Evolutionary Way Research Articles

Institutional change of the Colombian army 2012–2021

ABSTRACT Military transformations occur reactively in response to changes in environmental conditions and conflicts. Likewise, military transformations show a tendency to copy the best practices of the most powerful forces and of organizations like North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). However, little is known about the effect of a proactive planning strategy on the transformation process. This article raises the theoretical debate on the institutional change of the Colombian Army, presenting evidence that allows us to define whether it has been carried out in a reactive, evolutionary way or with a design-based approach which would lead to the development of institutional work through the modification of the factors of military capabilities. The main result shows the presence of institutional work to generate disruptions in the Army. Particularly when altering the doctrine, changes in education and training are triggered, which allows the organizational structure to be redesigned to adopt new practices. However, limitations in the acquisition and deployment of new technologies and infrastructure inhibit institutional change and organizational transformation.

“Oh, how beautiful life is and how terrible death is!” (Th. Dobzhansky and religion)

In the article, mainly based on the reference to the entries in the diary of Th. Dobzhansky, a geneticist and one of the founders of the “synthetic theory of evolution”, examines how Dobzhansky tried to combine science, primarily evolutionary theory, and religion. It is argued that although Dobxzhansky was a believer during whole his life, he became a peculiar believer who revised for himself and for others the former, primarily religious answers to the “ultimate questions” of existence, and posed these questions in a new, evolutionary way. Even more, he tried to substantiate and justify religion and his belief in God through the evolutionary theory, to demonstrate that science and religion are not incompatible, and to offer his believe in the usefulness of science and religion to each other. This Dobzhansky's attempt was perceived and evaluated ambiguously by both scientists and religious figures. In addition, Dobzhansky owing to his search for these answers, made a number of world outlook and general cultural conclusions for himself and presented these conclusions in articles and books written not only for colleagues in the scientific community, but also for other people.

One Model to Rule them All … and Through Emergence, Bind Them

AbstractModels are central to understanding systems and to the engineering of systems. Systems engineers employ various types of models to communicate shared understanding, through system life‐cycle models that enable the transformation of functional models to physical models, that are then realized as tangible systems of benefit to society. The recognition of the central nature of models to the engineering of systems resulted in the forming of Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) wherein the essence of the system of interest is contained within a system model in contrast to traditional documents. However, the evolution of model‐types employed, both to understand and to engineer systems, appears to largely have been a pragmatic activity driven by the needs of the numerous individual engineering and management subdisciplines. This paper briefly examines extant taxonomy of systems models used in the engineering of systems and in understanding operational systems and considers the question of whether there is a suitable system “meta‐model” that naturally “contains” all types of systems models used therein. It explores this question through a systems‐thinking lens, in conjunction with concepts on mental models from biology and philosophy. This analysis gives rise to framework for systems models and to the proposition that all (systems) models take on one of two forms: as reference models that aid in the engineering of systems or as representative models that aid in understanding operational systems. The paper concludes that it is possible to propose an emergent “model of systems models” that combines these two classes in an evolutionary way. This construct is offered for consideration and refinement by the systems community.

Matrícula escolar de nivel superior por área de conocimiento y regiones en México 2010–2022

The objective of the research is to describe the behavior of enrollment in Mexico from the school year 2010-2011 to 2021-2022 divided by area of knowledge in the eight regions of the country. A quantitative approach was used, with a non-experimental type and an exploratory-descriptive scope in an evolutionary way, taking information from the ANUIES about public higher education institutions, and schooling modality. Throughout the country, from the 2010-2011 cycle there was an enrollment were 1,933,907 to 2021-2022 with 3,493,562 students. The areas with the highest enrollment are Engineering, Manufacturing and Construction; Social Sciences and Law; along with Administration and Business. In the last twelve years, enrollment in Mexico has increased by 44.64%; being the area of Services the one that grew the most with 63.94% along with that of Natural Sciences, Mathematics and Statistics with 58.7%. The one that had a decrease was the Area of Education Sciences with -52.24%; and Information and Communication Sciences with just 5.12% growth. In the last school year 2021-2022 with respect to the previous one; the ones that grew the most were Education Sciences (10.49%) and Information and Communication Technologies (12.23%).

