Example Of India Research Articles

Rethinking the Body: An Introduction

This paper pursues two objectives. On the one hand, we want to address and study the concept of the body in India. On the other hand, we want to clarify to the German and European reader, using the example of India, that the human body is understood differently in foreign cultures compared to European culture. The two objectives are linked, and they raise the question of what is understood by the body in the respective cultural context.

Rethinking the Body: An Introduction

This paper pursues two objectives. On the one hand, we want to address and study the concept of the body in India. On the other hand, we want to clarify to the German and European reader, using the example of India, that the human body is understood differently in foreign cultures compared to European culture. The two objectives are linked, and they raise the question of what is understood by the body in the respective cultural context.

Struggling to a monumental triumph: re-assessing the final phases of the smallpox eradication program in India, 1960-1980

The global smallpox program is generally presented as the brainchild of a handful of actors from the WHO headquarters in Geneva and at the agency's regional offices. This article attempts to present a more complex description of the drive to eradicate smallpox. Based on the example of India, a major focus of the campaign, it is argued that historians and public health officials should recognize the varying roles played by a much wider range of participants. Highlighting the significance of both Indian and international field officials, the author shows how bureaucrats and politicians at different levels of administration and society managed to strengthen--yet sometimes weaken--important program components. Centrally dictated strategies developed at WHO offices in Geneva and New Delhi, often in association with Indian federal authorities, were reinterpreted by many actors and sometimes changed beyond recognition.

Surface processes and tectonics: Forcing of continental subduction and deep processes

It is now well accepted that surface processes provide a critical feedback on the surface tectonic deformation, whatever it is, orogenic building or basin evolution. However, the idea that the influence of these processes may go below the crustal levels, is less common. In this preliminary study, we use coupled thermo-mechanical numerical models to investigate the possible influence of surface processes on the styles of continental collision, in particular, continental subduction. For that, we further exploit the recent successful model of continental subduction of the early stages of India–Asia collision by Toussaint et al. [Toussaint G., Burov, E., and J.-P. Avouac, Tectonic evolution of a continental collision zone: a thermo-mechanical numerical model, Tectonics, 23, TC6003, doi:10.1029/2003TC001604, 2004b.]. On the example of India–Asia-like settings, we show that not only the surface topography but also the total amount of subduction may largely vary as function of denudation rate (controlled by the coefficient of erosion, k). Erosion provides a dynamic discharge of the hanging wall of the major thrust zone, whereas the sedimentation increases loading on the footwall and this helps down-thrusting of the lower plate. Both processes reduce the resistance of the major thrust and subduction channel to subduction. However, very strong or very slow erosion/sedimentation enhance the possibility of plate coupling and promote whole-scale thickening or buckling. The maximal amount of subduction is thus achieved for some intermediate values of erosion rates when the tectonic uplift rate is fine-balanced by the denudation rate. In our case the optimal balance is reached for the values of k on the order of 3000 m2/yr. We then extended our model beyond the conditions of India–Asia collision, in terms of the tested range of k and convergence rates. The experiments suggest that for provided settings, both extra slow (k<50–100 m2/yr) and extra rapid erosion (k>6000–8000 m2/yr) limit, by up to 50%, the total amount of subduction, if not totally prevent it. The model demonstrates the large capability of surface processes to adopt to different deformation styles: the orogenic building and subduction successfully develop (subduction number, S>0.5) in the range of k between 500 m2/yr and 6000 m2/yr at convergence rates ranging from 1 cm/yr to 6 cm/yr. Within this range, some peculiar features of orogenic style such as the geometry of the accretion prism, amount of upper crustal subduction, horizontal progression of the mountain range/thrust fault and the amount of exhumation of metamorphic facies are sometimes quite different. We conclude that surface processes may control deep, mantle level tectonic evolution.

Livestock Revolution in India: Its Impact and Policy Response

A demand-driven revolution in livestock consumption and production is taking place in many developing countries, impacting on nutrition, health, the environment, and national and international agricultural marketing and research systems. This Livestock Revolution is most evident in China, India and Brazil because of the sheer size of these countries. While China and Brazil have a dominant role in meat production as part of this Livestock Revolution, the revolution will not be limited to China and Brazil, and extends beyond the meat market. The example of India is a case in point. The near doubling of aggregate milk consumption as food in India between the early 1980s and the late 1990s suggests that the Livestock Revolution goes beyond meat production and consumption. Now the critical question for economic managers and planners in countries such as India is no longer whether the Livestock Revolution is manifest in the country or not, but to what extent poor people and smallholders can play a significant part in this enterprise. This article charts the development of the Indian Livestock Revolution and assesses the potential impact of industrialization of livestock production on small farmers especially. It is argued that intensive livestock farming may not be appropriate for India on a number of grounds. There is a risk that the Livestock Revolution, similar to the Green Revolution, will polarize the inequality between rich and poor. Decisive action needs to be taken to ensure that the poor benefit from such developments, and some policy recommendations are made to address such concerns.

