Biopsy Examination Research Articles

Anatomical and topographic substantiation of biopsy of intraarticular structures in infectious polyarthritis of cats

Currently, infectious polyarthritis in cats is a very urgent problem in veterinary medicine. Worldwide, one of the most common causes of cat euthanasia is polyarthritis of unexplained etiology, which is not amenable to empirical and symptomatic treatment. The difficulty in diagnosing polyarthritis in cats lies in the large number of infectious agents that can penetrate into joint tissues with blood and lymph flow, while not all regions of the world have a full-fledged diagnosis of these diseases. The second reason complicating the diagnosis of polyarthritis in cats is the absence of infectious agents in the synovial fluid during its examination by various methods such as PCR, bacteriological culture, and ELISA diagnostics. The aim of the study was to consider an open method of biopsy of intraarticular structures in cats with infectious polyarthritis and to identify the safest places of material selection for patients with anatomical and topographic justification. The study was conducted in the Network of veterinary centers "Kotonai" and at the Department of Animal Anatomy of the St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine. The object of the study was cats in the number of six individuals. The average age of the patients ranged from 3 months to 9 years. There were no severe postoperative complications requiring repeated treatment in the studied patients. The clinical result in these cases can be called positive, despite the presence of minor complications in the early postoperative period. The diagnosis in most patients was established on the basis of examination of biopsies of the articular capsule and articular cartilage. For the collection of material in cats with polyarthritis and altered anatomy in the joint area, the safest localization is craniolateral access to the wrist joint, caudolateral access to the hock joint and cranial access to the hock joint.

Ocular sarcoidosis: A clinicopathological study

Abstract Purpose: This study aims to deliver an in-depth analysis and detailed account of 15 patients diagnosed with ocular and periocular sarcoidosis, each case substantiated by biopsy and histopathological examination. Furthermore, our series emphasizes the critical role of computed tomography (CT) scans in assessing the lacrimal gland, particularly when clinical symptoms, paraclinical findings, and radiological evidence suggest the presence of sarcoidosis. Methodology: We conducted a retrospective analysis of biopsy-diagnosed sarcoidosis cases at the MUHC-McGill University Ocular Pathology and Translational Research Laboratory spanning from 1995 to 2023. Pathological descriptions were thoroughly assessed, and clinical information was obtained from medical records for each patient. Results: A total of 15 cases were analyzed, 8 females and 7 males, with ages ranging from 16 to 89. All biopsies revealed granulomatous inflammation characterized by discrete, noncaseating granulomas. The most common site for biopsy was the lacrimal gland, followed by conjunctiva. Patients who underwent lacrimal gland biopsy exhibited bilateral, symmetrical enlargement of the gland, as confirmed by a CT scan. Conclusion: Diagnosing sarcoidosis presents significant challenges. Conducting blind biopsies is inadvisable and should be avoided. Targeted biopsies of abnormal lesions in the conjunctiva and eyelid have been proven to be diagnostic. In cases of suspected sarcoidosis, a CT scan of the orbit serves as an invaluable tool for determining the optimal biopsy site, thereby enhancing diagnostic accuracy.

Spectrum of Chronic Gastritis Based on Morphological Examination of Gastric Biopsies

Aim: in the retrospective study to assess the frequency of various gastritis variants based on the results of morphological examination of gastric biopsies over a 5-year observation period.Methods. The study included 3162 individuals who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy with biopsy collection between 2017 and 2022. Pathological examination of biopsies was conducted using the updated Sydney system, determining the histological variant and, when possible, the etiology of gastritis. In some cases, chronic gastritis was assessed using the OLGA/OLGIM system.Results. The most frequently diagnosed type was active H. pylori-associated gastritis (36.7 %), followed by chronic atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia in cases where H. pylori infection was not detected (28.4 %), including immunohistochemical examination, classified as gastritis after successful H. pylori eradication. Atrophic forms of chronic gastritis constituted 34.8 %. Minimal or mild changes close to normal histological characteristics were оbserved in 19.2 % of patients. Reactive gastropathy was present in 7.6 % of cases. Autoimmune gastritis ranked fourth in frequency, with a relatively high percentage of observations (8.6 %).Conclusion. According to the analysis of gastric biopsies in the Russian population, a high frequency of H. pylori-associated gastritis was observed, and autoimmune gastritis is not uncommon. The high prevalence of atrophic gastritis emphasizes the importance of dynamic patient monitoring within cancer prevention programs.