Evidence for the Existence and Early Origin of Genes Making Possible the Darwinian Evolution of Biogeochemical Homeostasis at a Planetary Scale

This paper uses empirical evidence to address the subject of when and how the processes for the homeostatic influence of the biota on planetary-scale biogeochemical processes first arose. From Lovelock (1972) this planetary-scale homeostatic influence has been referred to as Gaia and we also do so in this paper. To set the scene for the study, the paper first proposes three core necessary attributes for Gaia: (1) individual organisms possessing control systems using feedback loops to regulate their external environment (the _environmental regulation_ core attribute); (2) joint action of groups of such organisms leading to the achievement of larger scale environmental regulation (the_ joint action_ core attribute); and (3) such action occurring at a planetary scale. The paper next identifies representative examples in contemporary organisms of each of the two non-planetary core attributes of Gaia in operation. For each of these examples, genes making up part of the genetic specification of the example were identified. We then sought these same genes in the earliest examples of life that have been genetically characterised in empirical terms - the Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA) and the Last Bacterial Common Ancestor (LBCA). These arose respectively between 4 and 3.5 billion years ago. Examining both the pools of known modern genes and demonstrated LUCA and/or LBCA genes, a number of modern genes related to functionality analogous to that of Gaia core attributes were also found likely to be in LBCA and/or LUCA. In other words, the potentiality for the eventual evolution of Gaia arose between 3.5 to 4 billion years ago. The paper also provides case studies showing similar results at increasing scales of organismal aggregation over the intervening period to the present. Doolittle (1981) and Dawkins (1982) stated, in essence, that it was impossible for them to imagine any evolutionary way by which Gaia could have arisen. Dawkins (1982) defined Gaia as was at the time predominantly done in terms of its planetary attribute. This posits that there is _one _Gaia on Earth. Dawkins pointed out that neo-Darwinian natural selection requires competition between _multiple _units of selection. Given the absence of such multiple units of selection, Dawkins proposed that Gaia could not come into being by neo-Darwinian natural selection. The Doolittle and Dawkins positions were influential and interpreted by some as evidence that Gaia could not exist at all. The evidence of the present study is that genes for processes analogous to the non-planetary core attributes of Gaia have been available from near the start of life. With such genes being units of selection, planetary Gaia could come about by a series of developments commencing near the start of life, each involving standard gene-based Darwinian natural selection. We consider these results to resolve the issue raised by Doolittle (1981) and Dawkins (1982).

THE PROBLEM OF GREENLANDIC AND FAROESE SEPARATISM IN THE FOREIGN POLICY OF THE KINGDOM OF DENMARK

Over the recent decades the problem of Faroese and Greenland’s secessionism has become immensely pressing both for Denmark and the whole world, particularly in the face of growing geopolitical and military political instability. The authors intend to assess the probability of the dissolution of the Danish Commonwealth of the Realm and, as a consequence, to anticipate eventual international political scenarios. Firstly, the current legal statuses of the autonomous territories and their historical evolution were analyzed. Secondly, the phenomenon of metropolis’ transfers as an instrument of neocolonial policy was studied, demonstrating the relationship between the level of dependence of a self-governing territory on economic aid from the core and the desire and/or willingness to pursue independence. Thirdly, the economic and politico-military factors determining the rise of separatism in the islands were investigated. Despite the steps taken by Copenhagen to contain secession, the situation is developing in an evolutionary way, which allows authors to make a prediction about the modification of the Danish Commonwealth of the Realm into a «free association».