Sharing the Spoils: Taxing International Human Capital Flows

This paper argues that cross-border human capital flows from developing countries to developed countries over the next half-century will demand a new set of policy responses from developing countries. The paper examines the forces that are making immigration policies more skill-focused, the effect of both flows (emigration) and stocks (diasporas) on the source countries, and the range of taxation instruments available to source countries to manage the consequences of those flows. This paper emphasizes the example of India, a large source country for human capital flows, and the United States, an important destination for these human capital flows and an example of how a country can tax its citizens abroad. In combination, these examples point to the significant advantage to developing countries of potential tax schemes for managing the flows and stocks of citizens who reside abroad. Finally, this paper concludes with a research agenda for the many questions raised by the prospect of large flows of skilled workers and the policy alternatives, including tax instruments, available to source countries.

The interlinkage of energy and poverty: evidence from India

Worldwide, some two billion people live without access to modern energy supply. About 1.6 billion people live without access to electricity. Alleviating this "energy poverty" is a factor in reaching most of the UN's millennium goals. In our contribution to the debate on how to achieve this aim, we discuss the nexus between energy and poverty in developing countries. In order to deal with all aspects of energy poverty, the potential to mitigate the lack of energy supply in developing countries is systemised and discussed along the value chain of energy services. It becomes obvious that, at each stage of the chain, the potential to fight energy poverty effectively does exist. The example of India is used in order to highlight the energy-poverty nexus and clarify potentials to overcome the vicious circle of energy-poverty. Finally, we draw conclusions about future needs to tackle the energy-poverty problem.

Rupturing Public Relations Metanarratives: The Example of India

In keeping with the trend of international-intercultural public relations practice, research in this area has also been mostly top-down, "outside-in," or etic in nature. This study combines a cultural analysis approach with ethnographic fieldwork in an attempt to move away from the culturally constituted metanarratives of the 4 models and practitioner roles of public relations, and it provides an "inside-out" or emic analysis of the cultural context of public relations in India. In doing so, it is able to foreground some of the assumptions that underlie these metanarratives, assumptions that are not always congruent with the Indian cultural context. Overall, this study emerges as a critique of unquestioning global applications of public relations metanarratives in culturally diverse settings.

Challenge of multi-level governance in developing countries and possible GIS applications

Of the three most prominent issues in governance discourse—the horizontal coordination of markets, government hierarchies and networks, global governance and multi-level governance—this paper argues that the last, developing and sustaining structures of multi-level governance, constitutes the most profound governance challenge for most developing countries. The paper identifies the major forces promoting change in favor of multi-level governance in developing countries. Using the growing literature and comparative national experiences (illustrated with the examples of India, the Philippines, Colombia and Nigeria), it highlights the key achievements of democratic decentralization as well as its nagging problems in these countries. Finally, the paper demonstrates the significance of these developments for democracy and development in these countries and shows some of the ways by which external partners—especially experts associated with the Geographic Information Systems for Developing Countries can assist and possibly benefit from this process.

A review of the case for neonatal thyrotropin screening in developing countries: the example of India.

Infantile hypothyroidism, either caused by iodine-deficiency disorder (IDD) or congenital hypothyroidism (CH), is the world's leading cause of preventable mental retardation. Such hypothyroidism has virtually been eliminated in the developed world by salt iodization and neonatal thyroid screening. However, most developing countries do not have neonatal thyroid screening programs. Using India as an example, we review the case for newborn screening in the developing world. A literature review on infantile hypothyroidism in India was conducted and three Indian thyroid experts were queried about their views on neonatal screening in India. Iodine nutrition improved markedly in India during the 1990s; 49% of the households are now using adequately iodized salt. The control of IDD is still insufficient in India. Nationally representative data on neonatal screening in India are not available, but two regional studies have been published. One study (n = 12,407) measured cord blood thyrotropin and the other (n = 25,244) measured filter paper thyroxine. These studies reported difficult socioeconomic and organizational barriers to the implementation of neonatal screening in India. It is time for India to make neonatal thyroid screening and mandatory iodization of salt a priority and develop a comprehensive infantile hypothyroidism policy. Prioritization of infantile hypothyroidism prevention is justified by its high frequency, sensitivity of screening in detecting both IDD and CH, adverse consequences of missing diagnosis at birth, high effectiveness of prevention, severity of disability from hypothyroidism, cost effectiveness of prevention, and lack of a clinical method of diagnosis near birth.