PLANTAR CARCINOMA CUNICULATUM: A RARE PRESENTATION IN THE FOOT REGION

Carcinoma cuniculatum is a rare variant of squamous cell carcinoma. The clinical presentation is usually a non-verrucous exophytic plaque or tumor of the plantar region with a penetration in the deep tissues. Histological examination shows a proliferation of well-differentiated keratinocytes. We describe a patient affected by a slowly enlarging tumoral lesion overlying the fifth metatarsum of the left foot. Clinical examination and radiological investigations suggested a chronic osteomyelitis and a first histological examination of a punch biopsy was suggestive of a pseudo-epitheliomatous hyperplasia. The patient underwent several cycles with systemic antibiotics without improvement. Finally, the fifth metatarso was amputated and the skin lesion was completely removed. The histological examination of the whole operatory mass allowed a diagnosis of carcinoma cuniculatum invading the bone.

Multiple Myeloma

The second most common hematologic malignancy is the clonal proliferation of neoplastic plasma cells within the bone marrow. There is the presence of monoclonal immunoglobulins in the serum and/or urine. This results in anemia, myelosuppression, bone destruction, and clinical consequences of para-proteinemia on kidney function and other organ systems. The disease manifests through the acronym CRAB (hypercalcemia, renal impairment, anemia, and bone lesions). Less frequent manifestations of multiple myeloma are of extramedullary localizations. Myeloma cells can become independent of the bone marrow microenvironment, circulate freely in the blood, and infiltrate organs. This results in a high-risk state characterized by increased proliferation, evasion of apoptosis, and treatment resistance. It can affect any area of tissue. Most commonly it involves the pleura, lymph nodes, chest wall, liver, skin/soft tissue, lungs, CNS, genitourinary system, breast and pancreas. In patients with confirmed multiple myeloma, the diagnosis of extramedullary involvement is typically established by the presence of pathological soft tissue masses using radiological methods such as computed tomography (CT) scan, positron emission tomography/CT (PET/CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or ultrasound, along with biopsy or physical examination. The molecular mechanisms underlying the development of extramedullary multiple myeloma (EMM) have not been fully defined. Various cytogenetic abnormalities are observed, and some studies have generated genomic sequencing profiles that distinguish EMM from classic multiple myeloma. While plasma cell leukemia (PCL) and central nervous system (CNS) EMM indicate a poor prognosis, outcomes for other manifestations can be highly heterogeneous. Sensitive imaging modalities including PET/CT and MRI (Fig.1) are integral components of diagnosis and response assessment. Patients with extramedullary multiple myeloma (EMM) have a clear survival disadvantage.

Роль ангиогенного фактора в развитии эндометриальной дисфункции у женщин репродуктивного возраста с аномальными маточными кровотечениями и ожирением