Transformations of Subjectivity in Post-Non-Classical Science

Relevance. As the Сomplexity of the subject's dialogue and communication environment increases, the need to increase its connectivity increases as an evolutionary way to preserve conscious ability.Purpose. The identifying the nature of the relationship between linguistic and non-linguistic objects of the worlds of Human existence leads to the need to construct a third entity that determines their compatibility, and as a result, is the cause of the emergence of a new quality of reality. The objectives of the post-non-classical paradigm of science involves rethinking the spatial-temporal model of the world, the role of intersubjective communications and internal dialogue of the subject as conditions for the existence and evolution of a conscious form of life, as well as identifying the principles underlying these processes. The methodology of constructing a categorical apparatus that allows describing such conditions is based on the method of Ontosemiotic Modeling and Decomposition, which reflect the method of phenomenological reduction, ascent from the abstract to the concrete, as well as the logical-semiotic construction of the subject of research. This method avoids the paradoxical nature of categorical descriptions of non-linguistic entities.Results.The desired third entity can be presented in the context of the three categories of subjectivity proposed by the author: synchronism, intention and relativity.Conclusions. The category of describing the world: subjectivity, temporality, continuality, contingency, processality, emergence, dialogicity, contextuality and relations between them, within the framework of post-nonclassical rationality, reflect the need to adopt new principles, models and methodologies of communication and activity, identify information-semiotic laws and patterns of cognition management, as well as refinement and redefinition of the basic concepts of philosophy, such as "Subject", "Consciousness", "Cognition".

Exploring Perspective in Renaissance Art: Leonardo Da Vinci's Works as An Example

Leonardo da Vinci’s progress in perspective is crucial to the Renaissance art. This study, mainly focuses on the specific aspects of Leonardo’s experiment and theories on vision and perspective, his applications of research results in painting, and how these skills contribute to his art. This study used the documentary analysis method as the research method in order to analyze information from different sources, such as the explanation of his experiment and the outcomes, which helps the reader to get acquainted with Leonardo’s idea in a more comprehensive and multifaceted way. The research turns out that Leonardo’s method of perspective was appropriate and considerably accurate. There is an imperfection in Leonardo’s perspective, and there remain queries that haven’t been solved yet due to the limitations of the times, but still, his evolutionary way of perspective makes his paintings unprecedented and extraordinary. His achievement is thus influential and undisputed for later generations.

TRANSFORMATION OF THE ELECTORAL SYSTEM IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

The article is devoted to the evolution of the electoral system of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The authors on the basis of the analysis of the normative-legal base of the electoral system show its evolutionary way as a political instrument capable to promote both democratic development of society and its stagnation and degradation. A new turn in the development of the electoral system of Kazakhstan was conditioned by the adoption of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated 30 August 1995. From that time on, fundamentally new pages of the electoral system of Kazakhstan began, which chose the path of a presidential republic with a bicameral Parliament and a developed system of local representative bodies - maslikhats. Constitutional reforms from 1998 to 2017 had a significant impact on the evolution of electoral legislation of Kazakhstan in the post-Soviet period, expressed in the fact that a number of its provisions were more politically motivated than dictated by the need for further democratisation of public life and compliance with legal logic. Therefore, in order to eliminate these shortcomings of the electoral system, amendments and additions were made to the legislation provided for by the Constitutional «On amendments and additions to the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan» Act № 156-VII Legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan of 5 November 2022. It introduced 174 amendments and additions, including 34 new articles, to the Constitutional Law on Elections of 28 September 1995. They concerned all aspects of electoral law and the practice of its application. The article is set out in a problem-chronological plan, similar or closely related events that took place in different periods of the evolution of electoral legislation, in violation of chronology, but in accordance with their logic, are set out in one place.

