Extremely Low Frequency Research Articles

Proof of Concept of an ELF Magnetic Field Exposure System with Biphasic Magnetic Pulses: Effects on Human Dermal Fibroblast Proliferation

The aim of this work was to validate the usefulness of an Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) magnetic field exposure system with a magnetotherapy device of common use in clinical practice that generates Biphasic Magnetic Pulses (BMP), in order to study the effects of the BMP on the proliferation of Human Dermal Fibroblasts (HDF). In that regard, HDF were exposed 2h in the morning and 2h in the afternoon for 2 days to BMP of 1.41mT peak value at 5, 10, 25Hz continuous and 50Hz intermittent (2s on/ 1.5s off). MTT assay was performed to assess proliferation. The 10Hz BMP showed a significant decrease in proliferation of 6.6% (p = 0.001) with respect to controls, but no significant changes in proliferation were seen with the other BMP. In order to analyze whether these results could be related to the exposure protocol, a 50Hz power line intermittent signal (1s on/ 1s off) was generated and tested but exposure time was increased to 48h to cover the complete cells doubling time. A significant increase in proliferation of 9% (p < 0.001) was found in this case. The results validate the in vitro exposure system for its use with the BMP. Though the MTT proliferation assay alone is not enough to make definitive claims, the results might indicate that exposure time plays a key role in the outcome of the experiments. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the exposure time on in vitro protocols and how they relate to in vivo experiments and current treatments.

Physical Quality of Cow's Milk by Exposure to Magnetic Fields Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) 300 μT and 500 μT by inhibiting Salmonella and Escherichia Coli Growth

Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) magnetic field, high intensity (more than 100 µT), can suppress the growth of pathogenic bacteria, but the impact of low intensity (≤ 500 µT) needs to be proven. This study aimed to analyze the physical resistance of cow's milk exposed to a magnetic field of 300 µT and 500 µT ELF by inhibiting the proliferation of Salmonella and Escherichia Coli bacteria. Completely Randomized Design (CRD) research design. Samples were 210 bottles of cow's milk (@ 50 ml) divided into seven groups. Exposure to the ELF magnetic field intensity of 300 μT and 500 μT with exposure variations of 60, 90, and 120 minutes. Result: Exposure to an ELF magnetic field with an intensity of 500 µT for 60 minutes significantly (p &lt; 0.05) reduced the Salmonella sp. population but not Escherichia coli. Even though the physical condition showed the color and smell of fresh milk, lumps did not appear until the 10th hour. Conclusion: exposure to the ELF magnetic field intensity of 300 μT and 500 μT has not been able to maintain the quality of cow's milk.

Analysis of Physical Resistance of Apple Tomatoes After Exposed to A Magnetic Field Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Intensity 600 µT and 1000 µT

Apple tomatoes with the scientific name Lycopersicum Pyriporme can last 7 days at room temperature and 14 days if stored in the refrigerator. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the ELF magnetic field intensity 600 uT and 1000 uT for 30, 60 and 90 minutes on the degree of acidity (pH), density (ρ) and physical quality of apple tomatoes. The research design used was RAL (completely randomized design). Data collection on the pH variable begins with crushing the tomatoes and then measuring the pH value of each fruit using a digital pH meter. The density variable was obtained by weighing the mass of each fruit and dipping the fruit in 150 ml of distilled water as the initial volume, then the difference between the final volume and the initial volume was obtained to obtain the final density of each fruit using the density equation. Physical condition variables can be obtained by counting the number of good fruits and recording each measurement. Observations were made for 20 days with data collection on the 0, 4th, 8th, 16th, and 20th days. The results showed that there were differences in the value of pH, density and physical quality of tomatoes between the control group and the experimental group. Exposure to the ELF magnetic field can affect the activity and reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms in apple tomatoes so as to maintain the pH value, density and physical quality of apple tomatoes.