Critical aspects of organic matter management in the Tropics: the example of India

Organic matter is the life of soil. It enables a soil to perform efficiently its primary function of supporting plant growth. Its endemic deficiency in tropical soils, particularly those under the influence of arid, semiarid and sub-humid climates, is a major factor contributing to their low productivity. Research over the past 30 years, formatted as long-term experiments, has conclusively proven that those treatments and practices that supported organic matter build-up, also favored sustainable productivity. Since sustenance of organic matter necessitates regular additions, bolstering its supplies in sufficient quantities is a strategy suggested for the future. While in-situ cultivation and non-competitive use are the common elements of an overall scheme on reinforcing an organic matter reservoir, traversal routes for harnessing, however, vary with the kind of organic resource being aimed at. For instance: with cattle dung and human excrements, conversion into biogas is considered necessary; farmer participatory appraisal and emphasis on dual purpose legumes are found to be essential in spreading green manures, and non-palatability to cattle with a pre-composting step seem vital to succeed with crop residues. Possible research, development and policy initiatives are outlined to enlarge supply and efficient use of different types of organic resources.

Un recensement de la population régulier et accessible, l'exemple de l'Inde

A regular, accessible population census : the example of India. — The population census in India is an immense operation, which has been conducted every ten years since 1881. Today, the census involves counting 1 billion people, about whom it is possible to obtain detailed information, which is collected and published on the scale of villages — administrative units roughly equivalent to our municipalities. Of course, some criticisms can be made, since some information that would be useful for researchers is lacking — such as reference to cast, for example — but the regularity, quality and accessibility of the information provided by the Indian census make it exemplary.

Colonial Encounters and the Forging of New Knowledge and National Identities: Great Britain and India, 1760-1850

In opposition both to the dominant vision of colonial science as an hegemonic European enterprise whose universalization can be conceived of in purely diffusionist terms, and to the more recent perception of it as a simple reordering of indigenous knowledge within the European canon, this essay seeks to show the complex reciprocity involved in the making of science within the colonial context. Based on the example of India during the first century of British colonial conquest, it examines the specificities of intercultural encounter in the subcontinent, the formalized institutions that were engendered, and the kinds of knowledge practices that emerged in the case of the geographical survey of India. The essay suggests that the knowledge created in this context is not just local in character, but participates wholly in the emergence of universal science, as well as of other institutions of modernity.

Absent Lord: Ascetics and Kings in a Jain Ritual Culture.

What does it mean to worship beings that one believes are completely indifferent to, and entirely beyond the reach of, any form of worship whatsoever? How would such a relationship with sacred beings affect the religious life of a community? Using these questions as his point of departure, Lawrence A. Babb explores the ritual culture of image-worshipping Svetambar Jains of the western Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan. Jainism traces its lineages back to the ninth century B.C.E. and is, along with Buddhism, the only surviving example of India's ancient non-Vedic religious traditions. It is known and celebrated for its systematic practice of non-violence and for the intense rigor of the asceticism it promotes. A unique aspect of Babb's study is his linking of the Jain tradition to the social identity of existing Jain communities. Babb concludes by showing that Jain ritual culture can be seen as a variation on pan-Indian ritual patterns. In illuminating this little-known religious tradition, he demonstrates that divine absence can be as rich as divine presence in its possibilities for informing a religious response to the cosmos.

Carbon abatement costs: an integrated approach for India

ABSTRACTEconomic models for assessing costs of greenhouse gas abatement can be classified as macroeconomic (top-down) models or micro (bottom-up) models. As yet little attention has been focused on the modelling of developing countries. This paper proposes a methodology for integrating the two approaches and illustrates it with the example of India. The results show that a carbon tax would have limited effectiveness in controlling carbon emissions. Investing carbon tax revenues in carbon-abating technologies can give substantial carbon savings. The costs of carbon abatement using the integrated model are higher than those predicted by other global models with India as a sub-region.

Practical problems in the management of leprosy.

