Direction Of Evolution Research Articles

Simplified Genomic Data Revealing the Decline of Aleuritopteris grevilleoides Population Accompanied by the Uplift of Dry-Hot Valley in Yunnan, China.

Understanding the evolutionary history of endangered species is crucial for identifying the main reasons for species endangerment in the past and predicting the changing trends and evolutionary directions of their future distribution. In order to study the impact of environmental changes caused by deep valley incision after the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau on endangered species, we collected 23 samples belonging to four populations of Aleuritopteris grevilleoides, an endangered fern endemic to the dry-hot valleys (DHV) of Yunnan. Single-nucleotide variation sites (SNPs) were obtained by the genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) method, and approximately 8085 SNP loci were identified. Through the reconstruction and analysis of genetic diversity, population structure, population dynamics, evolution time, and ancestral geographical distribution, combined with geological historical events such as the formation of dry-hot valleys, this study explores the formation history, current situation, reasons for endangerment and scientifically sound measures for the protection of A. grevilleoides. In our study, A. grevilleoides had low genetic diversity (Obs_Het = 0.16, Exp_Het = 0.32, Pi = 0.33) and a high inbreeding coefficient (Fis = 0.45). The differentiation events were 0.18 Mya, 0.16 Mya, and 0.11 Mya in the A. grevilleoides and may have been related to the formation of terraces within the dry-hot valleys. The history of population dynamics results shows that the diversion of the river resulted in a small amount of gene flow between the two clades, accompanied by a rapid increase in the population at 0.8 Mya. After that, the effective population sizes of A. grevilleoides began to contract continuously due to topographic changes resulting from the continuous expansion of dry-hot valleys. In conclusion, we found that the environmental changes caused by geological events might be the main reason for the changing population size of A. grevilleoides.

Evolutionary game analysis on incremental component suppliers and auto manufacturers' intelligent connected vehicle production decisions

AbstractThis paper considers a two‐population evolutionary game between incremental component suppliers and new energy vehicle (NEV) manufacturers to explore their intelligent connected vehicle (ICV) production decisions in the long term. The government subsidy policy is taken into consideration in the extended model. Through analysis, we derive all the possible evolutionary results and obtain while the static subsidy affects the thresholds compared with non‐government subsidy situation, it has no effect on the overall evolutionary direction. However, the dynamic subsidy can remove the periodic behavior of the ICV supply chain participants. This paper provides some suggestions to enhance the ICV industry development.

Specific features of the morphology of the spinal nodes of homeothermal vertebrate animals in the comparative and anatomical series