Современная реализация натурфилософской концепции познания на основе эмпирико-метафизической общей теории систем

The article examines the relationship between philosophy and science, as well as the possible role of general systems theory in the formation of the field of consolidated philosophical and scientific knowledge. It is argued that the existing arguments concerning the incompatibility of philosophy with the criteria of scientificity only point to the existence of differences between philosophical knowledge and knowledge within the framework of private sciences. At the same time, philosophy is the methodological and paradigmatic basis of all sciences. It is suggested that it is expedient to return to the natural-philosophical concept of cognition, according to which the core of science is philosophy, and private sciences act as tools of cognition of separate subject areas. The methodological basis for the realization of the natural-philosophical concept today can be the general theory of systems, supplemented by the ontological component. In the article the idea of a common field of knowledge formed by philosophy and all private sciences is put forward. This field of cognition is formed by areas of three types: metaphysical knowledge, private sciences, and areas of generalized or universal knowledge, the cogni-tion of which can be carried out only by means of the general theory of systems. An extended version of the general theory of systems is proposed – the empirical-metaphysical general theory of systems, which, in the author’s opinion, possesses the necessary capabilities for the realization of philosophical cognition. The pro-posed general theory of systems includes an epistemological component (metaphysics of material being) as well as an ontological component. А cognition of complex non-deterministic objects within the framework of empirical-metaphysical general theory of systems is realized by a wide set of tools: collections of patterns and primitives of systems, secondary laws and properties of objects, evolutionary way of cognition and laws of evo-lutionary growth of complexity of systems, as well as methodology of formation of reliable knowledge.

УПРАВЛЕНИЕ РАЗВИТИЕМ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ СКВОЗЬ ПРИЗМУ ЭВОЛЮЦИОННОЙ ТЕОРИИ Р. НЕЛЬСОНА И С. УИНТЕРА

The article presents results of the analysis in the basic provisions of R. Nelson and S. Winter’s evolutionary theory of strategic development, which represents a branch of Ch. Linblom’s school of strategic management studies. It is shown why R. Nelson and S. Winter came to the understanding that strategic changes in the organization are more a consequence of interactions than the influence of management as such. Explaning the main postulates in R. Nelson and S. Winter’s evolutionary theory of strategic development is made with regard to the modern post-industrial economy, including the interpretation of: changes in the organization cumulatively resulting from the interaction of its main working subsystems (subdivisions); cooperation in the organization between established routine and new situations as an important source of learning; the interconnectedness of routine actions in an organization, when changes in one set of them affect another, eventually leading to a chain reaction; orientation of the organization’s management mainly on benchmarking. Thus, the management of the strategic development of an organization in an evolutionary way, proposed by R. Nelson and S. Winter, based on the implementation of changes through the introduction of imitation innovations obtained as a result of benchmarking, is indeed one of the most reliable ways of strategic development. And the experience of strategic development in a similar way in the advanced countries of Southeast Asia (Japan, South Korea, China, India, etc.) is clear confirmation to that

ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ЕКОНОМІЧНОГО РОЗВИТКУ УКРАЇНИ У ПОЛІТЕКОНОМІЧНОМУ АСПЕКТІ

The problem of the lack of economic growth in Ukraine which is considered through the effect on the economy of the political-economic law on the adequacy of production relations to the level and nature of productive forces is identified. In the course of the analysis of the state of productive forces and industrial relations, it was concluded that the industrial relations of Ukraine contain a rudiment of the economic system of the Middle Ages, which consists in a deep introduction of the institution of oligarchs into the economy. The author outlines the reasons for the emergence of oligarchic capitalism in Ukraine, in which oligarchs have the opportunity to shape public opinion and, thus, influence the composition of the legislative power, which adopts state laws beneficial to them. It is emphasized that industrial relations in Ukraine are currently lagging behind in their development, which, in turn, slows down the development of productive forces and society as a whole. The author has clearly defined that only with the change of outdated industrial relations is it possible to enter a new path of economic development. On the other hand, the productive forces of Ukraine, embodied in the labor force, fully correspond to the current level of development of the world's productive forces. This is the industrial relations lagging in the country from the character of productive forces. The contradiction between them inevitably leads to the reform of industrial relations. However, this should happen not in a revolutionary way, but in an evolutionary way in the form of a political struggle. It is quite difficult to carry out such an evolution, since the institution of oligarchs has informally appropriated all political and economic power. In addition to the role of oligarchs in the economic life of the country, the author considered a number of other elements of industrial relations that oppose the economic development of Ukraine. But in terms of their influence, they can be classified as the second level after the effect of the political-economic law. The article outlines ways of forming industrial relations adequate to the productive forces of modern Ukraine and their impact on economic development. It is noted that within the framework of existing industrial relations, the growth of public production volumes is possible, but its pace will be several times lower than potentially possible.