The steady increase in the number of patients with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) has a negative impact on a woman's reproductive health. Obesity is defined as one of the risk factors for AUB and its role in the development of AUB-M and AUB-O has been studied to date. However, our earlier analysis of the results of histological examination of endometrial biopsies showed that in obese women with AUB, the desquamation phase (AUB-E) is significantly more common in the endometrium than in normal-weight women. One of the possible pathogenetic mechanisms may be abnormal endometrial vascularization due to systemic proinflammatory status and local tissue hypoxia. Aim. To identify the features of the expression of endothelial markers CD34+ and eNOS in endometrial biopsies of patients with AUB and obesity and their role in the pathogenesis of endometrial dysfunction. Materials and methods. A prospective randomized cohort study included 40 patients of reproductive age with AUB-E. Depending on the presence of obesity, women were stratified into 2 groups: 20 patients with AUB-E and obesity (group 1) and 20 normal-weight patients with AUB-E (group 2). 10 healthy women of reproductive age were included as a control group. All patients underwent endometrial biopsy followed by histological examination according to the standard procedure. At the second stage, an immunohistochemical study of CD34+ and eNOS angiogenesis markers was performed using monoclonal mouse antibodies in standard dilution. The IBM SPSS Statistics v.26 program (IBM Corporation, USA) was used for statistical data analysis. Results. CD34+ expression in patients with AUB and obesity was significantly higher than in normal-weight patients with AUB and healthy women (2,5±0,2, respectively; 95% CI 2,1–2,8 vs. 1,8±0,2; 95% CI 1,5–2,2 and 0,5±0,1; 95% CI 0,4–0,6; p1-2=0,03; p1-3<0,001; p2-3<0,001), as well as eNOS expression (respectively 8,7±0,6; 95% CI 7,3–10,0 vs. 4,0±0,5; 95% CI 3–5 and 1,3±0,2; 95% CI 0,9–1,7; p1-2<0,001; p1-3<0,001; p2-3<0,001). Conclusion. Patients with AUB-E and obesity are characterized by increased expression of CD34+ and eNOS in endometrial tissue, which indicates pathological activation of neoangigenesis. Perhaps one of the mechanisms of pathogenesis is the formation of a proinflammatory profile against the background of obesity, which contributes to the pathological hypervascularization of the endometrium. Effective weight loss measures can probably reduce the incidence and recurrence of AUB-E.

Autoimmune Atrophic Gastritis: A Clinical Review.

Autoimmune atrophic gastritis (AAG) is a chronic condition characterized by the presence of atrophy in the oxyntic mucosa due to anti-parietal cell antibodies. This review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of autoimmune atrophic gastritis, reporting recent evidence on epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical presentation, risk of malignancies, and management. The prevalence of AAG has been estimated at between 0.3% and 2.7% in the general population. The diagnosis of AAG is based on a combination of the serologic profile and the histological examination of gastric biopsies. Patients with AAG are often asymptomatic but can also have dyspeptic or reflux symptoms. The atrophy of the oxyntic mucosa leads to iron and vitamin B12 malabsorption, which may result in anemia and neurological affections. Autoimmune atrophic gastritis is associated with an increased risk of type I neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and gastric cancer, with an incidence rate of 2.8% and 0.5% per person/year, respectively. Management is directed to reinstate vitamins and iron and to prevent malignancies with endoscopic surveillance. In conclusion, atrophic autoimmune gastritis is an infrequent condition, often asymptomatic and misdiagnosed, that requires an early diagnosis for appropriate vitamin supplementation and endoscopic follow-up for the early diagnosis of NETs and gastric cancer.

The pattern of back pain: from spondyloarthritis to lymphoma

inflammatory back pain, which rheumatologists often deal with in their practice, has certain characteristics. However, other non-rheumatological diseases can mimic inflammatory back pain. Non-compliance with the diagnostic criteria and the presence of additional symptoms, especially from the group of "red flags", such as weight loss, fever, night sweats, etc., require careful diagnosis. The purpose of the work is to analyze a clinical case of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in a young patient with non-specific symptoms, differential diagnosis with seronegative spondyloarthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease. The article uses the data of objective, instrumental and laboratory examination of the patient. The work presents a clinical case of back pain in a 27-year-old patient, in which a multidisciplinary approach and specific diagnostic procedures (lymph node biopsy, histological and immunohistochemical examination) made it possible to establish the final diagnosis - diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Based on a clinical case, a review of the literature was performed with an emphasis on the differential diagnosis between rheumatic inflammatory back pain and other causes, including paraneoplastic pain and metastatic processes. The most common causes of chronic back pain in young men are spondyloarthritis, however, in the presence of weight loss, fever, night sweats and lymphadenopathy, back pain requires careful clinical, laboratory and instrumental examination of patients. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma can be the cause of back pain, which requires the involvement of specialists of various profiles in order to verify the final diagnosis.

