Evolution Of Science Research Articles

Chimpanzees produce diverse vocal sequences with ordered and recombinatorial properties

The origins of human language remains a major question in evolutionary science. Unique to human language is the capacity to flexibly recombine a limited sound set into words and hierarchical sequences, generating endlessly new sentences. In contrast, sequence production of other animals appears limited, stunting meaning generation potential. However, studies have rarely quantified flexibility and structure of vocal sequence production across the whole repertoire. Here, we used such an approach to examine the structure of vocal sequences in chimpanzees, known to combine calls used singly into longer sequences. Focusing on the structure of vocal sequences, we analysed 4826 recordings of 46 wild adult chimpanzees from Taï National Park. Chimpanzees produced 390 unique vocal sequences. Most vocal units emitted singly were also emitted in two-unit sequences (bigrams), which in turn were embedded into three-unit sequences (trigrams). Bigrams showed positional and transitional regularities within trigrams with certain bigrams predictably occurring in either head or tail positions in trigrams, and predictably co-occurring with specific other units. From a purely structural perspective, the capacity to organize single units into structured sequences offers a versatile system potentially suitable for expansive meaning generation. Further research must show to what extent these structural sequences signal predictable meanings.

Global scientific production, international cooperation, and knowledge evolution of public administration

AbstractPublic administration is a discipline with considerable history, and is also a diverse, interdisciplinary field in social science. To analyze its evolution, discover the present research foci, and predict future development trends, this study applied scientometrics visualization technology to evaluate over 72,000 scientific articles from the 1920s to 2020s. This research referred to the SSCI and JCR databases to gather scientific data of the discipline and the journals' impact factor. Consequently, paper citations, cited journals, journal co‐citations, author co‐citations, authoritative papers, top countries, productive institutes, average references, and research collaboration trends were analyzed on the bases of the published literature. This study found top productive journals in the discipline, discovered productive countries and institutes, present the research foci, and predicted future development trends. Through this study, scientific production, international cooperation, and knowledge evolution mode of public administration research offers a clear knowledge map of the public administration discipline.

Isolation and characterization of the novel Mycobacterium smegmatis phage Dawnguard

Bacteriophages are the most ubiquitous organisms found within the biosphere, composed of an estimated 1031 particles worldwide. The evolutionary “arms‐race” between bacteriophages and bacteria have set the stage the natural selection process that has underpinned biological complexity. Because of the sheer volume of phage particles, it is practically impossible to identify every unique phage available; however, the combined power of laboratory techniques and computer prediction software has made the identification of a few of these phages possible. Under the guidance of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Science Education Alliance‐Phage Hunters Advancing Genomics and Evolutionary Science (SEA‐PHAGES) isolation guide, solid and liquid samples from three locations across the Hampden‐Sydney College campus in central Virginia were tested for the presence of M. smegmatis phage. Although we were unable to isolate novel phages from these areas, we were successful in performing bioinformatic characterization of a phage previously isolated but not studied in detail. Using the computer programs DNA Master and Phage Evidence Collection and Annotation Network (PECAAN), we discovered a significant error in previous annotations done on the M. smegmatis phage Samcrothat we were able to correct prior to submission of the phage's gene annotation to GenBank for publication. The phage, renamed Dawnguard, possesses several genes of interest, including a glycosyltransferase, immunity repressors, and a resolvase, that may explain its unique adaptations to effective reproduction in M. smegmatis.

Mapping the scientific structure and evolution of renewable energy for sustainable development.

The integration of renewable energy and sustainable development (RE&SD) can help overcome existing obstacles and create opportunities for renewable energy deployment to achieve sustainable development goals. In view of the limited research on science mapping and visualization analyses of RE&SD, this study sought to determine the scientific structure and evolution based on longitudinal and mapping change analysis. As an entity in the knowledge base, keyword and subject were considered essential information of documents. The co-word network was generated using SciMAT to reveal the dynamic aspects of the scientific research in the five subperiods. The thematic evolutionary analysis identified two main RE&SD thematic areas, with the current research hotspots that involved technological, environmental, sustainable energy innovation, and sustainable biofuel contributions. The alluvial diagram using MapEquation revealed significant structural changes from subject data. Clusters of subjects continued to grow, and more interdisciplinary integration was undergoing. This study provides a systematic study of RE&SD research, and the future research of RE&SD may inevitably consider renewable energy investment and renewable energy perspective approaches to achieve sustainable development goals.