Idea inkluzji a paradygmat podmiotowości

The article addresses the issue of the need to link inclusion with the proper understanding of the subjectivity of a person. The author, analyzing the functioning of modern society, points out that it is experiencing multiple changes. They take place in an abrupt or evolutionary way and are conditioned by various factors. The inflammatory factors are either the need to react to the existing situation, or theoretical reflection on the idea or the way of functioning. At the same time, taking into account the historical factor, it can be said with a high degree of certainty that some proposals for changes, indicated as a kind of novelty in a given area of the functioning of society, in fact, in some variation, had already been revealed earlier. An example of particular interest to us is the phenomenon of inclusion postulated in the field of education. It seems that this right idea, without reference to the paradigm of personality, will be shallow only to ideological postulates, or to purely technical, organizational activity, or building new forms of social functioning.

Crystal Orientation Engineering of Perfectly Matched Heterogeneous Textured ZnSe for an Enhanced Interfacial Kinetic Zn Anode.

Uncontrollable dendrite formation in the Zn anode is the bottleneck of the commercialization of rechargeable aqueous zinc-based batteries (RAZBs). Interface, the location of the charge transfer process occuring, can significantly affect the further morphology evolution in ways that have not yet been fully comprehended, for example, the crystal facet and orientation of the coating layer. In this study, we demonstrated that the morphology and kinetics of the Zn anode could be tuned by the crystal facet. The fabricated textured ZnSe (T-ZnSe) layer can significantly enhance the reaction kinetics and induce uniform (0002)Zn deposition. In stark contrast, the polycrystalline P-ZnSe coating hinders the charge transfer process at the interface. With this T-ZnSe@Zn as the anode, the full cell with an I2 cathode and a practical areal capacity (2 mAh cm-2) can work well for 900 cycles. The effectiveness of this anode has also been testified by a pouch cell with an overall capacity of 150 mAh. This research contributes to the understanding of the interface and the feasible strategy for the practical application of the Zn anode.

Революционный и эволюционный пути развития: историко-философский анализ

In modern society, unfortunately, the danger of destructive revolutionary upheavals is still not understood seri-ously enough. The events in Ukraine in 2014 serve as a reminder to all subsequent generations of how a storm of mass emotions, not supported by an understanding of the expediency of the social order, can lead into a long-term mass catastrophe, in general, a fairly successful economic and social society. This is precisely why a balanced comparative analysis of revolutionary and evolutionary ways of society's development is necessary to explain and understand the only way of normal development – evolutionary progressive development, oppo-site to destructive revolutionary development. Experience in history has shown that mass terror and unjustified social experiments in the field of economy and social life have devastating effects on the state. A case in point is Western Europe during the crisis of feudal relations and Russia in the early XX century.