Solid CaCO3 Formation in Glioblastoma Multiforme and its Treatment with Ultra-Nanoparticulated NPt-Bionanocatalysts.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most prevalent form of central nervous system (CNS) cancer, stands as a highly aggressive glioma deemed virtually incurable according to the World Health Organization (WHO) standards, with survival rates typically falling between 6 to 18 months. Despite concerted efforts, advancements in survival rates have been elusive. Recent cutting-edge research has unveiled bionanocatalysts with 1% Pt, demonstrating unparalleled selectivity in cleaving C-C, C-N, and C-O bonds within DNA in malignant cells. The application of these nanoparticles has yielded promising outcomes. The objective of this study is to employ bionanocatalysts for the treatment of Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) in a patient, followed by the evaluation of obtained tissues through electronic microscopy. Bionanocatalysts were synthesized using established protocols. These catalysts were then surgically implanted into the GBM tissue through stereotaxic procedures. Subsequently, tissue samples were extracted from the patient and meticulously examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Detailed examination of biopsies via SEM unveiled a complex network of small capillaries branching from a central vessel, accompanied by a significant presence of solid carbonate formations. Remarkably, the patient subjected to this innovative approach exhibited a three-year extension in survival, highlighting the potential efficacy of bionanocatalysts in combating GBM and its metastases. Bionanocatalysts demonstrate promise as a viable treatment option for severe cases of GBM. Additionally, the identification of solid calcium carbonate formations may serve as a diagnostic marker not only for GBM but also for other CNS pathologies.

Path Towards Biopsy-Free Diagnosis of Celiac Disease in Pediatric Patients

BackgroundLaboratory testing for celiac disease in pediatric patients integrates serology, genetic susceptibility and duodenal biopsy examination. The 2023 American College of Gastroenterology guidelines recommend a biopsy-free approach in pediatric patients utilizing tissue transglutaminase antibody titers >10 times upper limit of normal and subsequent endomysial antibody seropositivity as sufficient for diagnosis. The objective of this study is to assess the diagnostic accuracy of biopsy-free approach at our pediatric hospital. MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study involving pediatric patients who underwent biopsy for diagnostic confirmation of celiac disease between May 2019 and May 2023. For these patients, the tissue transglutaminase and endomysial antibody test results were retrieved and performance of biopsy-free approach was assessed using the duodenal histology as the gold standard for celiac disease diagnosis. ResultsTissue transglutaminase antibody titers >10 times upper limit of normal alone demonstrated a positive predictive value of 99% for identifying celiac disease in children. Although endomysial antibody testing is underutilized at our center, its inclusion further improved the predictability to 100 %. ConclusionPositive predictive value of tissue transglutaminase antibody titers >10 times upper limit of normal is sufficiently high for celiac disease diagnosis in children and may allow for deferral of duodenal biopsy at diagnosis.