Decision Support Systems for Managing Construction Projects: A Scientific Evolution Analysis

The dynamic nature and increasing complexity of construction projects impose many challenges for project planning and control. For years, there has been a debate about the success of construction projects and how to achieve them. A bibliometric study was developed based on 750 scientific papers on project success, decision support system, optimization, and project performance. Data are collected from the Scopus and Web of Science databases and cover the period from January 2000 to February 2022. Several types of analysis were made—data information, research growth, most productive country, most productive institution, most relevant source, most influential authors, collaborations between countries, institutions, authors, most relevant or most cited publication, highest frequency, and keyword occurrence. It is pointed out which are the important authors and journals and in which direction further research should be directed. This paper identifies that construction is one of the least digitized industries in the world. There is a great need for more studies on the organizational changes necessary for digitization and how to evaluate and implement digital technologies to support business on the construction site.

Third-Party Perceptions of Male and Female Status: Male Physical Strength and Female Physical Attractiveness Cue High Status

Status is a universal feature of human sociality. A lesser-studied adaptive problem surrounding status is assessing who has which levels of status in a given group (e.g., identifying which people possess high status). Here, we integrate theory and methods from evolutionary social science, animal behavior, and social psychology, and we use an emotion inference paradigm to investigate what cues render people high status in the eyes of social perceivers. This paradigm relies on robust associations between status and emotion display—particularly the anger display. If a target is expected to enact (but not necessarily feel) anger, this would suggest that social perceivers view that target as higher status. By varying target attributes, we test whether those attributes are considered status cues in the eyes of social perceivers. In two well-powered, pre-registered experiments in the United States (N= 451) and India (N= 378), participants read one of eight vignettes about a male or female target—described as high or low in either physical strength or physical attractiveness (possible status cues)—who is thwarted by another person, and then reported expectations of the target’s felt and enacted anger. We find that people expected physically stronger (versus less strong) men and more (versus less) physically attractive women to enact greater anger when thwarted by a same-sex other. Strength had no significant effect on estimations of female status and attractiveness had no significant effect on estimations of male status. There were no differences in expectations of felt anger. Results suggest that people use men’s strength and women’s attractiveness as status cues. Moreover, results underscore the notion that focusing on male-typical cues of status might obscure our understanding of the female status landscape. We discuss how this paradigm might be fruitfully employed to examine and discover other unexplored cues of male and female status.

Major breakthroughs in the field of biopesticides in recent antiquity

The world's population is rapidly increasing, putting a colossal strain on the world's food supply. Pesticides are one of the most frequent strategies for increasing food production, but their continued usage has some pessimistic consequences for the environment. Over the last two decades, there has been a surge in interest in biopesticides as a prospective replacement. A bibliometric study was conducted from 2002 to 2021 to identify the scientific evolution of biopesticides. In the dimension database, a total of 5680 documents were identified as suitable for this analysis. The documents were analyzed, and nations were ranked based on authors, productivity, article citations, and co-authorship using parameters such as the number of papers, article citations, keywords, source impact, and country of publication. From 2002 to 2021, Pest Management Science and the Journal of Economic Entomology produced the most articles as well as the top contributions in biopesticide publishing by authors Benelli (first) and Tyagi (second). In 2006, Halkier received the highest degree of citation, while Berg received the highest level of citation in 2009. The University of Queensland and the University of Florida were the top two institutes that contributed to the publication of biopesticides.

Two questions for the cultural evolutionary science of religion

Two questions for the cultural evolutionary science of religion

Freeing Up the Mind

Abstract Psychology has generally had a rather stunted view of the mind. In the behaviorist era it essentially denied the existence of mind altogether, and even the cognitive revolution seemed to promote a rigid view of the mind as tied to specific inputs. This began to change when Endel Tulving proposed episodic memory as the conscious replaying of past events-a conception that was later broadened into the more general concept of mental time travel: the ability to travel mentally backward and forward in time, a basic component of imagination. The two books under review, both informed by evolutionary science, illustrate involvement of the humanities in further expanding our understanding of the imagination- the mental capacity that enables us to transcend time and space, voyage into fantasy, and cultivate the creative arts. The historian Felipe Fernández-Armesto goes so far as to suggest that human imagination expanded at the expense of memory, and was even the basis of language. The volume edited by Carroll, Clasen, and Jonsson, all literary scholars, takes us on a wider tour of the fruits of imagination-religion, music, the arts, literature. These books may help place human creativity and imagination in an evolutionary context, and enlarge our understanding of evolution itself. They may also help overcome poststructuralist attitudes that threaten the integrity of the humanities themselves.

