Implications For Evolution Research Articles

The Ortholog Receptor Or67d in Drosophila Bipectinata is able to Detect Two Different Pheromones

Sex pheromones play a crucial role in species recognition and reproductive isolation. Despite being largely species-specific in drosophilids, the mechanisms underlying pheromone detection, production, and their influence on mating behavior remain poorly understood. Here, we compare the chemical profiles of Drosophila bipectinata and D. melanogaster, the mating behaviors in both species, as well as the tuning properties of Or67d receptors, which are expressed by neurons in antennal trichoid sensilla at1. Through single sensillum recordings, we demonstrate that the D. bipectinata Or67d-ortholog exhibits similar sensitivity to cis-vaccenyl acetate (cVA) as compared to D. melanogaster but in addition also responds uniquely to (Z)-11-eicosen-1-yl-acetate (Z11-20:Ac), a compound exclusively produced by D. bipectinata males. Through courtship behavior assays we found that, surprisingly, perfuming the flies with Z11-20:Ac did not reveal any aphrodisiacal or anti-aphrodisiacal effects in mating assays. The behavioral relevance of at1 neuron channels in D. bipectinata compared to D. melanogaster seems to be restricted to its formerly shown function as an aggregation pheromone. Moreover, the non-specific compound cVA affected copulation negatively in D. bipectinata and could potentially act as a premating isolation barrier. As both ligands of Or67d seem to govern different behaviors in D. bipectinata, additional neurons detecting at least one of those compounds might be involved. These results underscore the complexity of chemical signaling in species recognition and raise intriguing questions about the evolutionary implications of pheromone detection pathways in Drosophila species.

Developmental transcriptomics in Pristionchus reveals the logic of a plasticity gene regulatory network.

Developmental plasticity enables the production of alternative phenotypes in response to different environmental conditions. While significant advances in understanding the ecological and evolutionary implications of plasticity have been made, understanding its genetic basis has lagged. However, a decade of genetic screens in the model nematode Pristionchus pacificus has culminated in 30 genes which affect mouth-form plasticity. We also recently reported the critical window of environmental sensitivity, and therefore have clear expectations for when differential gene expression should matter. Here, we collated previous data into a gene-regulatory network (GRN), and performed developmental transcriptomics across different environmental conditions, genetic backgrounds, and mouth-form mutants to assess the regulatory logic of plasticity. We found that only two genes in the GRN (eud-1 and seud-1/sult-1) are sensitive to the environment during the critical window. Interestingly, the time points of their sensitivity differ, suggesting that they act as sequential checkpoints. We also observed temporal constraint upon the transcriptional effects of mutating the GRN and revealed unexpected feedback between mouth-form genes. Surprisingly, expression of seud-1/sult-1, but not eud-1, correlated with mouth form biases across different strains and species. Finally, a comprehensive analysis of all samples identified metabolism as a shared pathway for regulating mouth-form plasticity. These data are presented in a Shiny app to facilitate gene-expression comparisons across development in up to 14 different conditions. Collectively, our results suggest that mouth-form plasticity evolved a constrained, two-tiered logic to integrate environmental information leading up to the final developmental decision.

Exploring Chromosomal Polymorphism and Evolutionary Implications in Rineloricaria lanceolata (Günther, 1868) (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): Insights from Meiotic Behavior and Phylogenetic Analysis.

Chromosomal polymorphism is a significant aspect of population genetics, influencing the adaptation and evolution of species. In Rineloricaria lanceolata, a Neotropical fish species, chromosomal polymorphism has been observed, yet the underlying mechanisms and evolutionary implications remain poorly understood. This article aims to investigate the chromosomal polymorphism in Rineloricaria lanceolata, focusing on elucidating the meiotic behavior of karyotypic variants and tracing the phylogenetic origins of this polymorphism within the genus. By employing molecular markers and cytogenetic techniques, we aim to uncover the mechanisms driving chromosomal rearrangements and their potential role in speciation and adaptation. Understanding the genetic basis of chromosomal polymorphism in R. lanceolata not only contributes to our knowledge of species evolution but also holds implications for the conservation of genetic diversity within this vulnerable group of Neotropical fishes.