Numerical Investigation on ELF Electromagnetic Field Distribution of Pipeline Robot Tracking and Positioning System Using UAV

Pipeline robot, as a new type of equipment for pipeline operations such as pigging and detection, will play an increasingly important role in the operation and maintenance of oil and gas pipeline networks. The tracking and positioning technology during its operation process is one of the essential topics to improve the operating performance of pipeline robots and eliminate potential pipeline accidents. This paper presents the overall design of the wireless tracking and positioning system for pipeline robots based on extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic method using the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Starting from the classical electromagnetic theory, a mathematical model for the distribution of ELF electromagnetic field in buried metal pipeline environment is established. According to the characteristics of ELF electromagnetic wave transceiver and the model based on classical theory, the equivalent magnetic dipole transmission model is deduced. Based on the equivalent model, the attenuation characteristics of the ELF electromagnetic wave in the external space of the pipeline are analyzed by numerical simulation. The influence of the geometrical dimensions, environmental and working parameters, and other factors on the electromagnetic field intensity outside the pipeline is given at the same time. Finally, the distribution of ELF electromagnetic field in pipeline environment is discussed for horizontal-laying pipeline and inclined-laying pipeline, and the tracking method of pipeline robot is proposed on this basis. The proposed scheme is practical and effective, and it is suitable for real-time tracking and positioning of robot working in the pipelines whose slope is no more than 60 degrees with known or unknown distribution.

A Single-Phase to Ground Fault Identification Method Based on Extremely Low Frequency Current Detection in Distribution Grids

The single-phase to ground fault (SPGF) is very common in power grids. To decrease the fault’s influence on the power supply’s reliability, the neutral point is usually grounded via the Petersen coil, significantly reducing the outage rate. Nevertheless, this coil would weaken the fault current and make the faulty line identification much more difficult. To address such an issue, an identifying method for the faulty line is proposed in this paper based on the detection of an extremely low frequency current(ELFC), after analyses are made on the electrical signal’s characteristics when the fault exists based on a common physical model of a medium-voltage distribution system. Then, to coordinate with this method, a set of devices are developed to accurately measure the ELFC and ensure feasibility. At last, a simulation and an experiment are conducted, and the results prove this method’s validity in the identification of a faulty line.

Low-level EMF effects on wildlife and plants: What research tells us about an ecosystem approach.

There is enough evidence to indicate we may be damaging non-human species at ecosystem and biosphere levels across all taxa from rising background levels of anthropogenic non-ionizing electromagnetic fields (EMF) from 0 Hz to 300 GHz. The focus of this Perspective paper is on the unique physiology of non-human species, their extraordinary sensitivity to both natural and anthropogenic EMF, and the likelihood that artificial EMF in the static, extremely low frequency (ELF) and radiofrequency (RF) ranges of the non-ionizing electromagnetic spectrum are capable at very low intensities of adversely affecting both fauna and flora in all species studied. Any existing exposure standards are for humans only; wildlife is unprotected, including within the safety margins of existing guidelines, which are inappropriate for trans-species sensitivities and different non-human physiology. Mechanistic, genotoxic, and potential ecosystem effects are discussed.

Potensi Radiasi Gelombang Elektromagnetik Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Guna Meningkatkan Ketahanan Usia Simpan Buah-Buahan

Fruits are included in foodstuffs that provide many benefits for the body, but fruits have a relatively short shelf life. ELF (Extremely Low Frequency) magnetic field radiation is radiation with a low frequency of around 0–300 Hz with non-ionizing properties or no effect on the atoms of a material it is subjected to and non-thermal or does not cause an increase in temperature when interacting with a material. In addition, Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) magnetic field radiation can be used for food tenacity. This study aims to determine how much influence ELF radiation has on the shelf life of various types of fruits. The method used in this study is the journal review method, the number of journals reviewed is 11 journals. The journal in question can be in the form of scientific articles and other journals that support and are relevant to the research title. The results of this study indicate that exposure to the ELF magnetic field can maintain the content of vitamin C, maintain the physical condition of the fruits, and increase the shelf life of fruits by maintaining pH by slowing down or increasing the pH, this is done by killing acid-forming microorganisms, In addition, exposure to the ELF magnetic field can reduce the respiration rate and the rate of ethylene production in fruits, this has an impact on extending the shelf life of fruits. The intensity and duration of exposure to the ELF magnetic field must be adjusted to the type and character of the fruit itself. Thus, it can be concluded that exposure to Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) magnetic fields are able to maintain vitamin C content, maintain the physical condition of fruits, and increase the shelf life of fruits.