What is cultural evolution anyway?

Abstract The term cultural evolution has become popular in the evolutionary human sciences, but it is often unclear what is meant by it. This is generating confusion and misconceptions that are hindering progress in the field. These include the claim that behavioral ecology disregards culture. We argue that these misunderstandings are caused by the unhelpful use of term cultural evolution to identify both a phenomenon—culture changing through time—and a theory to explain it—the potential role of cultural transmission biases in driving this change. We illustrate this point by considering recently published influential studies and opinion pieces. If we are to avoid confusion, the term cultural evolution is best reserved to identify the phenomenon of cultural change. This helps clarify that human behavioral ecologists do not disregard culture, but instead have studied its evolution from the very beginning. Different approaches to the study of human behavior can coexist and complement each other in the framework offered by Tinbergen’s four evolutionary questions. Clarifying key terms is crucial to achieve this synthesis.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF METHODOLOGY OF BANKS’ FINANCIAL STABILITY ASSESMENT BY TAXONOMETRIC METHOD

Abstract. The article examines the methodology of assessing bank’s financial stability. It is researched scientific evolution of financial stability nature definition, discerning endogenous and exogenous approaches. It is proved that financial stability simultaneously feels effect from endogenous and exogenous factors and it should be taking into consideration while managing financial stability of a bank, as well as assessing its level. It is grounded a set of requirements while constructing methodological approach for assessing bank’s financial stability that are as follows: it is necessary to form a set of indicators that would allow to characterize the bank’s activity in complex; it is important to consider the dynamic nature of financial stability; it is significant to take into account how any indicator effects on the bank’s financial stability. It is proved taxonomy method as an effective technology of processing quantitative indicators of bank’s financial stability. We propose to normalize values of indicators by the Euclidean distance tool in order to figure out their deviation from the determined standard values. It is proposed to use a set of indicators for assessing the bank’s financial stability, that are grouped as follows: 1) the quality of capitalization; 2) the level of liquidity; 3) quality of assets; 4) risk-validity of business activity; 5) currency risk;6) credit risk; 7) profitability; 8) operational risk; 9) interest rate risk; 10) factors of the macroeconomic environment. In general, it is proposed to use thirty-eight indicators which are presented by point and dynamic ones. Practical approbation of the proposed methodological approach is carried out on the example of systemically important banks of Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to improve methodology of assessing bank’s financial stability using taxonomy approach. The proposed method, in contrast to the existing ones, provides: 1) flow method construction of a set of indicators; 2) implementation of point and dynamic indicators; indicators-stimulators / destimulators and of a mixed type; 3) indicative consideration of macroeconomic environment factors. The application of such an approach allows to comprehensively determine the level of bank’s financial stability and to quantify the impact of the macroeconomic environment on it. Keywords: bank’s financial stability, taxonomy method, dynamic indicator, integrated index of bank’s financial stability, normalization of indicators, indicator-stimulator, indicator-destimulator. JEL Classification C13, C81, D53, G21, G23 Formulas: 6; fig.: 1; tabl.: 2; bibl.: 32.

Why do we need agent-based macroeconomics?

We are entering the third decade of the twenty-first century with profound uncertainties and crucial challenges for the world economy. Phenomena like climate change, digital transformation, migration, demographic changes, and the ongoing COVID pandemic need to be understood and promptly addressed. We argue that the agent-based approach in economics is well suited to tackle these topics, because of its capacity to integrate the “micro” and “macro” dimensions by modelling the network of interactions among heterogeneous economic agents and their aggregate outcomes. This paper explains why the agent-based methodology is needed to overcome the limitations of the neoclassical approach in economics, which has not been able to properly address those challenges. To do so, the paper retraces the main stages of the scientific evolution in a general historical and epistemological perspective, showing how the paradigm of reductionism, which led to extraordinary advances after the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century, is less effective when addressing the main challenges ahead. On the other hand, the sciences of chaos theory and complex systems can provide the economic discipline with more suitable instruments to face those challenges. Finally, the paper briefly presents the contributions of the special issue, which use applications of agent-based models to study the main problems of our times.

Hell and the Cultural Evolution of Christianity

ABSTRACT The traditional view of hell as eternal conscious torment is challenged by proponents of universalism and conditional immortality. However, they need to explain why the church has been misled in adopting the traditional view. This paper draws from cognitive and evolutionary science of religion to provide an “error theory” of why eternal hell became the dominant view. Early Christianity grew rapidly despite persecution and marginalization. The fear of hell probably helped Christian communities to maintain cooperation by weeding out free riding even in times of crisis. Here the traditional view proved to be more effective than its competitors.