Scientific studies that reflect the evolutionary morphology of the nervous system, namely the spinal nodes of homoeothermic vertebrates, allow us to identify specific patterns, trends, and criteria that relate to the structural organization of the organ at the population and cellular levels of their organization. The evolutionary direction of research into the macro- and microstructure of spinal cord nodes provides an opportunity to investigate the patterns of formation of optimal relationships of their structural components: nerve and glial cells, capillaries concerning the level of development of the organism, and their motor activity. The article contains the results of the morphometric characteristics of the spinal nodes of warm-blooded vertebrates in a comparative aspect: class Aves – Birds (Gallus gallus, forma domestica L., 1758 – domestic chicken); class Mammalia – Mammals (Oryctolagus cuniculus L., 1758 – European krill, Canis lupus familiaris L., 1758 – domestic dog, Sus scrofa, forma domestica L., 1758 – domestic pig, Bos taurus taurus L., 1758 – domestic bull). When performing this work, complex research methods were used: anatomical, neurohistological, morphometric, and statistical. The morphological study of the structural components of the organs of the nervous system was studied on histological sections by the method of light microscopy following the requirements of the international principles of the “European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used in Experiments and for Other Scientific Purposes” (Strasbourg, 1986), a decision of the First National Congress on Bioethics (Kyiv, 2001), Law of Ukraine No. 692 “On the Protection of Animals from Cruel Treatment” (3447-IV) dated February 21, 2006. For histological examination, the newly selected material was immediately fixed in a 10% aqueous neutral formalin solution, with a fixation period of 30 days, followed by step-by-step embedding in paraffin. Using a sled microtome, histological sections with a thickness of 6–10 μm were obtained. The general histological structure and microstructural changes in histological preparations were studied under a light microscope MC (Micros Austria) at magnifications from 70 to 600 times. Photomicrographs of histological preparations were carried out using a CAM V200 video camera mounted in a Micros MC microscope. The work aims to conduct a complex morpho-functional study of spinal nodes in a comparative anatomical series of representatives of higher vertebrates. It was investigated that in phylogenesis, a particular structural and morphofunctional rearrangement of the central and peripheral nervous system organs, namely the spinal nodes, takes place. They differ in shape and size. It was established that the neurocytic organization of the spinal cord nodes of all species of animals studied is characterized by the presence of large, medium, and small nerve cells. Adaptation to various living conditions of animals was formed based on morphometric indicators (the volume of neurocytes and their nuclei), their morphological structures, the density of nerve cells per 0.1 mm2, the number of glial cells per 0.1 mm2, an indicator of nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, degree of polymorphism chromatophilia. Nissl staining of histopreparations of spinal nodes of homoothermic animals showed that the neuroplasm of nerve cells contains well-defined depths of basophilic substance, compared with lower animals, as evidence of a higher degree of development in nerve cells of the protein-synthesizing apparatus. According to the method of impregnation of spinal cord nodes with silver nitrate in all studied animals, a different intensity of coloring of nerve cells is revealed: dark, light-dark, light, which is related to the peculiarities of species and age neuromorphology, the morphofunctional state of the nervous system and the type of higher nervous activity. The obtained morpho-functional features of the organs of the nervous system are essential not only for evolutionary and comparative morphology but also for developing issues of physiology, pathology, and treatment of peripheral nervous system diseases.

Amoeba-Inspired Magnetic Venom Microrobots.

Nature provides a successful evolutionary direction for single-celled organisms to solve complex problems and complete survival tasks - pseudopodium. Amoeba, a unicellular protozoan, can produce temporary pseudopods in any direction by controlling the directional flow of protoplasm to perform important life activities such as environmental sensing, motility, predation, and excretion. However, creating robotic systems with pseudopodia to emulate environmental adaptability and tasking capabilities of natural amoeba or amoeboid cells remains challenging. Here, this work presents a strategy that uses alternating magnetic fields to reconfigure magnetic droplet into Amoeba-like microrobot, and the mechanisms of pseudopodia generation and locomotion are analyzed. By simply adjusting the field direction, microrobots switch in monopodia, bipodia, and locomotion modes, performing all pseudopod operations such as active contraction, extension, bending, and amoeboid movement. The pseudopodia endow droplet robots with excellent maneuverability to adapt to environmental variations, including spanning 3D terrains and swimming in bulk liquids. Inspired by the "Venom," the phagocytosis and parasitic behaviors have also been investigated. Parasitic droplets inherit all the capabilities of amoeboid robot, expanding their applicable scenarios such as reagent analysis, microchemical reactions, calculi removal, and drug-mediated thrombolysis. This microrobot may provide fundamental understanding of single-celled livings, and potential applications in biotechnology and biomedicine.

Analysis of the complete mitogenome of Daphnia galeata from the Han River, South Korea: structure comparison and control region evolution.

Daphnia galeata is an important plankton in aquatic ecosystems. As a widely distributed species, D. galeata has been found throughout the Holarctic region. Understanding the genetic diversity and evolution of D. galeata requires the accumulation of genetic information from different locations. Even though the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequence of D. galeata has already been reported, little is known about the evolution of its mitochondrial control region. In this study, D. galeata samples were collected from the Han River on the Korean Peninsula and its partial nd2 gene was sequenced for haplotype network analysis. This analysis showed that four clades of D. galeata were present in the Holarctic region. Moreover, the D. galeata examined in this study belonged to clade D and was specific to SouthKorea. The mitogenome of D. galeata from the Han River showed similar gene content and structure compared to sequences reported from Japan. Furthermore, the structure of control region of the Han River was similar to those of Japanese clones and differed substantially from European clone. Finally, a phylogenetic analysis based on the amino acid sequences of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs) indicated that D. galeata from theHan River formed a cluster with clones collected from Lakes Kasumigaura, Shirakaba, and Kizaki in Japan. The differences in control region structure and stem and loop structure reflect the different evolutionary directions of the mitogenomes from Asian and European clones. These findings improve our understanding of the mitogenome structure and genetic diversity of D. galeata.