Understanding the origin of early-type dwarfs: the spectrophotometric study of CGCG014−074

ABSTRACT Early-type dwarf galaxies constitute a prevalent population in the central regions of rich groups and clusters in the local Universe. These low-luminosity and low-mass stellar systems play a fundamental role in the assembly of the luminous galaxies observed today, according to the Lambda cold dark matter hierarchical theory. The origin of early-type dwarfs has been linked to the transformation of disc galaxies interacting with the intracluster medium, especially in dense environments. However, the existence of low-luminosity early-type galaxies in low-density environments presents a challenge to this scenario. This study presents a comprehensive photometric and spectroscopic analysis of the early-type dwarf galaxy CGCG014−074 using deep Gemini GMOS (Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph) data, focusing on its peculiarities and evolutionary implications. CGCG014−074 exhibits distinct features, including a rotating inner disc, an extended stellar formation with a quiescent phase since about 2 Gyr ago, and the presence of boxy isophotes. From the kinematic analysis, we confirm CGCG014−074 as a nucleated early-type dwarf galaxy with embedded disc. The study of its stellar population parameters using different methods provides significant insights into the galaxy’s evolutionary history. These results show an old and metal-poor nucleus (${\sim}9.3$ Gyr and $\mathrm{[Z/H]}\sim -0.84$ dex), while the stellar disc is younger (${\sim}4.4$ Gyr) with a higher metallicity ($\mathrm{[Z/H]}\sim -0.40$ dex). These distinctive features collectively position CGCG014−074 as a likely building block galaxy that has evolved passively throughout its history.

"How handy was early hominin 'know-how'?" An experimental approach exploring efficient early stone tool use.

The appearance of early lithic industries has been associated with the gradual development of unique biomechanical and cognitive abilities in hominins, including human-like precision grasping and basic learning and/or communicating capacities. These include tools used for activities exclusively associated with hominin contexts (cutting flakes) and hammerstones utilized for behaviors shared with non-human primates (e.g., nut-cracking). However, no previous experimental research has focused on comparing the factors affecting efficiency between these two key behavioral patterns and their evolutionary implications. Here, we address this gap with an experimental design involving participants with varying tool-related experience levels (i.e., no experience, theoretical-only experience, and extensive practical knapping expertise) to monitor their success rates, biometrics, and surface electromyography (sEMG) recordings from eight important hand and forearm muscles. Our results showed that practical experience had a substantial impact on flake-cutting efficiency, allowing participants to achieve greater success rates with substantially less muscle effort. This relationship between success rates and muscle effort was not observed for the nut-cracking task. Moreover, even though practical experience did not significantly benefit nut-cracking success, experts exhibited increased rates of self-improvement in that task. Altogether, these experimental findings suggest that the ability to practice and retain tool-using knowledge played a fundamental role in the subsistence strategies and adaptability of early hominins, potentially providing the cognitive basis for conceptualizing the first intentional tool production strategies.

Exploring Mitochondrial Heterogeneity and Evolutionary Dynamics in Thelephora ganbajun through Population Genomics.

Limited exploration in fungal mitochondrial genetics has uncovered diverse inheritance modes. The mitochondrial genomes are inherited uniparentally in the majority of sexual eukaryotes, our discovery of persistent mitochondrial heterogeneity within the natural population of the basidiomycete fungus Thelephora ganbajun represents a significant advance in understanding mitochondrial inheritance and evolution in eukaryotes. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis by sequencing and assembling the complete mitogenomes of 40 samples exhibiting diverse cox1 heterogeneity patterns from various geographical origins. Additionally, we identified heterogeneous variants in the nad5 gene, which, similar to cox1, displayed variability across multiple copies. Notably, our study reveals a distinct prevalence of introns and homing endonucleases in these heterogeneous genes. Furthermore, we detected potential instances of horizontal gene transfer involving homing endonucleases. Population genomic analyses underscore regional variations in mitochondrial genome composition among natural samples exhibiting heterogeneity. Thus, polymorphisms in heterogeneous genes, introns, and homing endonucleases significantly influence mitochondrial structure, structural variation, and evolutionary dynamics in this species. This study contributes valuable insights into mitochondrial genome architecture, population dynamics, and the evolutionary implications of mitochondrial heterogeneity in sexual eukaryotes.