(PM-02) GENITOURINARY TUBERCULOSIS IN MALE PATIENTS: A CASE SERIES FROM A FEDERAL UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL

Abstract Introduction Tuberculosis is a significant global public health threat, causing 1.2 million deaths in 2019. In Brazil, the incidence of the disease in the same year was 46 new cases per 100,000 inhabitants. Genitourinary tuberculosis is the third most common form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, resulting from the spread of mycobacteria through hematogenous dissemination from a latent chronic pulmonary infection or by local spread. Objective This study aims to present a case series of genitourinary tuberculosis in male patients from a tertiary university hospital. Method The study conducted a descriptive analysis of a case series using data from the Unit of Pathological Anatomy Laboratory and the Center for Infectious Diseases between 1999 and 2020. Results Four male patients, with a mean age of 32 years (ranging from 23 to 46), were evaluated. Key symptoms reported during medical consultations at the Urology outpatient service included scrotal nodules, increased testicular volume, and orchialgia, with an average symptom duration of six months. Physical examinations revealed a hard nodular mass in the epididymis or upper testicular pole, mostly on the right side (in half of the cases) or the left side (in the other half). Histological examination of biopsies indicated chronic granulomatous inflammation consistent with tuberculoid in all cases, with negative tumor markers. Notably, none of the patients reported contact with tuberculosis or leprosy patients, and only one patient had a positive PPD test (>24mm). Conclusion Genitourinary tuberculosis is a treatable and preventable disease. Understanding its clinical aspects, forms of presentation, dissemination, diagnosis, and treatment is crucial. Drug therapy, including rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol, was effective in resolving symptoms in all patients. Surgical intervention in the form of orchidectomy was required for some cases, resulting in positive outcomes. Financing No conflict.

Propensity score matching analysis of the short-term efficacy of Kamikawa versus double- tract reconstruction in laparoscopic proximal gastric cancer surgery

Objective: To compare the short-term efficacy of Kamikawa anastomosis and double-tract reconstruction (DTR) after proximal gastrectomy. Methods: This was a propensity score matched, retrospective, cohort study. Inclusion criteria comprised age 20-70 years, diagnosis of gastric cancer by pathological examination of preoperative endoscopic biopsies, tumor diameter ≤4 cm, and location in the upper 1/3 of the stomach (including the gastroesophageal junction), and TNM stage IA, IB, or IIA. The study cohort comprised 73 patients who had undergone laparoscopic proximal gastric cancer radical surgery in the Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University between June 2020 and February 2023, 19 of whom were in the Kamikawa group and 54 in the DTR group. After using R language to match the baseline characteristics of patients in a ratio of 1:2, there were 17 patients in the Kamikawa group and 34 in the DTR group. Surgery-related conditions, postoperative quality of life, and postoperative complications were compared between the two groups. Results: After propensity score matching, there were no statistically significant differences in baseline data between the two groups (P>0.05). Compared with the DTR group, the Kamikawa group had longer operative times (321.5±15.7 minutes vs. 296.8±26.1 minutes, t=32.056, P<0.001), longer anastomosis times (93.0±6.8 minutes vs. 45.3±7.7 minutes, t=56.303, P<0.001), and less bleeding (76 [54~103] mL vs.112 [82~148) mL, Z=71.536, P<0.001); these differences are statistically significant. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in tumor size, time to first postoperative passage of gas, postoperative hospital stay, number of lymph nodes removed, duration of lymph node dissection, or total hospitalization cost (all P>0.05). The median follow-up time was 6.1 ± 1.8 months. As to postoperative quality of life, the Kamikawa group had a lower rate of upper gastrointestinal contrast reflux than did the DTR group (0 vs. 29.4% [10/34], χ2=6.220, P=0.013); this difference is statistically significant. However, differences between the two groups in quality of life score on follow-up of 3 months and 6 months on the Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) scale were not statistically significant (all P>0.05). The incidence of postoperative complications was 2/17 in the Kamikawa group, which is significantly lower than the 41.2% (14/34) in the DTR group (χ2=4.554, P=0.033). Conclusion: Kamikawa anastomosis and DTR are equally safe and effective procedures for reconstructing the digestive tract after proximal gastric surgery. Although Kamikawa anastomosis takes slightly longer and places higher demands on the surgical team, it is more effective at preventing postoperative reflux.

Detection of Helicobacter pylori infection in children using rapid urease and histologic methods of diagnosis.

