Exact Profile Research Articles

Kajian Desain Struktur Beton Bertulang Dengan Struktur Baja (Studi Kasus Pada Pembangunan Gedung H Unitomo)

Recently, a structure that is generally applied to the construction of multi-storey buildings is reinforced concrete structure. Structural steel is rarely used nowadays, yet in fact, the steel structures are still able to compete with reinforced concrete structures. Therefore, this study aims to determine the exact profile dimensions and the comparison of material prices between steel structures and reinforced concrete structures for columns and beams in redesigning H Building of Dr. Soetomo University, Surabaya. The WF profile steel will be used in this redesigning project. The structure is modeled using AutoCAD, and then imported into SAP2000 software. Modeling structure consists of columns, primary beams and secondary beams. The loads reviewed from the design are dead load, live load, wind load and seismic load. From the results of design review obtained, the overall strength of structure rearrangement is safe and it is obtained the beam profile dimensions of B1 WF 600x200x12x20, B2 WF 400x300x9x14 profile, B3 WF 400x300x9x14 profile, B4 WF 350x200x8x12 profile, and B5 WF 175x125x 5.5x8 profile, K1 WF 400x400x18x28 column profile, and K2 WF 400x400x21x21 column profile. The use of steel structures as a substitute for reinforced concrete structures for columns and beams in the building is a way more expensive with the percentage of steel structure 149.13% more expensive than reinforced concrete structure.

Validating Time–Distance Helioseismic Inversions for Nonseparable Subsurface Profiles of an Average Supergranule

Abstract Supergranules are divergent 30 Mm-sized cellular flows observed everywhere at the solar photosphere. Their place in the hierarchy of convective structures and their origin remain poorly understood. Estimating supergranular depth is of particular interest because this may help point to the underlying physics. However, their subsurface velocity profiles have proven difficult to ascertain. Birch et al. suggested that helioseismic inferences would benefit from an ensemble average over multiple realizations of supergranules due to the reduction in realization noise. Bhattacharya et al. used synthetic forward-modeled seismic wave travel times and demonstrated the potential of helioseismic inversions to recover the flow profile of an average supergranule that is separable in the horizontal and vertical directions, although the premise of this calculation has since been challenged by Ferret. In this work we avoid this assumption and carry out a validation test of helioseismic travel-time inversions starting from plausible synthetic nonseparable profiles of an average supergranule. We compute seismic wave travel times and sensitivity kernels by simulating wave propagation through this background. We find that, while the ability to recover the exact profile degrades based on the number of parameters involved, we are nevertheless able to recover the peak depth of our models in a few iterations where the measurements are presumably above the noise cutoff. This represents an important step toward unraveling the physics behind supergranules, as we start appreciating the parameters that we may reliably infer from a time–distance helioseismic inversion.

Polymer Brush Friction in Cylindrical Geometries

Polymer brushes are outstanding lubricants that can strongly reduce wear and friction between surfaces in sliding motion. In recent decades, many researchers have put great effort in obtaining a clear understanding of the origin of the lubricating performance of these brushes. In particular, molecular dynamics simulations have been a key technique in this scientific journey. They have given us a microscopic interpretation of the tribo-mechanical response of brushes and have led to the prediction of their shear-thinning behavior, which has been shown to agree with experimental observations. However, most studies so far have focused on parallel plate geometries, while the brush-covered surfaces might be highly curved in many applications. Here, we present molecular dynamics simulations that are set up to study the friction for brushes grafted on the exterior of cylinders that are moving inside larger cylinders that bear brushes on their interior. Our simulations show that the density distributions for brushes on the interior or exterior of these cylinders are qualitatively different from the density profiles of brushes on flat surfaces. In agreement with theoretical predictions, we find that brushes on the exterior of cylinders display a more gradual decay, while brushes on the interior of cylinders becomes denser compared to flat substrates. When motion is imposed, the density profiles for cylinder-grafted brushes adapt qualitatively differently to the shear motion than observed for the parallel plate geometry: the zone where brushes overlap moves away from its equilibrium position. Surprisingly, and despite all these differences, we observe that the effective viscosity is independent of the radius of the brush-grafted cylinders. The reason for this is that the viscosity is determined by the overlap between the brushes, which turns out to be insensitive to the exact density profiles. Our results provide a microscopic interpretation of the friction mechanism for polymer brushes in cylindrical geometries and will aid the design of effective lubricants for these systems.