Mapping the dynamics of aquatic vegetation in Lake Kyoga and its linkages to satellite lakes

Lake Kyoga is a shallow, young, flooded basin just north of and about 30m lower than Lake Victoria. The catchment encompasses Lake Kyoga itself, and a constellation of several dozen small satellite lakes following valley contours mostly to its east. The Kyoga basin fish fauna shares many non-cichlid species plus a spectacular, partially endemic radiation of haplochromine cichlids most similar to but still largely distinct from those in Lake Victoria. This fish fauna is of high conservation concern, as it preserves remnants of the regional species flock that have disappeared from Lake Victoria and Lake Kyoga, leaving small remnant populations in some of the satellite lakes. Now, these too are imperiled by limnological dynamics, including fluctuations in the nature and extent of aquatic vegetation. The water bodies in the Kyoga Basin are highly dynamic due both to fluctuation in water level and large amplitude variation in marginal and floating vegetation. This variation has profound evolutionary and conservation implications, since it can create and destroy critical aquatic habitat. It can also alternately anneal and cleave gene flow over time, both between the main lake and its satellites, and among the satellite lakes. The aquatic vegetation cluttering these linkages can create a spatial refugium for many native fish species that are more tolerant of hypoxia than an introduced macropredator, the Nile perch. Anthropogenic impacts to this region have greatly increased in recent years, altering relationships between aquatic vegetation and endangered species, fisheries and other ecosystem services provided by the lake. Understanding these dynamics require a means of mapping aquatic vegetation, connectivity, and habitat through time. Here we develop a new and improved algorithm to map the spatial distribution and dynamics of floating and emergent aquatic vegetation via remote sensing. We utilize a time series of 440 Landsat images dating from 1986 to 2020. A series of water and vegetation indices are designed to reveal change in the aquascape over time. First, two types of water masks are derived using a majority rule - a separate water mask for each image and a composite water mask of the region over the study period. Second, the difference between the two masks is then used to delineate the potential location of macrophytes over the image. Third, an algorithm is developed to separate the floating vegetation from emergent vegetation; this algorithm uses Landsat spectral bands and two additional spatial and temporal metrics that considerably improve classification accuracy. A more extensive analysis of aquascape trajectories using remote sensing can inform fish conservation strategies and fisheries management and illuminate the role of landscape dynamics in macroevolutionary patterns of aquatic taxa.

From hatching to juvenile: Larval development of Vieja fenestrata (Teleostei: Cichlidae).

This study delves into the early development of Vieja fenestrata (Cichlidae), with a specific focus on the description of external morphological and morphometric changes, and growth patterns from hatching to the loss of larval characters under controlled laboratory conditions at a temperature of 28°C. Asynchronous hatching was observed between 58 and 60 h postfertilization, with the posterior body emerging first. Over 14 days, significant morphological, physiological, and behavioral changes were observed, revealing a complex developmental trajectory. The initial developmental phases were characterized by rapid vascularization, fin differentiation, and heightened activity, and the subsequent days witnessed the flexion of the notochord, emergence of swim bladder functionality, and transition to exogenous feeding. Maturation progressed with the absorption of the yolk sac, regression of cement glands, and fin ray development, culminating in metamorphosis by 14 days post-hatching. Throughout this period, evolving pigmentation patterns and structural adaptations highlight the species' adaptive strategies. During the larval period of V. fenestrata, substantial changes in morphological proportions were observed. Before the inflection, tail length, trunk length, and body depth had negative allometric growth, and head length, eye diameter, and snout length had positive allometric growth. After the inflection, body depth and snout length showed positive allometric growth; head length and trunk length exhibited isometric growth, whereas tail length and eye diameter demonstrated negative allometric growth. These findings contribute insights into the intricate developmental dynamics of V. fenestrata. Moreover, further research may explore these developmental dynamics' ecological and evolutionary implications.