Gender Perspectives in Tourism Studies: A Comparative Bibliometric Analysis in the MENA Region

ABSTRACT Recently tourism appears to be an effective economic tool to enhance gender equality and women's empowerment. This study analyzed the gendered-oriented articles concerning the tourism sector in the MENA region. This study focused on the articles that used structured methods such as interviews, questionnaires, surveys, and observations. 203 articles were extracted from the Scopus and Web of Science databases and analyzed through six bibliometric analysis units: scientific production evolution, documents, authors, sources, countries and institutions, and keywords. The main results of this study can be summarized in two pivotal points: (i) the scientific production of articles concerning gender in the tourism sector in the MENA region is still inadequate and does not correspond to the current international and regional interest in achieving gender equality; (ii) among all the MENA region countries, Egypt, Jordan, Israel, and Oman were the most countries that have paid attention to gender in the the tourism articles.

“Fast” women? The effects of childhood environments on women's developmental timing, mating strategies, and reproductive outcomes

The fast-slow paradigm of life history theory has been a popular approach to individual differences in the evolutionary behavioral sciences. Currently, however, the fast-slow paradigm faces several theoretical and empirical challenges. Motivated by questions regarding the validity of certain assumptions of the paradigm, the current study provides an empirical investigation of human female “fast” versus “slow” strategies. In a sample of 1867 women recruited using MTurk, we use structural equation modeling (SEM) to test whether childhood exposure to different environmental variables had unique effects on proposed life history traits, whether mediated by—or independent of—pubertal timing. Models also test whether the proposed life history traits covary with one another as expected by the paradigm. Data reveal that exposure to violence and poor health in particular, but not environmental harshness or unpredictability in general, had significant effects on pubertal timing. Pubertal timing appeared to mediate effects of childhood environments on age at sexual debut, but not any other adult outcome (e.g., sociosexual orientations, reproductive outcomes). Some associations with mating strategies were incompatible with assumptions of the prevailing fast-slow paradigm; for instance, greater short-term mating orientation was positively associated with childhood socioeconomic status and negatively associated with offspring number. These results highlight the need for a new or revised theoretical approach to understanding developmental, mating, and reproductive strategies.

Teacher Institute for Evolutionary Science

While evolution is widely and confidently taught in high schools across the country, there are some educators who struggle with the topic. There are a variety of reasons for this. Some states prohibit the teaching of evolution in public schools, and sometimes teachers lack the background knowledge on the topic, while others simply choose not to contend with the possibility of pushback from the community. Middle and elementary school teachers are the most likely to lack coursework and training to teach evolution.The Teacher Institute for Evolutionary Science (TIES) is a teacher-led organization that was started for the sole purpose of creating and curating quality, free resources to teachers who are teaching evolution. Their mission is to provide elementary and middle school teachers the tools they need to effectively teach evolution and answer its critics based on the Next Generation Science Standards. There is a team of over 80 teachers who contribute to TIES, testing, writing, and recommending educational materials, as well as conducting professional development workshops to help support science teachers at all levels.The website is organized with nine pages: About, Teacher Materials, Workshops, Online Workshops, TIES book, Webinars, TIES TiPs, Contribute Resources, and Join TIES. The Teacher Materials page contains dozens of resources of all varieties. There are complete evolutionary biology units for middle school and high school (in both English and Spanish) that can be delivered in person or completely virtually. The Ready-To-Go evolution units have a collection of activities and notes that any science teacher can use to effectively address all the NGSS middle and high school evolution standards. Answer keys are provided on request.The Ready-To-Go unit for grades 6–8 includes three bell-ringer activities, classroom presentation with all essential vocabulary, background on the work of Charles Darwin, evidence of evolution and natural selection, and links to extension activities. There is also an assortment of hands-on investigations that provide notes and support for teachers, regardless of their expertise, to facilitate hands-on evolution simulations. These include lab activities where students simulate the natural selection of bird beaks and coloration of peppered moths. There are also online games that have been vetted by experienced life science teachers along with general online resources for teaching evolution.The site also has Ready-To-Go units for high school and elementary grades (3–5) that address all the NGSS LS4-Biological Evolution: Unity and Diversity standards.On the workshop page, users will find upcoming and past TIES workshops. There is a recorded workshop that walks the viewer through how to use the entire Ready-To-Go unit with all the supplemental materials linked on the online workshops page. The TIES book with all of its resources can be found on the TIES book page. Additionally, there are recorded and upcoming webinars from presentations by classroom teachers, scientists, and authors. These webinars would be helpful to teachers who are looking to refresh their content knowledge or to learn more about current research in the field of evolutionary science.From complete units to individual activities and professional learning, the Teacher Institute for Evolutionary Science has something for every biology, middle school, and elementary teacher to make sure their students have a deep and comprehensive understanding of evolution.