Retrieving fields from proton radiography without source profiles.

Proton radiography is a technique in high-energy density science to diagnose magnetic and/or electric fields in a plasma by firing a proton beam and detecting its modulated intensity profile on a screen. Current approaches to retrieve the integrated field from the modulated intensity profile require the unmodulated beam intensity profile before the interaction, which is rarely available experimentally due to shot-to-shot variability. In this paper, we present a statistical method to retrieve the integrated field without needing to know the exact source profile. We apply our method to experimental data, showing the robustness of our approach. Our proposed technique allows for the retrieval not only of the path-integrated fields, but also of the statistical properties of the fields.

Symmetric exclusion process under stochastic resetting.

We study the behavior of a symmetric exclusion process (SEP) in the presence of stochastic resetting where the configuration of the system is reset to a steplike profile with a fixed rate r. We show that the presence of resetting affects both the stationary and dynamical properties of SEPs strongly. We compute the exact time-dependent density profile and show that the stationary state is characterized by a nontrivial inhomogeneous profile in contrast to the flat one for r=0. We also show that for r>0 the average diffusive current grows linearly with time t, in stark contrast to the sqrt[t] growth for r=0. In addition to the underlying diffusive current, we identify the resetting current in the system which emerges due to the sudden relocation of the particles to the steplike configuration and is strongly correlated to the diffusive current. We show that the average resetting current is negative, but its magnitude also grows linearly with time t. We also compute the probability distributions of the diffusive current, resetting current, and total current (sum of the diffusive and the resetting currents) using the renewal approach. We demonstrate that while the typical fluctuations of both the diffusive and reset currents around the mean are typically Gaussian, the distribution of the total current shows a strong non-Gaussian behavior.

Numerical Simulations of an Initially Top-hat Jet and the Afterglow of GW170817/GRB170817A

Abstract The afterglow of GRB 170817A/GW170817 was very unusual, slowly rising as , peaking at days, and sharply decaying as . Very-long-baseline interferometry observations revealed an unresolved radio afterglow image whose flux centroid apparently moved superluminally with v app ≈ 4c between 75 and 230 days, clearly indicating that the afterglow was dominated by a relativistic jet’s compact core. Different jet angular structures successfully explained the afterglow light curves: Gaussian and steep power-law profiles with narrow core angles θ c ≲ 5° and significantly larger viewing angles θ obs/θ c ∼ 3−5. However, a top-hat jet (THJ; conical with sharp edges at θ = θ 0) was ruled out because it appeared to produce an early flux rise much steeper ( with a ≳ 3) than observed. Using 2D relativistic hydrodynamic simulations of an initially THJ, we show that the initial steep flux rise is an artifact caused by the simulation’s finite start time, t 0, missing its flux contributions from t < t 0 and sometimes “compensated” using an analytic THJ. While an initially THJ is not very physical, such simulations are particularly useful at when the afterglow emission is dominated by the jet’s core and becomes insensitive to its exact initial angular profile if it drops off sharply outside of the core. We demonstrate that an initially THJ fits GW170817/GRB 170817A’s afterglow light curves and flux centroid motion at , for θ obs/θ 0 ≈ 3 and may also fit the earlier light curves for Γ0 = Γ(t 0) ≳ 102.5. We analytically express the degeneracies between the model parameters, and find a minimal jet energy of erg and circumburst medium density of .

Oblique shock breakout from a uniform density medium

The emergence of a shock from a medium with a free surface is an important process in various astrophysical phenomena. It generates the first light associated with explosions such as supernovae and gamma ray bursts. Most previous works considered planar or spherical geometries, where the shock front is parallel to the surface and emerges simultaneously from all points. Here, we study the hydrodynamics of an oblique planar shock breaking out from the planar surface of a uniform density ideal gas with adiabatic index γ. We obtain an analytic solution to the flow as a function of the angle between the plane of the shock and the surface β. We find steady state solutions (in a frame moving with the intersection point of the shock and the surface) up to some critical angle (βmax = 63.4° for γ = 5/3 and βmax = 69.3° for γ = 4/3). We show how this analytic solution can be used in more complicated geometries where the shock is not planar, giving the exact profile of the outermost breakout ejecta. We apply our analytical results to a few realistic problems, such as underwater explosions, detonation under the surface of an asteroid, or off center detonations in a uniform sphere.