Assessing the role of mitonuclear interactions on mitochondrial function and organismal fitness in natural Drosophila populations

Abstract Mitochondrial function depends on the effective interactions between proteins and RNA encoded by the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. Evidence suggests that both genomes respond to thermal selection and promote adaptation. However, the contribution of their epistatic interactions to life history phenotypes in the wild remains elusive. We investigated the evolutionary implications of mitonuclear interactions in a real-world scenario that sees populations adapted to different environments, altering their geographical distribution while experiencing flow and admixture. We created a Drosophila melanogaster panel with replicate native populations from the ends of the Australian east-coast cline, into which we substituted the mtDNA haplotypes that were either predominant or rare at each cline-end, thus creating putatively mitonuclear matched and mismatched populations. Our results suggest that mismatching may impact phenotype, with populations harboring the rarer mtDNA haplotype suffering a trade-off between aerobic capacity and key fitness aspects such as reproduction, growth, and survival. We discuss the significance of mitonuclear interactions as modulators of life history phenotypes in the context of future adaptation and population persistence.

Drosophila melanogaster sperm turn more oxidative in the female.

Males and females of many species store sperm for extended periods. During storage, sperm are predicted to undergo cellular and functional changes, especially towards glycolytic energy metabolism because oxygen radicals derived from oxidative phosphorylation can affect sperm motility and fertilisation ability. However, not all species can use both major energy metabolism pathways. Here, we examined the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and asked whether sperm metabolism can be fuelled by both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, and to what extent metabolism changes during storage. Inhibiting glycolysis in vitro led to a more oxidative state of sperm; inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation increased the glycolytic component, assessed by multi-photon autofluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) of NAD(P)H. We further examined sperm in male and female sperm storage organs using FLIM of NAD(P)H and FAD. In intact storage organs, we found that, unexpectedly, (i) sperm were more oxidative in females than in males, and (ii) oxidative phosphorylation increased with storage duration in females. Our observation that the relative contribution of the two major energy metabolic pathways in D. melanogaster sperm differs in males and females and over storage time has important evolutionary implications.

The first complete mitochondrial genome of Grossulariaceae: Molecular features, structure recombination, and genetic evolution

BackgroundMitochondria play crucial roles in the growth, development, and adaptation of plants. Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) stands out as a significant berry species due to its rich nutritional profile, medicinal properties, and health benefits. Despite its importance, the mitochondrial genome of blackcurrant remains unassembled.ResultsThis study presents the first assembly of the mitochondrial genome of R. nigrum in the Grossulariaceae family. The genome spans 450,227 base pairs (bp) and encompasses 39 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 19 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and three ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs). Protein-coding regions constitute 8.88% of the entire genome. Additionally, we identified 180 simple sequence repeats, 12 tandem repeats, and 432 pairs of dispersed repeats. Notably, the dispersed sequence R1 (cotig3, 1,129 bp) mediated genome recombination, resulting in the formation of two major conformations, namely master and double circles. Furthermore, we identified 731 C-to-U RNA editing sites within the PCGs. Among these, cox1-2, nad1-2, and nad4L-2 were associated with the creation of start codons, whereas atp6-718 and rps10-391 were linked to termination codons. We also detected fourteen plastome fragments within the mitogenome, constituting 1.11% of the total length. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that R. nigrum might have undergone multiple genomic reorganization and/or gene transfer events, resulting in the loss of two PCGs (rps2 and rps11) during its evolutionary history.ConclusionsThis investigation unveils the molecular characteristics of the R. nigrum mitogenome, shedding light on its evolutionary trajectory and phylogenetic implications. Furthermore, it serves as a valuable reference for evolutionary research and germplasm identification within the genus.

Symmetric and asymmetric DNA N6-adenine methylation regulates different biological responses in Mucorales

DNA N6-adenine methylation (6mA) has recently gained importance as an epigenetic modification in eukaryotes. Its function in lineages with high levels, such as early-diverging fungi (EDF), is of particular interest. Here, we investigated the biological significance and evolutionary implications of 6mA in EDF, which exhibit divergent evolutionary patterns in 6mA usage. The analysis of two Mucorales species displaying extreme 6mA usage reveals that species with high 6mA levels show symmetric methylation enriched in highly expressed genes. In contrast, species with low 6mA levels show mostly asymmetric 6mA. Interestingly, transcriptomic regulation throughout development and in response to environmental cues is associated with changes in the 6mA landscape. Furthermore, we identify an EDF-specific methyltransferase, likely originated from endosymbiotic bacteria, as responsible for asymmetric methylation, while an MTA-70 methylation complex performs symmetric methylation. The distinct phenotypes observed in the corresponding mutants reinforced the critical role of both types of 6mA in EDF.

