ghraib. The abuses depicted in the photographs with which we are all now so familiar occurred in the fall of 2003. It was not until April 2004, when photographs of the abuses appeared on Sixty Minutes II, that the public became aware of what had happened. (1) Seymour Hersh, in a 10 May 2004 article in the New Yorker, set the tone for much of the subsequent discussion. The subtitle of his article was, soldiers brutalized Iraqis. How far up does the responsibility go? Hersh concluded his article with a quotation from Gary Myers, civilian defense attorney for one of the soldiers who committed the abuses: I'm going to drag every involved intelligence officer and civilian contractor I can find into court. Do you really believe the Army relieved a general officer because of six soldiers? Not a chance. (2) From the outset, then, Abu Ghraib was construed as much more than a case of soldier misconduct. It was to be a story of the inevitable consequences of the administration's misguided approach to interrogation, detainee treatment, and torture, and the plight of a few low-level soldiers fingered as fall guys for those responsible higher up the chain. It would eventually become clear, though, that there was responsibility at every level: policy, organization, and individual. Why a Sensational Story? There were other instances of detainee abuse in Iraq and Afghanistan, some of which were even more brutal than those that occurred at Ghraib. On 26 November 2003, for example, a few weeks after the most infamous photographs had been taken, Iraqi Major General Abed Hamed Mowhoush was killed by American soldiers of the 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment trying to extract information from him. He had been beaten and tortured for days, had refused to provide information, and was subjected to an unusual technique: he was stuffed into an Army sleeping bag, tied up with electrical cord, and laid on the floor where American soldiers sat on him. He died of suffocation and chest compression. (3) This and many other examples of abuse in Iraq and Afghanistan, including the deaths of other detainees in US custody, should have and did raise legitimate questions about potential unintended consequences of US torture and interrogation policy. But it was that soon became the focus of this discussion. The photographs received worldwide publicity, and the revulsion they engendered had immediate and profound consequences--they fanned the flames of resentment of America in Iraq and throughout the Muslim world. Unfortunately, the cases were ill-suited to play the symbolic role they soon acquired. The involvement of Seymour Hersh and Gary Myers (both were associated with the story of the My Lai massacre during the Vietnam War) probably contributed to the perception of the story as one of national and historical significance. In addition, the superficial similarity of some of the abuse photos to photographs from Dr. Phillip Zimbardo's well-known Stanford Prison Study mobilized an immediate response from social scientists. (4) At the outset, then, the stage was set for the development of at least two different and competing narratives according to which these events could be interpreted. Competing Narratives The initial response from the Army and the administration was to investigate these incidents and then allow the military personnel and justice systems to do their work. …

Chinese Addiction Study and Human Rights—Response

We agree with Amon that the scientific endeavour cannot be complicit in tacitly accepting or blithely ignoring human rights abuses in the name of research. In that vein, we can assure readers that we saw no indication of the abuses Amon describes in the Beijing Ankang Hospital or Tian-Tang-He Drug Rehabilitation Center, where we carried out the study. We interviewed all of the study participants in private, and we did not share their decision to participate or not with the staff in the treatment centers. This was done to prevent the decision from affecting their ongoing treatment. Furthermore, our confidential interviews with the study participants did not reveal any examples of abuses they encountered, and this is consistent with the observations of our research team. The human rights violations mentioned by Amon would have violated China's new National Narcotics Control Law (1) and Chinese law in general.

Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine Position Paper: Abuse, Harassment, and Bullying in Sport

Over the past 20 years, there has been an emergence of reported incidents of abuse, harassment, and bullying in Canadian sport (M. Holman, unpublished data, 1995).1-3 In 1994, an Edmonton track coach was charged and convicted of engaging in sexual relations with his female adolescent athletes. In 19

Quality assurance: a vital need in ecological monitoring.

Abstract Much of our knowledge about the status of and changes in ecological systems and their response to environmental stresses has originated from ecological monitoring. However, concern exists about the ability of monitoring to provide 'good' data. The value of monitoring is often questioned and monitoring itself is seen as an exercise with little contact with true science. Such concerns are justified given several examples of abuse and misuse of monitoring data and failure in documenting errors and flaws. When data are flawed, even the most sophisticated statistical and modelling technique is useless. As a consequence, there are risks that the environmental policy decision-making process may be severely compromised, leading to wrong decisions and additional costs to society. Data quality is therefore essential for decision quality. However, data quality goes beyond the traditional perception of metrological quality, and the process of obtaining 'good' data needs to consider all the steps involved in the monitoring. Ecological monitoring cannot survive outside a rigorous scientific context, and a comprehensive quality assurance framework is necessary to drive the design and the implementation of a monitoring programme.