A maturity model for supply chain risk management

PurposeSupply chains are among the most important, complex and risky systems in the modern world. Thus, managing risk is no longer an option, but a fundamental process in organizations. Given the lack of pathways that guide companies toward supply chain risk management (SCRM), the purpose of this study is to provide a conceptual reference, in the form of a maturity model, to support them in the evolution and improvement of this process.Design/methodology/approachThe proposal covered a broad literature review, a survey and a multiple case study. The research was conducted in the aerospace industry and included companies from the supply chain of a leading aircraft manufacturer.FindingsThe model elaborated with the research results has eight attributes and four levels, addressing critical issues for SCRM to achieve its scope and purposes. The attributes include the structuring and scope of the SCRM process, the importance it receives within the organization, the resources used and the qualification of employees, the role of leadership and the inter-organizational collaboration.Practical implicationsManaging risk along supply chains is particularly challenging, demands resources and knowledge and requires a continuous effort. The proposed model offers a reference for improvement, helping to identify areas that need to be strengthened and practices to be implemented. Thus, it can guide the focus and efforts in a more efficient and systematic way, in addition to support evaluations and comparisons.Originality/valueAlthough maturity models are abundant in different fields and several are available for risk management, models specifically developed for SCRM are scarce. This study broadens the understanding of SCRM with novel insights about how to improve this process in an evolutionary way. While many researchers focused their efforts on the SCRM process steps, this study identified critical issues that transcend these steps. The research was carried out in a sector with a long tradition in risk management and included companies belonging to a same supply chain, that is, using an approach still little explored in studies on SCRM or risk management maturity models.

The coevolutionary dynamics of cryptic female choice.

In contrast to sexual selection on traits that affect interactions between the sexes before mating, little theoretical research has focused on the coevolution of postmating traits via cryptic female choice (when females bias fertilization toward specific males). We used simulation models to ask (a) whether and, if so, how nondirectional cryptic female choice (female-by-male interactions in fertilization success) causes deviations from models that focus exclusively on male-mediated postmating processes, and (b) how the risk of sperm competition, the strength of cryptic female choice, and tradeoffs between sperm number and sperm traits interact to influence the coevolutionary dynamics between cryptic female choice and sperm traits. We found that incorporating cryptic female choice can result in males investing much less in their ejaculates than predicted by models with sperm competition only. We also found that cryptic female choice resulted in the evolution of genetic correlations between cryptic female choice and sperm traits, even when the strength of cryptic female choice was weak, and the risk of sperm competition was low. This suggests that cryptic female choice may be important even in systems with low multiple mating. These genetic correlations increased with the risk of sperm competition and as the strength of cryptic female choice increased. When the strength of cryptic female choice and risk of sperm competition was high, extreme codivergence of sperm traits and cryptic female choice preference occurred even when the sperm trait traded off with sperm number. We also found that male traits lagged behind the evolution of female traits; this lag decreased with increasing strength of cryptic female choice and risk of sperm competition. Overall, our results suggest that cryptic female choice deserves more attention theoretically and may be driving trait evolution in ways just beginning to be explored.

Development of economic and mathematical models of dynamics and analysis of insurance markets in the regions of the Volga federal district

: Insurance is an integral part of the financial system of any state. As of October 1, 2022, there were 143 insurance companies, 57 insurance brokers and 19 mutual insurance companies operating in the Russian Federation. The insurance market of the Russian Federation is characterized by the dominance of large insurers with an extensive network throughout the country. Regional insurance companies are represented by a small number of organizations due to the high requirements for insurers and the difficulty of competing with the leaders of the insurance market. The insurance market of the state and individual territories has developed gradually in an evolutionary way under the influence of market mechanisms and regulatory documents that establish requirements for insurance companies. The regions of the Volga Federal District, which are the object of analysis of this article, are diverse in terms of territorial location, GRP volume and its structure, and differ in dominant sectors of the economy. The analysis of insurance markets presented in the article revealed a stable composition of regions leading in terms of collected insurance premiums. In the regions of the Volga Federal District, there are no significant differences in the structure of collected insurance premiums by type of insurance, which indicates that there is no direct dependence of demand for insurance services on the GRP structure. The leaders of the insurance markets in the regions under consideration have been identified the TOP 5 insurers are companies registered in Moscow. Among the leaders are such companies as JSC Sogaz, PJSC IC Rosgosstrakh, CAO VSK, LLC IC Sberbank Life Insurance, SPAO Ingosstrakh, JSC Alfa Insurance. The competitive advantages of large insurance companies allow them to occupy more than 50% of the regional insurance market. The concentration of the markets of the VFD regions, estimated using the Herfindahl-Hirschman index, ranges from 0.235 to 0.367, which indicates a high concentration of markets. The dynamics of collected insurance premiums in the analyzed regions has a different growth rate for the period under review from 2004 to 2020 and is described using exponential and linear trend functions. The analysis of the unprofitability of the insurance markets of the regions made it possible to determine the most unattractive for insurers, as well as to identify differences in the unprofitability of various types of insurance in the regions of the Volga federal district.