5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine: An Ego-Dissolving Endogenous Neurochemical Catalyst of Creativity

5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (acronymized as 5-MeO-DMT) is sui generis among the numerous naturally occurring psychoactive substances due to its unparalleled ego-dissolving effects which can culminate in a state of nondual consciousness that is phenomenologically similar to transformative peak experiences described in various ancient contemplative traditions (e.g., Advaita Vedānta, Mahāyāna Buddhism, inter alia). The enigmatic molecule is endogenous to the human brain and has profound psychological effects which are hitherto only very poorly understood due to the absence of scientifically controlled human experimental trials. Its exact neuronal receptor binding profile is a matter of ongoing research; however, empirical evidence indicates that its remarkable psychoactivity is partially mediated via agonism of the 5-HT1A/2A (serotonin) receptor subtypes. Anthropological/ethnopharmacological evidence indicates that various cultures utilized 5-MeO-DMT containing plants for medicinal, psychological, and spiritual purposes for millennia. We propose that this naturally occurring serotonergic compound could be fruitfully utilized as a neurochemical research tool with the potential to significantly advance our understanding of the psychological and neuronal processes which underpin cognition and creativity (e.g., downregulation of the default mode network, increased global functional connectivity, neuroplasticity, σ1 receptor interactions, etc.). An eclectic interdisciplinary perspective is adopted, and we present converging evidence from a plurality of sources in support of our conjecture. Specifically, we argue that 5-MeO-DMT has significant neuropsychopharmacological potential due to its incommensurable capacity to completely disintegrate self-referential cognitive/neuronal processes (viz., ego death). The importance of unbiased systematic scientific research on naturally occurring endogenous psychoactive compounds is discussed from a Jamesian radical empiricism perspective, and potential scenarios of abuse are addressed, particularly in the context of neuroethics, cybernetic manipulation, and military research on torture.

Clustering Spanish alcoholic beverage shoppers to focus marketing strategies

Purpose The purpose of this study is twofold: to analyse the influence of both individual and environmental factors in order to explain alcoholic spending and to identify different groups of alcoholic beverage shoppers. Design/methodology/approach For the research, an online questionnaire was distributed among 1,023 Spanish participants of age more than 18 years. Multivariance techniques were used for analysis, and the results show significant influence of specific motivational domains, brand awareness, perceived culture, socio-demographic variables and purchasing environment. With these results, a cluster analysis was carried out identifying seven groups of alcoholic beverage shoppers. Findings This research confirmed the influence of both individual and environmental factors, and the authors have identified seven different groups of alcoholic beverage shoppers: prosperous, social, non-conformist, postmodern, communities, controllers and planners. This led to the consideration of various management implications, which would boost the success of the beverage industry. Originality/value The originality of this research focuses on identifying different cluster of shoppers who purchase alcoholic beverages and on revealing the characteristics of each identified cluster. Based on the exact profile proposed, the alcoholic beverage industry should design more appropriate marketing strategies to achieve competitive advantage and to reinforce purchasing because in today’s markets, there are fewer and fewer situations where a mass marketing approach is feasible.

The Shift of Staple Food from Sago to Rice: A Study about Food Security and Indigenous Communities

Food security is still becoming a crucial issue in developing countries nowadays, either in urban or rural areas. There are many factors triggered this condition, such as the increase in population pressure and conflict, privatization and changing tenure arrangements, poverty, social differentiation and also environmental degradation. It’s undeniable that food security is a multidimensional problem, especially for people who lived in rural or isolated areas. In Mentawai Islands, a district located in the western part of Indonesia, the indigenous people depend on forest product (sago) as their main source of food. However, since 2012, the government has destroyed their food culture by establishing the ‘National Food Security Improvement Program’ and conducting the agricultural intensification as well as establishing 600 hectares of new rice fields in six sub - districts; South Pagai, North Pagai, Sikakap, South Sipora, North Sipora, and South Siberut. This study is conducted comprehensively using the Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis (FSVA) to understand and describe the exact profiles of food-insecurities and vulnerable households. Furthermore, it also identified the risks and vulnerabilities of food consumption in Mentawai communities. Findings depict that shifting or transforming the food culture from sago to rice is a serious issue because socio-cultural aspects influence it and surely the government has to make a parallel policy that can accommodate the people needs, not only prioritize the national development agenda.