The categorization of leprosy into paucibacillary or multibacillary depends on the report of slit-skin smears. Unfortunately, in many control programmes the quality of slit smears is below par. Taking the example of India, the main reasons were that the work of laboratory technicians was unrewarding as compared to serving in a general health care system. There was lack of equipment and an unrealistic patient to technician ratio. Future attempts were made by experienced workers to devise a clinical system for classifying leprosy as paucibacillary or multibacillary based on counting the number of lesions. However this method did not prove cost-effective because more paucibacillary patients were classified in the multibacillary group increasing the burden of treatment. A renewed attempt to improve slit-smear performance should be made by modifying the existing methods. This can definitely improve the situation. Patients with multiple macular lesions and those with neuritic leprosy are best treated with the MB-MDT regimen. The treatment for PB leprosy is to continue up to 6 months but in MB leprosy with a high bacterial index a longer duration of MDT may be required. Following completion of MDT many cases with deformity are accumulating and their care forms are a neglected part of many control programmes. In addition to strengthening the infrastructure, simple techniques must be imparted to those with deformities and disabilities. This involves the artful and innovative cooperation of the health worker, patient and the community. The leprosy worker should be motivated to promote such activities.

Power and politics in the content of grammar books: the example of India

ABSTRACT: This paper examines the various connections four grammar books [J. Nesfield, Idiom, Grammar, and Synthesis for High Schools (1895); L. Tipping, Matriculation High School English Grammar of Modern English Usage (1933); P. C. Wren and H. Martin, High School English Grammar and Composition (1954); C. D. Sidhu, An Intensive Course in English (1976)] posit between the English language and Indian society. The sentences of Nesfield's text propagate the notion of British supremacy and impose a view of history which justifies colonial rule. It is a view which corresponds to the contemporary conception of English as an imposed foreign language, the language of political domination and a synonym for it. Tipping's position is that English is to be assimilated to the Indian context. The revised edition of Wren and Martin's grammar follows in the Tipping tradition. English is no longer seen as something imposed, but as something in the process of being Indianized. Sidhu's text is radically different from the others. It reveals a familiarity with the way life is experienced in India. Sidhu's grammar proves that English language teaching in India can be taught through and express Indian experiences. In so doing, the English language becomes the opposite of its historical role: a mode of communication which expresses Indians’ consciousness of themselves as citizens of an independent country.

Organizing for Effective Family Planning Programs

Following an introduction chapter general environments (social political cultural and economic) in which family planning (FP) programs operate are discussed. The task environment: a more direct set of factors affecting program activity; and the technological and resource (money; personnel; infrastructure; facilities) environments are also examined. Program management and elements are discussed in terms of context e.g. fitting programs into national structures; operational planning; integration of FP with other service delivery; developing human resources; demand generation; and program logistics. (A shortage of logistics literature is noted.) Special modes of delivery: community-based distribution under public and private sponsorship; related marketing technics; social marketing; and the role of private clinics and physicians are examined. The critical importance of the interaction between programs and client populations are emphasized. Such interaction includes visits by extension workers; service providers; and indirect contacts with leaders or professional personnel through printed materials and the media in a variety of settings: clinics; community-based FP programs; and commercial distribution systems. Ways in which user and to an extent community incentives and disincentives have been used in different countries are assessed with reference to changes over time for example in India and Singapore. Methodological issues: the measurement of inputs and contraceptive availability; the similarity of the concepts of availability and accessibility; and cost-effectiveness measurement; issues connected with measuring the causal impact of family planning; and the separation of the effects of social and economic conditions on contraceptive use and fertility. Suggestions are made for future research: little empirical evidence exists concerning several crucial elements of program implementation.

Indian women: well-being and survival.

The authors examine sex differentials in sustenance and survival in developing countries using the example of India. Lower female life expectancy at birth and the declining ratio of females to males are discussed as evidence of female deprivation. Consideration is given to the feeding, survival, and neglect of female children, to differences in use of medical facilities by sex, and to regional differences by state. This pattern of discrimination is found to persist even in urban areas.

Economics of NC in Developing Countries like India

Why NC ? has gone: which NC? is at present and where not NC? will be the future in all the developed countries of the world. The exposure of Indian Engineering Industries to the most modern and highly soohisticated NC technology is a recent phenomenon. Nevertheless the developments and applications of this new technology in the immediate past decade has been phenomenal. In this paper an attempt has been made to review: (1) Economics of NC in India (2) Growth of NC in India and (3) NC Developments during the immediate past decade including economics in small batches, a few typical case studies, governmental support and indigenous developments. This general subject applicable to all the developing countries has been particularized by taking concrete example of India, but generalised at the conclusion.