Intermittent ELF-MF Induce an Amplitude-Window Effect on Umbilical Cord Blood Lymphocytes.

In a previous study of the effects of intermittent extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (MF) on umbilical cord blood lymphocytes (UCBL), we evaluated MF amplitudes between 6 µT and 24 µT and found an effect only for those below 13 µT. This suggested the existence of an amplitude window. In this brief communication, we further tested this hypothesis. UCBLs from healthy newborns were isolated and exposed for 72 h to an intermittent ELF-MF (triangular, 7.8 Hz, 250 s ON/250 s OFF) with 6 different amplitudes between 3 µT and 12 µT, utilizing an oblong coil. Percentage of viable, early apoptotic (EA), and late apoptotic/necrotic (LAN) cells were determined by flow cytometry. Moreover, reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined at 1 h and 3 h of the exposure. Like in our previous work, neither EA, nor LAN, nor ROS were statistically significantly affected by the intermittent ELF-MF. However, the percentage of viable cells was decreased by exposure to the fields with intensities of 6.5 µT and 12 µT (p &lt; 0.05; and p = 0.057 for 8.5 µT). ELF-MF decreased the percentage of viable cells for fields down to 6.5 µT, but not for 5 µT, 4 µT, or 3 µT. Combined with our previous findings, the results reported here indicate an amplitude window effect between 6 µT and 13 µT. The obtained data are in line with a notion of amplitude and frequency windows, which request scanning of both amplitude and frequency while studying the ELF-MF effects.

Effects of Ion Cyclotron Frequencies on Human Resistance and Reactance in 31 Healthy Subjects

In order to test the theory of Brizhik et al. about the dynamic allocation of acupuncture meridians on human body and their role as hydric paths for solitons, we tested the effect of both acupuncture and exposure to extremely low frequencies (ELF) tuned with suitable ion cyclotron frequencies. The similarity of the effects, inducing variations of body impedance measured in well-known acupuncture points, up to the interchangeability and the synergy of the two treatments, the mechanic and the electromagnetic ones, turns to be evidence of the validity of the theory. Resistance and reactance variations have been detected in a group of 31 healthy volunteers before and after stimulation with a standard sequence of cyclotron frequencies, emitted from an innovative electromagnetic therapy (EMT) device. These variations were then compared with the variations produced by the well-known percutaneous stimuli of mechanical and piezoelectric nature, and, in particular in this work, acupuncture. Our results show that the observed variations can be considered as significant in both groups: cyclotron and acupuncture. The greater variations brought about by the cyclotron treatment stand out clearly.

ELF-VLF Transmissions via Motion-Induced Radiation of Charges

Mechanical antennas have garnered interest as a potential method of transmitting extremely low-frequency (ELF) to very-low-frequency (VLF) radiation in a manner that possesses a high efficiency of radiation and a low form factor. In this article, we investigate these claims by solving for the exact field solutions for one particular example, a rotational-oscillating charged thin spherical shell. The field solutions allow the analysis of the radiation pattern, radiation efficiency, and spectral output as a function of several geometric and kinematic quantities of the sphere. The results indicate that high efficiency with a low form-factor appears to be plausible, assuming that the required mechanical conditions for the motion can be achieved.

Analysis of pH Changes in Cassava Fermentation Process Exposed to ELF Magnetic Fields Intensity 100𝜇T, 200𝜇T and 300𝜇T

ELF (Exemelly Low Frequency) is a spectrum of electromagnetic waves with a frequency of less than 300 Hz. This study aims to determine the effect of exposure to the ELF magnetic field on the degree of acidity (pH) in the maturation process of cassava tape. The research method used is a true experiment, namely by giving exposure to the ELF magnetic field in the experimental group and not giving exposure to the ELF magnetic field in the control group. Exposure to the ELF (Extremely Low Frequency) magnetic field on cassava tape used intensities of 100𝜇T, 200𝜇T, and 300𝜇T with various exposure times, namely 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 90 minutes. The type of research used is experimental research with a completely randomizedidesign (CRD) which aims to examine the effect of treatment by repeating the experiment. Data collection was carried out after the 1st day to the 4th day. The results showed that exposure to ExtremelyiLowiFrequencyi(ELF) magnetic fields can affect the average pH value in the cassava tape fermentation process which is shown through variations in the bar chart. The experimental group samples (E100𝜇T 60') and (E300𝜇T 30') on day 1 to day 4 there was a significant change in pH value.