Next-generation fracture prediction models for pipes with localized corrosion defects

This study presents a novel concept and a guide for developing the next generation of fracture prediction models for corroded metallic pipelines. Based on this new concept, the first 3D burst capacity models are developed herein. These models combine simplicity and accuracy through the use of a new parameter, volume of the defect, to measure the burst pressure of corroded pipes with localized defects of complex morphology. The past 50 years has seen the development of numerous 2D burst capacity models, which have focused only on the longitudinal-section area of the corrosion defect and have become increasingly more complicated and less practical in an attempt to increase their relatively low accuracy and stability. Unlike these earlier models, the 3D models presented herein do not require definition of the exact defect profile; despite this, they are significantly more accurate and more stable than the well-known conventional models. Thus, they can significantly reduce the life-cycle costs of pipelines through eliminating or substantially reducing the unnecessary repair or replacement of corroded pipelines. The 3D models have been developed from two sets of computational models that were validated against full-scale burst capacity tests on API-5L pipes with localized complex-shaped defects. In addition, high-speed imaging of the fracture was used to determine the location of ductile crack initiation and the corresponding internal pressure.

Overcoming Challenges in Structural Characterization of HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein by LC-MS/MS.

Characterization of HIV Env glycoprotein with 28 glycosylation sites is the essential step of structure-based vaccine design programs. A comprehensive LC-MS/MS peptide mapping analysis was applied to assess the primary sequence, glycosylation profiles, and glycosite occupancy of Env to ensure the adequate mimicking of the native immunogen. Another structural feature was reported, related to its cleaved subunits within the trimeric assembly. We bring attention to the importance of thorough inspection of the results generated by the informatics tools which are currently available for the biopharmaceutical characterization. The complexity of Env translates into a vast amount of data with occasional information gaps that could not possibly be filled by means of the automatic data analysis. A series of data validation steps was applied, followed by the illustrations on how the high-quality results may be misinterpreted. It was shown that the glycan sites can only be characterized to a certain limit, and that any claim of full structural characterization of this molecule beyond these limits should be treated with caution. Following the result verification, the percent glycan occupancy was reported for 25 N-glycan sites, including 3 critical antibody-recognition sites. The exact glycan profiles were provided for 20 individual sites, whereas only the glycosylation type could be deduced for 5 sites, dictated by their location within Env sequence. The distribution of the unprocessed high mannose-type glycans correlated with the expected "mannose patch." Experimental procedure optimization and a workflow for glycan characterization with a focus on stringent data testing are presented in the current study.

Signal correction by detection of scanning position in a white-light interferometer for exact surface profile measurement.

In order to perform an exact surface profile measurement with a white-light scanning interferometer (WLSI), an actual optical path difference (OPD) changing with time is detected with an additional interferometer in which the light source of the WLSI and an optical band-pass filter are used. This interferometer is simply equipped in the WLSI and does not negatively influence the WLSI. The real OPD is easily calculated from an interference signal with the same signal processing as that in the WLSI. The interference signal of the WLSI is corrected with the real OPD values or the real scanning position values. The corrected interference signal with a constant sampling interval is obtained with an interpolation method. With this correction method, a surface profile with a step shape of 3-μm height is measured accurately with an error less than 2nm.

Downregulation of microRNA‑199a‑5p attenuates hypoxia/reoxygenation‑induced cytotoxicity in cardiomyocytes by targeting the HIF‑1α‑GSK3β‑mPTP axis.