When are Excessive Prices Unfair?

EU competition law prohibits the abuse of a dominant position. An example of abuse is the charging of unfair prices. This prohibition in Article 102TFEU has been used to sanction excessive prices that are ‘too high’. According to the ECJ in United Brands, a price is abusive if (i) the price-cost margin is excessive and (ii) the price is unfair compared to other prices. However, there is little guidance to determine whether a price is excessive and/or unfair. We consider whether the principle of dual entitlement, which is consistent with most people’s perceptions of when prices are unfair relative to others, can be used to define explicitly what constitutes an unfair price in terms of the second stage of the United Brands test. We show that in general this principle is in line with the goals of an effective prohibition of excessive pricing and develop a procedure that defines a price as unfair in terms of this principle. We also show that European competition law enforcers in their attempts to define prices as unfair relative to others have followed similar arguments as the procedure developed here. Therefore, this procedure could go some way to resolve one of a number of problems regarding the prohibition of excessive prices.

Tim Prenzler, Ethics and Accountability in Criminal Justice: Towards a Universal Standard

In Ethics and Accountability in Criminal Justice: Towards a Universal Standard, Prenzler offers a clear and compelling account of ethical challenges in criminal justice and provides critical perspective on the means by which the professional integrity of criminal justice personnel can be maintained and enhanced. Using detailed empirical examples and case study material drawn largely from Australia, the United States and the United Kingdom, Prenzler shows how many of the ethical dilemmas and scandals that have engulfed police, courts and corrections are rooted in institutional practices and wider political and policy discourse about law and order. Individualistic perspectives that explain unethical behaviour in simplistic terms of flawed personalities or deviant subcultures are eschewed in favour of an analysis that recognises that problems can also derive from financial pressures, incompetent management, and political interference. Prenzler also shows that questions about ethics cannot be disentangled from wider philosophical concerns about the proper role of criminal justice institutions in contemporary society. By considering wider arguments about punishment in society and the impact of political and social inequality on criminal justice, Prenzler reminds us that ethical questions are central to many contemporary debates such as those relating to civilian oversight of policing, adversarial versus inquisitorial court systems, or the use of community sentences as alternatives to prison. The book is divided into three main sections relating to police, courts and prisons as the major component parts of the criminal justice system. Prior to these, Prenzler reviews philosophical perspectives on morals and ethics. In particular, he outlines how religious foundations of moral and ethical behaviour gave way to Kantian ethical formalism and to the utilitarian approaches that continue to dominate debate about due process, equality of decision-making, individual and collective rights, and so on, that figure in much of the rest of the book. Each subsequent section comprises three chapters, exploring the broad range of ethical concerns in that part of the system, examples of abuses that have caused public concern in recent times, and various efforts to improve integrity management and accountability. Organising the material in this way certainly makes it accessible for Asian Criminology (2011) 6:121–122 DOI 10.1007/s11417-009-9076-5

The Analysis of Market Dominance and Restrictive Practices Under German Antitrust Law in Light of EC Antitrust Law

This article analyses key features of the German Act Against Restraints of Competition (section 19), including the more severe provisions of section 20, and aims to discuss the economic freedom of competition approach to the abuse of a dominant market position. Furthermore, the article details with specific examples of abuse in cases heard by the Federal Cartel Office, with particular focus upon predatory pricing, cross-subsidisation, rebates, exclusive contracts, tying and bundling, refusal abuses, hindrance and abuse of economic dependence. Emphasis is placed upon differences in the implementation of antitrust law and upon answering the question of whether more severe rules bring about greater compliance. Finally, the article aims to examine both the differences in substance between German and European antitrust law, and the similarities and potential for convergence and harmonisation of the two.