Suppression of Glucocorticoid Response in Stressed Mice Using 50 Hz Electric Field According to Immobilization Degree and Posture.

Simple SummaryWith an increasing demand for electricity and electrical equipment, humans are routinely and unintentionally exposed to electric fields (EFs); no significant adverse effects have been identified from exposure to EFs, but slight physiological effects are known to occur. There are, however, methods and devices that expose subjects to EFs for medical purposes. The effects of such methods are not strong and primarily involve the physical properties of EFs, which are invisible and easily disturbed, yet the mechanisms of the biological effects of such EFs have not been identified. We have developed a simple experimental system that allows us to reproducibly observe the inhibitory properties of EFs on the glucocorticoid response to added stress. Using this system, we have revealed the biological effects of EFs. This study has shown that human body posture may affect action of the EF and that it is important to adjust the degree of immobilization in order to capture the effect of the EF. The results of this study provide useful information not only for medical applications of EFs but also for the assessment of risks to health.Various studies on immobilized BALB/c mice to evaluate changes in hormone levels associated with stress responses have advanced the characterization of multiple aspects of the biological actions of extremely low-frequency (ELF) electric fields (EFs). In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of mouse posture on its stress responses and evaluate the importance of adjusting the stress degree in the model. Mice were immobilized inside centrifuge tubes and exposed to an ELF EF generated between parallel plate electrodes. Blood was collected under anesthesia immediately after EF exposure, and plasma glucocorticoids were assayed. The inhibitory effects of EFs on glucocorticoid elevation by immobilization were reproduced regardless whether mice were in the abdominal or lateral recumbent position, for the EF vector delivered to mice through the sagittal or frontal plane. The effect of ELF EF was reproduced in moderately and mildly stressed mice but not in severely immobilized mice. Hence, adjusting the stress degree is critical to the reproducibility of the results for this model. We characterized the effects of ELF EF on homeostasis, including the stress response, and provided valuable information for the scientific evaluation of the biological risks and medical applications of ELF EF.

Formation of the quality of wheat grain by extremely low frequency electromagnetic field treatment

The object of the study is the treatment of wheat grain with an electromagnetic field (EMF) of extremely low frequencies (ELF), the subjects of the study are the quality indicators of wheat seed grain of the Shestopalivka variety 2019 and 2020 crops grown in the Odesa region. (Ukraine). Problematic issues in the treatment of wheat grain with ELF EMF are the rationale for the duration of treatment of grain and the frequencies of EMF that improves the quality of seeds. The studies used methods of laboratory determination of seed quality indicators, calculation of statistical characteristics of the length of sprouts, and graphical methods for interpreting the results of studies. The studies substantiated the modes of treatment wheat grain with ELF EMF, which improves the quality of seeds and reduces the energy intensity of treatment. The effect of the duration of grain treatment and the frequency of EMF on the germination and characteristics of the length of seed shoots was studied. It has been established that, compared with untreated grain, the treatment of grain with an EMF with a frequency of 30 Hz, a magnetic induction of 10 mT for 6 minutes increases grain germination by 2–3 %, gives longer and 1.44–1.53 times more uniformly sprouted sprouts. Treatment within 60 min. reduces up to 9 % the germination of grain, the size of the shoots, increases their unevenness in length. The effect of seed germination activation by EMF treatment increases after 19 days of storage. Treatment of wheat grain in 2019 with ELF EMF at a frequency of 15–17 Hz with a magnetic induction of 10 mT for 6 min. changes germination within ±3 % control. The germination of the treated grain of wheat in 2020 of the crop decreases relative to the control to 13 % (with the exception of the frequency of 16.5 Hz, at which it did not change). Thus, the treatment of wheat grain with EMF makes it possible to influence the quality of seed grain. The results obtained encourage further research with a wider range of regime parameters and areas of wheat cultivation.