MicroRNAs (miRs) have been identified as critical regulatory molecules in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury; however, the exact expression profile of miR-199a-5p in reperfusion injury and the underlying pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, it was revealed that miR-199a-5p expression was significantly increased in the plasma of patients with acute myocardial infarction and in a H9c2 cell model of oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R) via reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. H9c2 cells were transfected with miR-199a-5p mimic or inhibitor, or short interfering RNA (siRNA) specific to hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). MTS, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), TUNEL staining and flow cytometry assays were performed to determine the proliferation, LDH activity, apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) of H9c2 cells, respectively. The overexpression of miR-199a-5p in the OGD/R cell model significantly decreased the viability and increased the lactate dehydrogenase leakage of cells; whereas knockdown of miR-199-5p induced the opposing effects. Additionally, inhibition of miR-199-5p significantly attenuated OGD/R-induced alterations to the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) and increases in the apoptosis of cells. Furthermore, the overexpression or knockdown of miR-199a-5p decreased or increased the expression of HIF-1α and phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) in OGD/R-treated H9c2 cells. Additionally, siRNA-mediated downregulation of HIF-1α decreased phosphorylated (p)-GSK3β (Ser9) levels and reversed the protective effects of miR-199a-5p inhibition on OGD/R-injured H9c2 cells. Similarly, treatment with LiCl (a specific inhibitor of p-GSK3β) also attenuated the protective effects of miR-199a-5p knockdown on OGD/R-injured H9c2 cells. Mechanistic studies revealed that HIF-1α was a target of miR-199a-5p, and that HIF-1α downregulation suppressed the expression of p-GSK3β in OGD/R-injured H9c2 cells. Furthermore, an miR-199a-5p inhibitor increased the interaction between p-GSK3β and adenine nucleotide transferase (ANT), which was decreased by OGD/R. Additionally, miR-199a-5p inhibitor reduced the OGD/R-induced interaction between ANT and cyclophilin D (Cyp-D), potentially leading to the increased mitochondrial membrane potential in inhibitor-transfected OGD/R-injured H9c2 cells. Collectively, the present study identified a novel regulatory pathway in which the upregulation of miR-199a-5p reduced the expression of HIF-1α and p-GSK3β, and potentially suppresses the interaction between p-GSK3β and ANT, thus promoting the interaction between ANT and Cyp-D and potentially inducing cytotoxicity in OGD/R-injured H9c2 cells.

CLDN10 promotes a malignant phenotype of osteosarcoma cells via JAK1/Stat1 signaling.

In our previous study, the expression profile of tight junction (TJ) protein claudins (CLDNs) in human osteosarcoma (OS) cells was examined, and the data found the CLDN10 was high expressed in OS cells versus fetal osteoblast cells. Hence, we aim to determine the impacts and the molecular mechanisms of CLDN10 in the metastatic phenotype of OS. The exact expression profiles of CLDN10 and phosphorylated Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) in noncancerous bone tissues and OS tissues were detected via a western blotting and immunohistochemistry method. The OS cells with CLDN10 or JAK1 silencing was established via an RNA interference (RNAi) method, and an osteoblast cell line stably expressing CLDN10 was established via cell transfection. Then, the transfection effects and activation states of JAK1/ signal transducer and activator of transcription1 (Stat1) pathway in OS and osteoblast cells were detected via a western blotting assay. Moreover, the metastatic ability of osteoblast cells and OS cells in vitro were evaluated by means of a cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) assay, colony formation assay in soft agar, transwell assay and wound-healing experiment. The present data revealed that CLDN10 and phospho-JAK1 were up-regulated in OS tissues compared with noncancerous bone tissues. Genetic loss of CLDN10 or JAK1 inhibited the activation of the Stat1 and the malignant phenotype in OS cells. To sum up, our study suggested the CLDN10 enhanced the metastatic phenotype of OS cells via the activation of the JAK1/Stat1 signaling pathway.

Complete flow conditioning gauzes

This paper presents a novel method that can completely condition the flow into a turbomachinery experiment. A single, thick, 3D-printed gauze can be tailored to provide an exact stagnation pressure profile, flow angle distribution and turbulence intensity. The new method is superior to existing techniques as it provides accurate and cheap flow conditioning in just one component. It removes the requirement for separate endwall boundary layer generators, inlet guide vanes and turbulence grids. The paper is presented in two parts: first, the methods for designing complete flow conditioning gauzes are presented. Both 1D correlations and 3D CFD are used to design the vanes which form the gauze. The exit angle of the individual vanes is used to determine the whirl angle of the flow. Thickness is used to determine the mixing loss and thus achieve the pressure distribution and turbulence intensity. In the second part, two gauzes are designed and manufactured for two compressor testing applications. The first design is used to simulate a multi-stage embedded profile. This means that engine realistic flow conditions can be set up in a single stage compressor rig. The second design simulates the hub side stagnation pressure deficit that occurs at inlet to a core compressor downstream of an aero engine fan. Both applications demonstrate the fine control that can be achieved in an experiment using these gauzes.Graphical abstract

Charge and energy transport by Holstein solitons in anharmonic one-dimensional systems

We consider the problem of electron transport and energy transfer in a one-dimensional molecular chain with non-dipole optical phonon mode. We take into account the dispersion of optical phonons, anharmonicity of the lattice on-site potential and electron-lattice interaction. In the lowest order linear approximation such a system admits solutions in the form of the Holstein polaron. Here, within the traveling wave formalism for the corresponding non-linear equations of motion in the long-wave limit, we show the existence of three particular types of exact analytical localized solutions. Two of them, here referred to as Holstein solitons of the first and second kind, respectively, describe a one-hump localized electron wave functions, while the third one displays two humps in the envelope of the wave function. We use the variational approach to reproduce the exact analytical profiles in the three cases of the particular normalized solutions and to variationally predict the existence of branches of normalized solutions for the three types of profiles. We confirm our findings by numerically continuing, in the parameter of velocity of propagation, the analytically exact particular solutions.