The study aimed to detect the presence of Helicobacter pylori infection in children using two investigative methods: the rapid urease test and histological methods. It also examined the relationship between socioeconomic status and Helicobacter pylori infection. This was a cross-sectional study conducted in the paediatric theatre at Korle Bu Teaching Hospital in Accra, Ghana. Children who were scheduled for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were recruited into the study. The presence of Helicobacter pylori in gastric biopsies was measured using a rapid urease test and histology. Seventy-three children aged 2 years to 16 years were seen during the period. Both tests were positive at the same time in 36 (49.3%) out of the 73 children (p<0.0001). The positivity rates for the rapid urease test and histology were 57.5% and 53.4 %, respectively. Significant predictors of the histology presence of H. pylori were a large household size of at least 6 members (AOR: 4.03; p<0.013) and the presence of pets at home (AOR: 3.23; p<0.044). Substantial agreement was found between the rapid urease test and histology examination of gastric biopsies for the presence of H. pylori. Children from large households and those with pets at home appear to have increased odds of having H. pylori infection of the gastric mucosa. None declared.

Diagnosis and treatment of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy in children

Objective: To summarize the clinical manifestations, experiences in diagnosis and treatment of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) in children. Methods: A retrospective analysis of the clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, radiological features, treatment and follow-up results was conducted in 11 children diagnosed with ACM at the center of congenital heart disease, Beijing anzhen hospital from May 2010 to March 2022. Results: A total of 11 patients aged 2 to 16 years, including 5 males and 6 females were diagnosed with ACM. The clinical manifestations included decreased activity tolerance (7 patients), heart failure (4 patients), syncope or sudden death (3 patients), palpitation (3 patients), and chest tightness and pain (3 patients). Electrocardiogram showed right bundle branch block in 9 cases, paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia in 4 cases, frequent premature ventricular contraction in 4 cases, ventricular pre-excitation in 1 case, left bundle branch block in 1 case, and first degree atrioventricular block in 2 cases. Echocardiography showed enlargement of the right heart, widening of the right ventricular outflow tract, and thinning and bulging of the local wall of the right ventricle with reduced pulsation. Ventricular thrombosis was found in 2 cases. Six children underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, which mainly showed severe enlargement of the right heart, thin free wall of the right ventricle, decreased right heart function, enhanced right ventricular myocardium, and formation of right ventricular aneurysm. Two children underwent myocardial biopsy examination and presented with typical pathological changes of ACM. Genetic tests in five patients revealed DSG2 gene mutation in 2 cases, PKP2 gene mutation in 2 cases, and MYH6 gene mutation in 1 case. All patients received anti heart failure treatment and antiarrhythmic drugs. Two children received anticoagulant treatment due to ventricular thrombosis. Radiofrequency ablation was performed in 2 patients. Glenn procedure was performed in 4 patients, and heart transplantation was performed in 1 patient due to progressive heart failure. The follow-up period ranged from 6 months to 12 years. Two cases died of right heart failure, 6 cases had different degrees of heart failure, 1 case had intermittent chest tightness and pain, and 2 cases were stable. Conclusions: ACM is a progressive genetic cardiomyopathy characterized by decreased activity tolerance, cardiac failure and arrhythmia in pediatric patients. The diagnosis is mainly based on clinical manifestations, electrocardiogram, cardiac imaging changes, and genetic testing. Early detection, diagnosis, and personalized treatment can improve the prognosis.