Extremely Low Frecuency (ELF) Electromagnetic Radiation Potential To Accelerate Fracture Splicing

The treatment process for healing fractures in the community is still mostly done through traditional methods, which are generally referred to as "sangkal putung". The results obtained 28.2% can not return to its original form. In the process of denying putung it still takes quite a long time depending on the part of the bone that has broken. This study aims to reveal the potential effect of exposure to the ELF (Extremely Low Frequency) magnetic field on the fracture healing process. This research method uses an article review, with a total of 30 articles from relevant research articles from 2000 to 2022. This aims to examine the effect of effective treatment of the intensity of exposure to the ELF magnetic field on the fracture healing process. The results showed that there were 73.3% of researchers who supported the ELF EM wave was able to accelerate the splicing of fractures. Meanwhile, 26.67% of researchers did not support it. The results of the study reported that exposure to a magnetic field with an intensity of 120μT-200μT was able to increase the proliferation of osteoblast cells so as to heal fractures. The most accurate range of intensity in the process of forming Osteoblam cells is the intensity of 150μT. The results in experimental animals showed that exposure to the ELF magnetic field had an effect on the process of forming osteoblasts completely. The results of clinical research (bone fracture patients) showed that exposure to a magnetic field with an intensity of 150μT was able to form and secrete organic collagen and non-collagen in Osteoblast cells, while ELF Osteoclast cells were able to assist in the reabsorption of existing bone cells. Based on the results of the analysis, it can be concluded that exposure to the 150μT intensity ELF magnetic field has the most optimal ability in the process of forming osteoblasts (osteoclasts and osteosts) in fracture healing.

Effect of high- intensity extremely low frequency magnetic field on the intermediate stage atherosclerotic plaque remodeling: Monitored by histopathology and color doppler ultrasonography

Background and Aims : The aim of this study was to generate an experimental rabbit common carotid artery model of intermediate stage atherosclerosis and the subsequent, investigating the effect of Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) magnetic field exposure on the foam cells- rich plaque structure in this model.

Estimating the Attenuation of ELF-Band Radio Waves in the Earth’s Crust by Q-Bursts

Q-bursts are extremely low-frequency (ELF) wave packets spawned by exceptionally powerful lightning strokes. As the Earth’s surface bears finite conductivity, ELF-band radio waves can also be detected under the ground. Q-bursts detected in the magnetic field near the surface and at a depth of 140 m were compared to characterize signal attenuation in the Earth’s crust. The applied analysis incorporates data from permanent ELF measuring sites and the World Wide Lightning Location Network so that simultaneous surface and underground measurements were not needed. The analysis in the 2–140 Hz frequency band yielded <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sim \!70 ~\Omega \mathrm{m} $ </tex-math></inline-formula> bulk resistivity. The corresponding skin depths, 1470, 1100, and 920 m for the lowest three Schumann resonance (SR) modes at 7.8, 14.1, and 20.0 Hz, respectively, were found to decrease at a rate proportional to the inverse of the square root of the frequency. A well conductive clay-rich ground layer under the surface can explain the obtained relatively low resistivity compared to known values of local andesitic bedrock. Incorporating independently obtained near-surface ground resistivity values in the evaluation of magnetotelluric (MT) surveys is suggested to improve results for the upper crust layers. The advantages of using Q-bursts in surveying the properties of the Earth’s crust by electromagnetic (EM) methods are pointed out.

Influence of Schumann Range Electromagnetic Fields on Components of Plant Redox Metabolism in Wheat and Peas.

The Schumann Resonances (ScR) are Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) electromagnetic resonances in the Earth-ionosphere cavity excited by global lightning discharges. ScR are the part of electromagnetic field (EMF) of Earth. The influence of ScR on biological systems is still insufficiently understood. The purpose of the study is to characterize the possible role of the plant cell redox metabolism regulating system in the Schumann Resonances EMF perception. Activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase, their isoenzyme structure, content of malondialdehyde, composition of polar lipids in leaf extracts of wheat and pea plants treated with short-time (30 min) and long-time (18 days) ELF EMF with a frequency of 7.8 Hz, 14.3 Hz, 20.8 Hz have been investigated. Short-time exposure ELF EMF caused more pronounced bio effects than long-time exposure. Wheat catalase turned out to be the most sensitive parameter to magnetic fields. It is assumed that the change in the activity of wheat catalase after a short-term ELF EMF may be associated with the ability of this enzyme to perceive the action of a weak EMF through calcium calmodulin and/or cryptochromic signaling systems.