Male-derived phospholipase A2 enhances WD46 expression and increases fertility in Ophraella communa.

Successful bisexual reproduction requires interactions between males and females. Male-derived seminal fluid proteins (SFPs) transferred to females during mating profoundly affect females from pre- to post-mating, and the subsequent shift in female physiology enhances their fertility. SFPs have important evolutionary implications for the fitness of many insects. However, little is known about how females respond to male SFPs. In this study, we identified a male-derived SFP-phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in Ophraella communa. PLA2 is a vital enzyme in eicosanoid biosynthesis; however, it has not been identified as an insect SFP. We found that OcPLA2 is specifically expressed in males, especially in the male accessory glands (MAGs); it is transferred to the female during mating and functions as an SFP to enhance fertility. The expression of a female-derived gene encoding the WD repeat-containing protein 46 (WD46) was upregulated when OcPLA2 entered the female reproductive tract, and this contributed to female egg production by increasing triacylglycerol lipase (TGL) gene expression and the triglyceride (TG) content. This is the first study to identify PLA2 as an SFP in insects. Our findings also shed light on the regulatory role of OcPLA2 in beetle reproduction; the expression of OcPLA2 is initially correlated with female WD46 expression and later with the decline in TGL gene expression and the TG content. This represents a unique mechanism of reproductive regulation by an SFP.

Natural variation of domestication-related genes contributed to latitudinal expansion and adaptation in soybean

Soybean is a major source of protein and edible oil worldwide. Originating from the Huang-Huai-Hai region, which has a temperate climate, soybean has adapted to a wide latitudinal gradient across China. However, the genetic mechanisms responsible for the widespread latitudinal adaptation in soybean, as well as the genetic basis, adaptive differentiation, and evolutionary implications of theses natural alleles, are currently lacking in comprehensive understanding. In this study, we examined the genetic variations of fourteen major gene loci controlling flowering and maturity in 103 wild species, 1048 landraces, and 1747 cultivated species. We found that E1, E3, FT2a, J, Tof11, Tof16, and Tof18 were favoured during soybean improvement and selection, which explained 75.5% of the flowering time phenotypic variation. These genetic variation was significantly associated with differences in latitude via the LFMM algorithm. Haplotype network and geographic distribution analysis suggested that gene combinations were associated with flowering time diversity contributed to the expansion of soybean, with more HapA clustering together when soybean moved to latitudes beyond 35°N. The geographical evolution model was developed to accurately predict the suitable planting zone for soybean varieties. Collectively, by integrating knowledge from genomics and haplotype classification, it was revealed that distinct gene combinations improve the adaptation of cultivated soybeans to different latitudes. This study provides insight into the genetic basis underlying the environmental adaptation of soybean accessions, which could contribute to a better understanding of the domestication history of soybean and facilitate soybean climate-smart molecular breeding for various environments.

An intron endonuclease facilitates interference competition between coinfecting viruses.

Introns containing homing endonucleases are widespread in nature and have long been assumed to be selfish elements that provide no benefit to the host organism. These genetic elements are common in viruses, but whether they confer a selective advantage is unclear. In this work, we studied intron-encoded homing endonuclease gp210 in bacteriophage ΦPA3 and found that it contributes to viral competition by interfering with the replication of a coinfecting phage, ΦKZ. We show that gp210 targets a specific sequence in ΦKZ, which prevents the assembly of progeny viruses. This work demonstrates how a homing endonuclease can be deployed in interference competition among viruses and provide a relative fitness advantage. Given the ubiquity of homing endonucleases, this selective advantage likely has widespread evolutionary implications in diverse plasmid and viral competition as well as virus-host interactions.

Implication of Molecular Constraints Facilitating the Functional Evolution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa KPR2 into a Versatile α-Keto-Acid Reductase.