Abstract 213: NEK1-mediated phosphorylation of YAP1 is key to prostate cancer progression

Abstract The key to preventing metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) progression is understanding how androgen-sensitive (AS) PCa cells progress to independence and modify accordingly their transcriptional repertoire. We recently identified a novel axis of the Hippo pathway characterized by the sequential kinase cascade induced by androgen deprivation, AR−&amp;gt;mTOR&amp;gt;TLK1B&amp;gt;NEK1&amp;gt;pYAP1-Y407, leading to CRPC adaptation. Phosphorylation of YAP1-Y407 increases upon androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), correlated with increased NEK1 activity, and this is suppressed in a YAP-Y407F mutant. Overexpression of wt-GFP-YAP but not the Y407F SDM resulted in dramatic morphologic changes. In fact, LNCaP expressing wt-YAP were AI whereas the Y407F mutant were AS, and LNCaP expressing wt-GFP-YAP underwent EMT transformation. This, largely reflecting transcriptional differences in both AR-dependent genes (FKBP5, PSA) and some involved in EMT (ZEB1, TWIST, E-CAD); all of which could be effectively reversed with J54-mediated inhibition of TLK1&amp;gt;NEK!&amp;gt;YAP signaling. We found that J54, a pharmacological inhibitor of the TLK1&amp;gt;NEK1&amp;gt;YAP1 nexus led to degradation of YAP1, suggesting that the Y407 phosphorylation is critical for transcriptional activation and stabilization of YAP. Specifically, Nek1-mediated phosphorylation of YAP-Y407 increases its productive interaction with transcriptional activators like TEAD or AR, resulting in its nuclear retention and stabilization. This was later demonstrated by coIP of TEAD4 or the AR with GFP-YAP antiserum, as well as via LUC expression transfections using ARE and Hippo reporter plasmids in LNCaP expressing wt-GFP-YAP or Y407F proteins, as well as by ChIP for key AR-responsive gene promoters. Further, in NEK1 haploinsufficient TRAMP mice we determined reduced YAP1 expression, a key transcriptional activator of CRPC progression, and, if castrated at 12 weeks, the mice failed to show to overt prostate carcinomas, even while displaying reduced E-Cadherin (E-Cad) expression in hyperplastic ductules. Finally, IHC examination of prostate cancer biopsies revealed that pYAP1-Y407 nuclear signal is low in samples of low-grade cancer but elevated in high GS specimens. Citation Format: Damilola M. Olatunde, Ishita Ghosh, Arrigo De Benedetti. NEK1-mediated phosphorylation of YAP1 is key to prostate cancer progression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 213.

Evaluation of targeted axillary dissection in node positive locally advanced breast cancer patients with complete pathological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy

Background This study aimed to evaluate targeted axillary dissection in node locally advanced node positive breast cancer patients with complete pathological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Patients and methods This is a prospective cohort study including 25 females diagnosed with locally advanced breast cancer with proven lymph node involvement who had complete pathological response to the neoadjuvant chemotherapy regarding the clipped previously involved lymph node. Lymph node biopsy and frozen section of the clipped lymph node after wire localization and the sentinel lymph node after patent blue dye injection was done. This is followed by paraffin section examination of the lymph node biopsy and 6 months follow-up for the patients. Results Twenty-four patients out of 25 patients had successful localization of the clipped and sentinel lymph node with no macrometastasis detected in frozen section. Twenty-two out of the 24 patients had no micrometastasis in paraffin section. Two of the 24 patients had micrometastasis on paraffin section and required axillary radiotherapy. One of the 25 patients failed localization of the clipped lymph node and received conventional axillary lymph node dissection. Two patients developed lymphedema, one of them after axillary radiotherapy, and the other one after axillary lymph node dissection. Conclusion The combination of targeted axillary dissection and sentinel lymph node biopsy can replace axillary clearance in patients with node positive locally advanced breast cancer with complete pathological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Introduction to renal pathology

In recent decades, nephropathology has developed worldwide as asubspeciality of pathology, which requires special methodological and technical equipment to process the material and specific clinical and pathological expertise to interpret the findings. These special requirements mean that nephropathology is not available at all pathology institutes, but is carried out on alarge scale in afew highly specialised centres. The history of nephropathology, or in anarrower sense the specialised histopathological examination of kidney biopsies, began in 1958 with the first use or performance of akidney biopsy [1]. It thus replaced the practice of urinalysis, which had been common since the Middle Ages, as adiagnostic tool for kidney diseases. Specialised techniques such as immunofluorescence or immunohistology but also electron microscopy are required to assess specific renal changes, for which the examination of renal biopsies is one of the few remaining routine applications today. In Germany and German-speaking countries, the discipline developed thanks to the work of outstanding people in the field of pathology who were primarily involved in this discipline and had the necessary technical and human resources in their laboratories to ensure that these biopsies could be analysed.