ЗАРОДЖЕННЯ МАНЬЄРИЗМУ: ТАЄМНІ ВЕЧЕРІ ЯКОПО ТІНТОРЕТТО

The purpose of this publication is to systematise knowledge and conduct an iconographic analysis of Jacopo Tintoretto’s cycle of works entitled The Last Supper. Jacopo Tintoretto’s work is a clear expression of new trends in High Renaissance art, having absorbed all the best from the masters of that period, the following motto was written on the wall of his studio on the San Luca Canal: «Il disegno di Michelangelo ed il colourito di Tiziano» (Michelangelo’s drawing and Titian’s colour). In this way, the artist expressed the main aspiration of his youth: to combine the achievements of the two masters. Such a combination of the best aspects of the High Renaissance artists allowed Tintoretto to outgrow this period of art and engage in a creative search for new forms and ideas. There are only two reliable sources on Jacopo Tintoretto, which makes it difficult to expand knowledge about his life. But despite this, we have reached the main milestones of his life, and from the available sources we can draw a conditional psychological portrait of the artist. In contrast, he left behind a significant body of work, the study of which is promising, because it can be traced to a mixture of artistic trends from several eras. The ideological foundations of Renaissance aesthetics underwent significant changes, both in relation to antiquity and in the relationship between matter and idea, which resulted in Mannerism. At the beginning of its existence, Mannerist art used a set of techniques from the Renaissance, but over time they became insufficient, and it was necessary to look for new ones to embody the new aesthetics. This process can be traced in the studied painting, the use of a diagonal composition, the glow of the halos of saints and the presence of angels on the canvas. The author concludes that the characteristic Baroque compositional solution was achieved by the artist in an evolutionary way, as similar trends can be seen in other artists of the time, such as Titian.

Evolutionary Challenges to Humanity Caused by Uncontrolled Carbon Emissions: The Stockholm Paradigm.

This review paper discusses the Stockholm Paradigm (SP) as a theoretical framework and practical computational instrument for studying and assessing the risk of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) as a result of climate change. The SP resolves the long-standing parasite paradox and explains how carbon emissions in the atmosphere increase parasites' generalization and intensify host switches from animals to humans. The SP argues that the growing rate of novel EID occurrence caused by mutated zoonotic pathogens is related to the following factors brought together as a unified issue of humanity: (a) carbon emissions and consequent climate change; (b) resettlement/migration of people with hyper-urbanization; (c) overpopulation; and (d) human-induced distortion of the biosphere. The SP demonstrates that, in an evolutionary way, humans now play a role migratory birds once played in spreading parasite pathogens between the three Earth megabiotopes (northern coniferous forest belt; tropical/equatorial rainforest areas; and hot/cold deserts), i.e., the role of "super-spreaders" of parasitic viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. This makes humans extremely vulnerable to the EID threat. The SP sees the +1.0-+1.2 °C limit as the optimal target for the slow, yet feasible curbing of the EID hazard to public health (150-200 years). Reaching merely the +2.0 °C level will obviously be an EID catastrophe, as it may cause two or three pandemics each year. We think it useful and advisable to include the SP-based research in the scientific repository of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, since EID appearance and spread are indirect but extremely dangerous consequences of climate change.