On profile reconstruction of Euler–Bernoulli beams by means of an energy based genetic algorithm

This paper studies the inverse problem related to the identification of the flexural stiffness of an Euler Bernoulli beam to reconstruct its profile starting from available response data. The proposed identification procedure makes use of energy measurements and is based on the application of a closed form solution for the static displacements of multi-stepped beams. This solution allows to easily calculate the energy related to beams modeled with arbitrary multi-step shapes subjected to a transversal roving force, and to compare it with the correspondent data obtained through direct measurements on real beams. The optimal solution which minimizes the difference between the measured and calculated data is then sought by means of genetic algorithms. In the paper, several different stepped beams are investigated, showing that the proposed procedure allows, in many cases, to identify the exact beam profile. However, it is shown that, in some other cases, different multi-step profiles may correspond to very similar static responses, and, therefore, to comparable minima in the optimization problem, thus complicating the profile identification problem.

Comparison Between Signature Cytokines of Nasal Tissues in Subtypes of Chronic Rhinosinusitis.

PurposeEndotype in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) has been established in the last decade. However, the exact immunologic profile of CRS still has controversy because it has a considerable immunologic heterogeneity. Therefore, we investigated various inflammatory mediators according to different nasal tissues in chronic rhinosinusitis and compared them within the same subject.MethodsWe collected uncinate process mucosa (UP) and nasal polyp (NP) tissues from controls, CRS without NP (CRSsNP) and CRS with NP (CRSwNP). Expression levels of 28 inflammatory mediators including T helper (Th) 1, Th2, Th17, proinflammatory cytokines and remodeling markers were determined by multiplex immunoassay and were analyzed using paired tests as well as principal component analysis (PCA) to investigate endotype in each subtype of CRS.ResultsSignature inflammatory mediators are interleukin (IL)-5, C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL)-24, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-4, and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 in eosinophilic NP, whereas IL-17A, IL-1β, and matrix metallopeptidase (MMP)-9 were detected as signature inflammatory markers in non-eosinophilic NP. Despite differences in inflammatory cytokine profile between eosinophilic and non-eosinophilic NP, the common upregulation of IL-5, CCL-11, IL-23, IL-2Rα, VCAM-1, MMP-3 and MMP-9 were shown in NP compared to UP within the same subject. In the PCA, we observed that Th2 immune response was helpful in discriminating between nasal tissues in subtypes of CRS and that there was a partial overlap between non-eosinophilic NP and eosinophilic NP in terms of Th2 mediators.ConclusionsCommonly upregulated mediators in NP were Th2-associated, compared with UP regardless of CRS subtypes, whereas signature markers were distinct in each NP subtype. These findings imply that Th2 inflammatory responses may play a role in the development of NP regardless of CRSwNP subtypes.

Modeling non-equilibrium discharge and validating transient plasma characteristics at above-atmospheric pressure

Non-equilibrium plasma generated from positive-pulsed nanosecond electrical discharges into desiccated air is simulated in this paper using a multi-dimensional, multi-physics plasma solver. A pin-to-pin electrode configuration is used with a fixed 5.2 mm gap spacing. Peak pulse voltages range between 10.2 and 22.5 kV. Care is taken to match the exact electrode profile from the experiments, and adjust the electron collision frequency so that breakdown limits closely match those from corresponding experimental results. The optimized numerical simulations predict qualitative streamer structure that is in close agreement with experimental observations. Quantitative measurements of atomic oxygen at the anode tip and qualitative estimates of streamer gas heating are closely matched by simulations. The model results are used to provide insight into the spatial and temporal development of the transient plasma. The work performed in this paper delivers a numerical tool that can be extremely useful to link the post-discharge plasma properties to low-temperature plasma ignition mechanisms that are of great interest for the automotive industry.