Report on the "secure vehicular communications: results and challenges ahead" workshop

The Workshop on Secure Vehicular Communications: Results and Challenges Ahead took place in February 20-21, 2008, on the EPFL campus, Lausanne, Switzerland. The event brought together experts, from a variety of organizations, working on vehicular communication systems, security and privacy. The fourteen presentations offered an overview of the latest results and reflected the views of public authorities, academia, and industry. During the one and a half days of the workshop, the thirty-five attendees had the opportunity to have an in-depth discussion on future research and development directions for vehicular communication systems security and privacy. The developments in the area of vehicular networks and communication systems, and the increasing attention from industry, academia and authorities, motivated us to organize this workshop. Vehicular communications (VC), including vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication, with the latter leading to vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), lie at the core of a number of research initiatives. They aim to enhance transportation safety and efficiency, with applications that provide, for example, warnings about environmental hazards (e.g., ice on the pavement), traffic and road conditions (e.g., emergency braking, congestion, or construction sites), and local (e.g., tourist) information. Nonetheless, the unique features of VC are a double-edged sword: the rich set of tools they offer make possible a formidable set of abuses and attacks. Consider any wireless-enabled device that runs a rogue version of the vehicular communication protocol stack and injects forged messages or meaningfully modifies messages transmitted by vehicle onboard communication units; or a vehicle that forges messages in order to masquerade an emergency vehicle and mislead other vehicles to slow down and yield. Furthermore, it is possible for the vehicles and their sensing, processing, and communication platforms to be compromised. Worse even, it is not difficult to consider a node could ’contaminate’ large portions of the vehicular network with false information: for example, a single vehicle can transmit false environmental hazard warnings that can then be taken up by all vehicles in both traffic streams. From a different point of view, consider a large number of wireless access points deployed across an urban area, or along a highway (at rest areas, gas stations, etc). With such a wireless infrastructure receiving transmissions from passing by vehicles, anyone that obtained access to such data could easily infer private information about the drivers and the vehicle passengers: their locations, their routes, their communications and transactions. These simple examples of abuse indicate that in all circumstances vehicular communications must be secured and the privacy of their users should be protected. It appears that the security of VC systems and the protection of their users’ privacy are indispensable. Otherwise, these systems could make anti-social and criminal behavior easier than it is today without the VC technology. If this were the case, the benefits of deploying VC systems would be in jeopardy. It is our belief that security and privacy concerns for vehicular communication systems should, and hopefully will, be addressed before the deployment of VC systems. It is our hope that this venue provided a survey of the state-of-the-art solutions, cross-pollinated research and development efforts in two continents, increased further awareness, and thus contributed towards the objective of trustworthy vehicular communication systems.

Verbal and Physical Abuse and Neglect as Manifestations of HIV/AIDS Stigma in Five African Countries

To explore the experience of HIV/AIDS-related stigma for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWA) in Lesotho, Malawi, South Africa, Swaziland, and Tanzania. Descriptive study using 43 focus groups (n=251 participants), which included male and female PLWA from both rural and urban areas and nurses working with PLWA. Participants were asked to relate incidents of HIV/AIDS-related stigma that they had experienced or observed. Focus group discussions were taped, and data were content analyzed to identify examples of abuse (verbal and physical abuse and neglect) related to HIV/AIDS stigma. Data analysis also explored targets of abuse, abusers, and consequences of abuse. Participant reports documented extensive verbal and physical abuse and neglect or negating (disallowing of access to services and opportunities) experienced by PLWA and observed by nurses caring for them, and identified negative consequences experienced by PLWA whose HIV-positive status was disclosed to family, friends, or community members. Health care workers who encourage PLWA to disclose their HIV status must carefully consider the implications of encouraging disclosure in an environment with high levels of stigma, and must recognize the real possibility that PLWA may experience serious verbal and physical abuse as a consequence of disclosure.

Family violence and associated help-seeking behavior among older African American women

Objective Little is known about how older African American women define family violence (FV) and what FV survivors might expect from their healthcare providers. The purpose of this study was to understand how these women define FV, where they seek help for FV, and what barriers they face in these efforts. Methods We conducted 6 focus groups with 30 African American women over the age of 50, including some FV survivors, at a large, inner-city public hospital. Results Participants defined FV broadly, citing examples of abuse (physical, sexual, emotional and financial) and neglect. Spiritual sources were cited over physicians as being available to help FV survivors. Barriers to receiving assistance included negative encounters with physicians, lack of trust in the system and dearth of age-appropriate resources. Conclusions For older African American women, FV takes many forms of which many may not be obvious during the clinical encounter. Like younger FV survivors, they expect physicians to serve as a resource for FV. Practice implications Physicians caring for older African American women need to remember to ask them about FV, and when making referrals for abuse and neglect, consider offering referrals to pastoral care if appropriate.