Theoretical concepts linking the structure, function, and evolution of a protein, while often intuitive, necessitate validation through investigations in real-world systems. Our study empirically explores the evolutionary implications of multiple gene copies in an organism by shedding light on the structure-function modulations observed in Pseudomonas aeruginosa's second copy of ketopantoate reductase (PaKPR2). We demonstrated with two apo structures that the typical active site cleft of the protein transforms into a two-sided pocket where a molecular gate made up of two residues controls the substrate entry site, resulting in its inactivity toward the natural substrate ketopantoate. Strikingly, this structural modification made the protein active against several important α-keto-acid substrates with varied efficiency. Structural constraints at the binding site for this altered functional trait were analyzed with two binary complexes that show the conserved residue microenvironment faces restricted movements due to domain closure. Finally, its mechanistic highlights gathered from a ternary complex structure help in delineating the molecular perspectives behind its kinetic cooperativity toward these broad range of substrates. Detailed structural characteristics of the protein presented here also identified four key amino acid residues responsible for its versatile α-keto-acid reductase activity, which can be further modified to improve its functional properties through protein engineering.

Understanding the Genetic Basis of Variation in Meiotic Recombination: Past, Present, and Future.

Meiotic recombination is a fundamental feature of sexually reproducing species. It is often required for proper chromosome segregation and plays important role in adaptation and the maintenance of genetic diversity. The molecular mechanisms of recombination are remarkably conserved across eukaryotes, yet meiotic genes and proteins show substantial variation in their sequence and function, even between closely related species. Furthermore, the rate and distribution of recombination shows a huge diversity within and between chromosomes, individuals, sexes, populations, and species. This variation has implications for many molecular and evolutionary processes, yet how and why this diversity has evolved is not well understood. A key step in understanding trait evolution is to determine its genetic basis-that is, the number, effect sizes, and distribution of loci underpinning variation. In this perspective, I discuss past and current knowledge on the genetic basis of variation in recombination rate and distribution, explore its evolutionary implications, and present open questions for future research.

The Initial Upper Paleolithic from Tolbor-16, Mongolia: Characteristics of the Lithic Assemblage and Their Evolutionary Implications

According to fossil evidence, the Initial Upper Paleolithic (IUP) refers to archaeological assemblages associated with the early dispersal of Homo sapiens across Eurasia. These assemblages are often described as exhibiting a combination of Middle and Upper Paleolithic typo-technological features or, more broadly, as a technology in progression from the former to the latter. Genetic evidence indicates that as members of our species moved across Europe and Asia, they encountered Neanderthal, Denisovan, and possibly other local populations. At the Eurasian scale, the IUP shows considerable variation, but to what extent this corresponds to a relatively unified cultural package strictly associated with our species, or a suite of unrelated technologies reflecting the complex dynamics of a global population turnover, remains unclear. Like most archaeological assemblages, however, the IUP illustrates a combination of adaptive and normative behaviors, along with some stochastic variation. Here, we investigate what drives typo-technological variation within an IUP assemblage to identify traits relevant for larger scale inter-regional comparisons. Specifically, we describe a lithic assemblage dated to ca. 45 ka cal BP from the site of Tolbor-16 in northern Mongolia. We identify three defining aspects of the IUP at the site, namely variation in core shape and size, patterns of blade core reduction, and the presence of Middle Paleolithic typo-technological features. Our goal is to clarify the influence of dynamic reduction processes on assemblage composition and, within the variation observed, to identify typo-technological features that are relevant for inter-regional comparisons and scenarios of population dispersal.

Taxonomy and evolutionary implications of a new fossil stonefly family (Insecta, Plecoptera) from Middle Cretaceous Kachin amber of northern Myanmar

Plecoptera, commonly known as stoneflies, represent an ancient order of aquatic insects with significant ecological importance in freshwater ecosystems. This study describes a new genus and species of stonefly, Crossoperla teslenkoae n. gen. n. sp., based on a female adult preserved in Middle Cretaceous Kachin amber. Morphological examination reveals the taxonomic placement of C. teslenkoae within the infraorder Systellognatha of the suborder Arctoperlaria. Distinctive wing venation patterns and genitalic structures differentiate C. teslenkoae from extant and extinct stonefly families. A new extinct fossil family, Crossoperlidae n. fam. is established for the new stonefly. The findings contribute to the understanding of stonefly evolution, palaeodiversity, and ecological adaptations.

A Cretaceous Caddisfly Larva Encased in Amber and Its Evolutionary Implications (Insecta: Trichoptera)

A Cretaceous Caddisfly Larva Encased in Amber and Its Evolutionary Implications (Insecta: Trichoptera)