A Hybrid Decision-Making Framework for Selecting the Emergency Alternatives

The frequent occurrence of emergencies has created huge economic losses and numerous casualties and has seriously affected the sustainable development of many societies. The abruptness, destructiveness, unpredictability and complexity of emergency situations pose a great challenge in implementing appropriate responses. To effectively respond to emergencies, it is necessary to select the most suitable, or several, of the numerous emergency plan alternatives, especially when the evolutionary direction of the emergency is highly uncertain. Some progress has been made in the study of emergency alternative selection (EAS) but the capacity for emergency decision-making in real disasters is still quite limited. Therefore, more in-depth research is necessary. As a remedy to the EAS problems, such as unitary information expression, inflexible decision-making processes and insufficient attention to uncertainty, this study proposes a hybrid decision-making method that considers an intuitionistic fuzzy environment, linguistic environment and their hybrid environment, and implements the conversion and processing of decision-making information in different environments based on the Dempster–Shafer theory (DST). This model provides a more flexible evaluation method for decision-makers, and provides a complete decision-making process for EAS. A flood disaster case study from China is used to demonstrate and verify the effectiveness of the proposed model.

Development Pattern of Medical Device Technology and Regulatory Evolution of Cataract Treatment

To prevent regulation from becoming an obstacle to healthcare technological innovation, regulation should evolve as new healthcare technologies are developed. Although regulation is closely related to healthcare technology development, there are few studies that view healthcare technological advances from the multi-layered perspective of papers, patents, and clinical research and link this with regulatory evolution. Therefore, this study tried to develop a new method from a multi-layer perspective and draw regulatory implications based on it. This study applied this method to intraocular lens (IOLs) for cataract treatment and detected four major healthcare technologies and two recent healthcare technologies. Moreover, it discussed how current regulations evaluate these technologies. The findings provide implications for healthcare technological advances and the evolutionary direction of regulation through the example of IOLs for cataract treatment. This study contributes to the development of theoretical methods for co-evolution with regulations based on healthcare technology innovation.

Development and research trends of a polypropylene material in electrical engineering: A bibliometric mapping analysis and systematical review

In order to explore the development and research trends of polypropylene (PP) in electrical engineering, the research literature is quantitatively analyzed using a bibliometric method with the VOSviewer and CiteSpace software. First, the research literature about PP material in electrical engineering applications is collected, from 1990 to 2022. Then, by analyzing the keyword co-occurrence, keyword co-occurrence timezone, author cooperation network, and national cooperation network, the research hotspots of the PP field and its time evolutionary path and development direction are introduced. It is found that the nano-modification, mechanical, and electrical properties are the most popular research hotspots in this field. Most research studies were completed by few specific researchers. A stable cooperative group has not been formed in this field yet, indicating the necessity of further integration. Most articles about PP were published in dielectric and material journals. It is suggested that more open access journals are required to popularize the existing research results among the public and to promote the development of PP. Although the most published country is China, the United States publishes the most cited papers on average.

More or less deadly? A mathematical model that predicts SARS-CoV-2 evolutionary direction

SARS-CoV-2 has caused tremendous deaths globally. It is of great value to predict the evolutionary direction of SARS-CoV-2. In this paper, we proposed a novel mathematical model that could predict the evolutionary trend of SARS-CoV-2. We focus on the mutational effects on viral assembly capacity. A robust coarse-grained mathematical model is constructed to simulate the virus dynamics in the host body. Both virulence and transmissibility can be quantified in this model. A delicate equilibrium point that optimizes the transmissibility can be numerically obtained. Based on this model, the virulence of SARS-CoV-2 might further decrease, accompanied by an enhancement of transmissibility. However, this trend is not continuous; its virulence will not disappear but remains at a relatively stable range. A virus assembly model which simulates the virus packing process is also proposed. It can be explained why a few mutations would lead to a significant divergence in clinical performance, both in the overall particle formation quantity and virulence. This research provides a novel mathematical attempt to elucidate the evolutionary driving force in RNA virus evolution.