The physician-scientist, the state, and the oath: thoughts for our times

Triggered by an encounter with survivors of the studies on twins conducted in Auschwitz by Joseph Mengele, who held both MD and PhD degrees, I offer thoughts on the extraordinary powers physician-scientists have to enhance or degrade human dignity. Biomedical science lacks intrinsic morality, but attains moral status by virtue of its purpose and the ethical framework that controls its conduct, both of which derive from the principles of medical humanism codified in the physician's oath. Physician-scientists have responsibilities to humankind that transcend the state. Careful analysis of historical examples of abuses of human rights committed in the name of medical science or the state is an important mechanism to safeguard current and future human participants.

Abuse of a Dominant Position: Cases and Experiments

Article 82 of the EC Treaty states that any abuse of a dominant position is prohibited, and mentions four examples of abuses: (i) directly or indirectly imposing unfair prices or other unfair trading conditions; (ii) limiting production or development to the prejudice of consumers; (iii) unequal treatment of trading parties, thereby placing some at a competitive disadvantage; and (iv) making use of tying contracts, hence, forcing unnecessary supplementary obligations on customers.

Russian Perspectives on Elder Abuse: An Exploratory Study

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this exploratory study was to analyze Russian perceptions of elder abuse as reflected in their examples of abusive behavior from an adult child to an aging parent. Also of interest was the possibility of gender differences in the Russian perspectives on elder abuse. The convenience sample consisted of 21 Russian participants (10 males, 10 females, and one without gender identified), who provided examples of extreme, moderate, and mild abuse from an adult child towards an aging parent. Most examples of extreme abuse were forms of physical violence. Typical examples of moderate abuse were instances of psychological aggression–particularly verbal aggression–and neglect. The most common examples of mild abuse were verbal aggression and neglect. One-way analyses of variance revealed statistically significant gender differences in the number of references to psychological aggression in general and to verbal aggression in particular in the examples of moderate abuse, with females giving more examples than males.

Perspectives on Elder Abuse in Greece

ABSTRACTThe sample for this exploratory qualitative study of Greek perceptions of elder abuse consisted of 43 Greek participants from urban centers and 28 Greeks from a small island village. Participants were asked to provide examples of extreme, moderate, and mild abuse from an adult child toward his/her aging parent. Half of the examples of extreme abuse were various forms of physical aggression. Predominant examples of moderate abuse were psychological abuse and neglect, and at the mild level neglect was the most highly cited category. The most frequently mentioned specific types of elder mistreatment were verbal abuse, psychological neglect, physical neglect, and hitting. There were no gender differences in the kinds of examples that participants gave or the severity they attributed to their examples. Females were more often presented as victims of abuse than males. A negative correlation was found between age and the number of physical abuse examples given overall, and as types of severe abuse.

Interstate Wine Shipments and E-Commerce

I am an economist, appearing on this panel as an individual at the request of FTC staff. I own a small vineyard in Napa Valley, California, have sold grapes to large and small wineries, and am familiar with the positions taken by many of the people in the wine industry regarding the opportunities and limitations surrounding direct sales of wine to consumers. My intention, however, is to speak here as an advocate for consumers rather than as an advocate for the wine business. My work as a professional economist concentrates primarily on consumer behavior, with applications in marketing, health, and the environment. I do not have a specialty in the economics of the wine industry. I am the E. Morris Cox Professor of Economics at the University of California, Berkeley, and have served as President of the Econometrics Society and as vice-president of the American Economics Association. In 2000, I won the Nobel Prize in Economics for my work on consumer choice behavior.In common with most economists, I believe that consumers benefit from free markets operated with the minimum government regulation required for consumer protection. The history of government regulation of markets is littered with examples of restrictions, ostensibly adopted on behalf of consumers, that instead protect concentrated economic interests at the consumers' expense. The restrictions on direct purchase of premium wines and their interstate shipment that have been adopted by a number of States are, I believe, another example of abuse of the regulatory process to protect concentrated economic interests, going far beyond the minimum regulations needed to maintain the integrity of State taxation and to protect minor consumers.