An unusual localization of an Abrikossoff tumor

Abrikossoff’s tumor, also known as Granular Cell Tumor (GCT), is a rare benign neoplasm commonly found in the cervicofacial region, particularly the oral cavity. Here, we present a case of GCT occurring in an atypical location on the left flank of a 43-year-old patient. The lesion presented as an erythematous ovoid nodule with central ulceration, accompanied by white structures and polymorphic vascularization on dermoscopy. Initially considered as Darrier-Ferrand’s dermatofibrosarcoma, histopathological examination of a cutaneous biopsy revealed granular cells and eosinophils in the dermis, suggestive of GCT. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the diagnosis, expressing S100 protein and CD68. Complete surgical excision with safety margins was performed, with no recurrence observed after 1 year of follow-up. This case highlights the importance of considering GCT in the differential diagnosis of flank lesions and emphasizes the need for clinicians to remain vigilant for uncommon presentations of this rare tumor.

Evaluation of Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction with Serum Iohexol Concentration in Dogs with Acute Hemorrhagic Diarrhea Syndrome.

Histopathologic examination of intestinal biopsies from dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome (AHDS) reveals necrotizing enteritis and epithelial integrity loss. Serum iohexol measurement has been utilized to assess intestinal permeability. Our hypothesis is that dogs with AHDS have increased intestinal permeability, which is associated with the severity of clinical signs. In this prospective case-control study, 53 client-owned dogs (28 AHDS, 25 healthy controls) were evaluated. Clinical severity was assessed using the AHDS index and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria. Simultaneously, dogs received oral iohexol, and serum iohexol concentrations (SICs) were measured two hours later. Results indicated significantly higher (p = 0.002) SIC in AHDS dogs (median: 51 µg/mL; min-max: 9-246) than in healthy controls (30 µg/mL; 11-57). There was a significant positive correlation between AHDS index and SIC (rS = 0.4; p = 0.03) and a significant negative between SIC and serum albumin concentrations (Pearson r = -0.55; p = 0.01). Dogs with severe AHDS (mean 106 µg/mL; range: 17-246) demonstrated significantly higher (p = 0.002) SIC than those with mild to moderate disease (29 µg/mL; 9-54). These findings underscore the association between intestinal permeability and clinical severity in dogs with AHDS assessed by iohexol.

Data retrieval from archival renal biopsies using nonlinear microscopy.

Thorough examination of renal biopsies may improve understanding of renal disease. Imaging of renal biopsies with fluorescence nonlinear microscopy (NLM) and optical clearing enables three-dimensional (3D) visualization of pathology without microtome sectioning. Archival renal paraffin blocks from 12 patients were deparaffinized and stained with Hoechst and Eosin for fluorescent nuclear and cytoplasmic/stromal contrast, then optically cleared using benzyl alcohol benzyl benzoate (BABB). NLM images of entire biopsy fragments (thickness range 88-660 μm) were acquired using NLM with fluorescent signals mapped to an H&E color scale. Cysts, glomeruli, exudative lesions, and Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules were segmented in 3D and their volumes, diameters, and percent composition could be obtained. The glomerular count on 3D NLM volumes was high indicating that archival blocks could be a vast tissue resource to enable larger-scale retrospective studies. Rapid optical clearing and NLM imaging enables more thorough biopsy examination and is a promising technique for analysis of archival paraffin blocks.