Thermomagnetic Resonance Effect of the Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field on Three-Dimensional Cancer Models.

In our recent studies, we have developed a thermodynamic biochemical model able to select the resonant frequency of an extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) specifically affecting different types of cancer, and we have demonstrated its effects in vitro. In this work, we investigate the cellular response to the ELF electromagnetic wave in three-dimensional (3D) culture models, which mimic the features of tumors in vivo. Cell membrane was modelled as a resistor–capacitor circuit and the specific thermal resonant frequency was calculated and tested on two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures of human pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma and breast cancer. Cell proliferation and the transcription of respiratory chain and adenosine triphosphate synthase subunits, as well as uncoupling proteins, were assessed. For the first time, we demonstrate that an ELF-EMF hampers growth and potentiates both the coupled and uncoupled respiration of all analyzed models. Interestingly, the metabolic shift was evident even in the 3D aggregates, making this approach particularly valuable and promising for future application in vivo, in aggressive cancer tissues characterized by resistance to treatments.

Real-time localization for underwater equipment using an extremely low frequency electric field

A new real-time underwater equipment location method adopting an electric field induced by a standard current source is proposed. Our goals were real-time tracking and location of stationary or moving underwater equipment both in shallow and deep seas, under noisy conditions. The main features of this method are as follows: (1) a standard current source on the water surface, which can be towed by a vehicle, consisting of two electrodes, a signal generator, and a GPS unit; (2) measurement of the extremely low frequency (ELF) electric field emitted by the current source, made possible by electric field sensors on the underwater equipment; (3) position of the underwater equipment is estimated in real time based on a progressive update extended Kalman filter (PUEKF), which is carried out using the propagation model of an ELF electric field because the electric field at the position of the underwater equipment and the current source position are known. We verified the accuracy of our method and confirmed real-time location feasibility through numerical, physical scale, and real-time sea experiments. Through numerical experiments, we verified that our method works for underwater equipment location in real-world conditions, and the location error can be less than 0.2 m. Next, real-time location experiments for stationary underwater measuring equipment in water tank were conducted. The result shows that the location error can be less than 0.1 m. We also confirmed real-time location feasibility through the use of offshore experiment. We expect that our method will complement conventional underwater acoustic location methods for underwater equipment in acoustically noisy environments.

Fermentation Method with the Help of Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Magnetic Field Radiation to Support Luwak Coffee Superior Products in Sidomulyo Village, Silo District, Jember Regency, East Java

Coffee production in Sidomulyo Village, located at the foot of Mount Gumitir, Silo District, Jember Regency, is famous for being very abundant. This condition is very supportive of the increasing needs of coffee drink lovers. However, the taste of ready-to-brewed ground coffee produced by the Sidomulyo Koperasi WANITA is still unable to compete with coffee on the market. This activity aimed to provide training on civet coffee production through the dry coffee bean fermentation method as a primary ingredient. The fermentation process was carried out using a Magnetic Fermentation machine which was the result of research in 2020. The fermentation process training activity was attended by 15 members of the Koperasi WANITA. 50 kg of dry coffee was fermented using a Magnetic Fermenter machine. Dry coffee was soaked first in warm water (temperature around 30 - 400C) for 5 hours. Then it was drained and put in a fermenter box by adjusting the intensity of the ELF magnetic field to around 300 T for 90 minutes. The coffee beans were transferred to buckets and ripened for up to 5 days, then washed and sun-dried for three days, after drying in Roasting and continue grinding. The targeted outputs of this activity included scientific publications in the National Journal of Abdimas with ISSN. The results of this activity had produced fermented coffee beans that had been roasted in the form of roasted coffee beans and ground coffee. Based on the results of the evaluation, the members of the Ketakasi Koperasi already had skills in producing artificial Luwak coffee. This had the potential to develop superior products for Sidomulyo civet coffee.