Can Anything Philosophical Come out of Darwinism? Resolving the Conflict between Evolutionary Biology and Philosophy in the Twentieth Century

Is the idea of ‘evolutionary philosophy’ well taken? If it is, how does evolutionary biology bear on philosophy? The incursion of biological science into ethics towards the end of the 19th century elicited a widespread reaction from twentieth century philosophers, who instantly began to question the relevance of Darwin’s work to philosophy. The doctrine of natural selection may not have comprehensively resolved the age-old problems of philosophy, for example, in the area of human morality and ethical thinking; in fact, it may not be able to replace philosophical inquiry in the absolute sense advocated by most evolutionary theorists. But it has made some remarkable contributions towards a better appreciation of philosophical problems. To this end, this paper explored the various areas of mutual interest between evolutionary science and philosophical inquiry. It highlights the tacit affinities between the two, and thus, finds that even from inception evolutionary biology has tended to follow philosophical inquiry rather closely in the different issues that have been of interest to the latter since its early beginnings in ancient Greece. Some of the areas of mutual concern and interest between the two fields of inquiry include the discourse on God, human nature, the universe, life, ethics, and politics. The paper, therefore, concluded with the submission that evolutionary biology and philosophy complement, rather than oppose, each other. Ultimately, such complementation suggests that both disciplines have a future together; among other things, it makes possible the idea of ‘evolutionary philosophy’.

SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATION OF CHAKRAS AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL IN CANCER IN PURVIEW OF BIOENERGETIC MEDICINE: A REVIEW

Cancer is one of the most outrageous diseases of the present century.According to WHO, 9.6 million deaths in 2018 were due to Cancer which accounts for 1 out of 6 worldwide deaths. Out of these, 30-50% is preventable. Despite the modern scientific evolution, this enormous burden has not been reduced. The integrated approach of Cancer therapy is highly productive to improve quality of life and survival rate. Ayurvedic treatment with a healthy diet, lifestyle modification, and mind-body medicine are beneficial. Chakras are the “switches” in the path of energy flow in an individual, representing Pranayama kosha and are subtle. These Chakras in the body create a human energy field around each human being. Chakra’s healing is a highly established system of energy-based curative techniques that utilize “PRANA” to steadiness, harmonize and renovate the body’s vital energy. The foremost factor, i.e. chakra is discussed in detail based on modern scientific knowledge. There is a massive impact of chakra healing in carcinoma as it is highly effective to improve quality of life.

THE EVOLUTION OF CAR T-CELL THERAPY: ETHICS AND EFFICIENCY

Engineering T cells with a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) that reprograms their antigen selectivity and signalling has recently emerged as one of the most promising therapeutic approaches for treating cancers. The initial emergence and the evolution of this treatment has significantly contributed to its success. However, it is not known if the advancement of this technology is accompanied with any socio- economic or ethical concerns. This paper will first dive into the scientific evolution of CAR T-cell therapy as mode of cancer treatment. In addition, this paper will also describe the basic structure of the CAR and discuss how each of its domains affect the efficacy and safety of CAR-T therapies. It will also highlight the changing landscape of ethical concerns raised by CAR T-cell therapy. Overall, this paper analyzes how the advancement in CAR T-Cell therapy has or will impact public opinion and health.

시장을 이길 수 있는가? - 20세기 주식시장 읽기와 투자 기법들의 역사

This paper sheds lights on the three investment methods of the 20th century, which assume authority as financial knowledge. Challenging the notion of scientific evolution, it analyzes the way in which each method characterizes stocks and the stock market. Technical analysis, galvanized by the technological innovation and the emergence of mass investment society in the US, sought to exploit the regular trend of stock prices to generate profit. Security analysis, in contrast, pays attention to the intrinsic value, as opposed to the market price, to find out a firm with stable potential earnings. While these two methods assumed the capacity of professional money managers to beat the market, the random walk recognized the opposite. Owing to the efficiency of the market, the new method presented a method which paid attention on the corelation between individual stocks and the whole portfolio. Given the idea that each method directs the flows of capital, this paper also explored the political economy of investment methods.