Can Florida's Legislative Standard of Review for Small-Scale Land Use Amendments Be Justified?

ABSTRACT This article examines the legal justification and practical application of recent Florida Supreme Court decisions classifying all comprehensive plan amendments as legislative decisions and all other zoning changes as quasi-judicial. The author outlines historical trends and concerns relating to the appropriate standard of judicial review for zoning actions, followed by a review of the evolution of the statutes and case law in Florida. The article challenges the standard of deference for legislative review of zoning actions based on separation of powers and due process. It also identifies inconsistencies in Florida case law and inequities in local government processes for reviewing small-scale amendments and rezonings. The article concludes that classifying all amendments as legislative is not adequately reasoned or justified and leads to inconsistent and inequitable results. In addition, it provides recommendations for legislative reform. CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION II. BACKGROUND A. Zoning and Comprehensive Planning B. Standards for Judicial Review of Zoning Decisions 1. Classifying Zoning Decisions Based on Effect on Policy 2. Decisions and Commentaries on Classifying Zoning Decisions 3. Procedure for Challenging Zoning Decisions C. Zoning Practices and Abuses 1. Examples of Abuses and Deficiencies 2. Comment from Courts on Abuse 3. Commentaries on Alternative Standards of Review III. FLORIDA LAW FOR PLAN AMENDMENTS AND REZONINGS A. Administrative Procedures for Amendments and Rezonings 1. Amending a Comprehensive Plan 2. Special Requirements for Small Scale Amendments Table 1: Differences Between Standard and Small-Scale Amendments 3. Comparing Small-Scale Amendments and Rezoning B. Florida Supreme Court Decisions Affecting Standards of Review for Rezonings and for Plan Amendments 1. Snyder Functional Analysis Test for Classifying Zoning Decisions 2. Yusem Holds that Comprehensive Plan Amendments are Legislative Decisions 3. Courts' Applications of Snyder and Yusem 4. Coastal Extends Bright-Line Rule to Small-Scale Amendments IV. ANALYSIS OF THE LEGISLATIVE STANDARD OF REVIEW FOR SMALL-SCALE AMENDMENTS A. Challenging the Legislative Standard of Review for Zoning Actions 1. Local Governments do not Provide True Separation of Powers 2. Legislative Decisions Lack Due Process 3. Balancing the Efficiency of the Legislative Review Standard Against the Potential for Abuse B. Inequity and Lack of Consistency in Classifying Small-Scale Amendments as Legislative Decisions 1. Small-Scale Amendments, Unlike Standard Amendments, Are Not Policy Requiring the Fairly Debatable Standard 2. The Adoption Processes for Small-Scale Amendments and Rezonings are Similar, but their Classifications Differ 3. Classifying all Rezoning as Quasi-Judicial is Inconsistent with Snyder's Functional Analysis Table 2. Classification of Zoning Decisions from Florida Supreme Court Opinions 4. The Yusem-Coastal Rule is not Consistent with the Statutory Differences Between Small and Large Scale Amendments V. CONCLUSIONS A. Small-Scale Amendments Are Not Policy B. Land Use Action Classifications are Inconsistent and Conflicting C. Lack of Procedural Due Process Is a Concern for Local Land Use Decisions D. The Court's Reasons for the Fairly Debatable Standard are Not Convincing E. Recommendations for Legislative Reform I. INTRODUCTION To rezone a 1.3 acre plot from residential low-density to commercial community-general, the City of Jacksonville exercised a state-mandated two stage process that entailed reviewing policy implications and submitting a copy of the proposed change to a state agency. …

Perspectives on Elder Abuse in Germany

ABSTRACT This study of 74 German citizens analyzed perspectives on the behaviors of adult children toward their elderly parents, with a focus on the behaviors that were considered to be extremely, moderately, or mildly abusive. Physical and psychological aggression, psychological neglect, and neglect/abandonment were most frequently cited as examples of abuse, followed by economic exploitation and verbal aggression. There were 2 gender differences: women gave more examples of psychological neglect as prototypes of mild abuse than men did, and men gave more examples of physical aggression as prototypes of moderate abuse than women did.