A Narrative Review of Current Status and Future Perspective of Telemedicine for Parkinson's Disease, Dementia, and Intractable Neurological Diseases in Japan

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has uncovered several inherent problems in society. While the demand for telemedicine surged worldwide and some countries responded flexibly, in Japan, most telemedicine services were limited to telephone consultations, and full-fledged telemedicine did not become widespread. In addition, the digitalization process in both medicine and wider society lags behind some other nations. It is necessary to accelerate digital transformation in healthcare to build a sustainable society that is resilient to crises, such as new pandemics. In particular, as Japan is facing an issue of super-aged society, a sustainable care model for people with Parkinson’s disease, dementia, and intractable neurological diseases should be established. Many neurodegenerative and intractable neurological diseases are progressive; as the disease progresses, patients could become difficult to visit specialists. Although online medical care has many advantages, it does not provide the same quality of information as face-to-face consultations. However, new technology can overcome the limitations of online medical care. As an evolutionary direction for telemedicine, three-dimensional telemedicine technologies are being developed, which enable online medical treatment to be delivered as if the patient was sharing the same space. Telemonitoring can enable the objective and continuous evaluation of patient information at home through the use of motion capture, wearable devices, and other devices. The advancement of digital transformation in medical care should be a game-changer in accumulating big data and analyzing it using artificial intelligence.

Верхний палеолит предгорий Северного Тянь-Шаня: вопросы хронологии и культурной атрибуции

The study of the Upper Paleolithic in the foothills of the Northern Tien Shan has no long history. The first discoveries of archaeological sites of that period were carried out only in the early 21st century. Nevertheless, several sites of the Upper Paleolithic found here are being studied with varying degrees of intensity. The most studied of them are the Maibulak and Rakhat sites. Both sites are multi-layered. The sequences of cultural deposits mutually complement each other. The cultural layers of the sites lie in multi-meter deposits of loess-like loams. The specificity of sedimentation significantly influenced the high degree of preservation of cultural remains. At different levels such features as: charcoal spots, burn spots, hearths, storage pits were found. This fact, with a high degree of probability, indicates the undisturbed pattern of the archaeological complexes in each of the cultural layers. The remains of settlements of the Early Upper Paleolithic (~40,000-28,000 years ago) are most clearly represented on the Maibulak site. The Rakhat site was actively populated in the Middle Upper Paleolithic and at the beginning of the Late Upper Paleolithic (~28,000-19,000 years ago). Based on the archaeological data, it can be concluded that the development of the Upper Paleolithic in the region as a cultural unit lies in the same stream of evolutionary direction with the western part of Eurasia. The significant originality is noted in the lithic assemblages of different stages of the Upper Paleolithic. Thus, the study of the Upper Paleolithic in this territory, located between the large cultural areas of Europe, Western Asia, on the one hand, and Siberia, East Asia, on the other, is of great scientific importance.

Origin and Reversion of Omicron Core Mutations in the Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Genomes.

Genetic analyses showed nearly 30 amino acid mutations occurred in the spike protein of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2. However, how these mutations occurred and changed during the generation and development of Omicron remains unclear. In this study, 6.7 million (all publicly available data from 2020/04/01 to 2022/04/01) SARS-CoV-2 genomes were analyzed to track the origin and evolution of Omicron variants and to reveal the genetic pathways of the generation of core mutations in Omicron. The haplotype network visualized the pre-Omicron, intact-Omicron, and post-Omicron variants and revealed their evolutionary direction. The correlation analysis showed the correlation feature of the core mutations in Omicron. Moreover, we found some core mutations, such as 142D, 417N, 440K, and 764K, reversed to ancestral residues (142G, 417K, 440N, and 764N) in the post-Omicron variant, suggesting the reverse mutations provided sources for the emergence of new variants. In summary, our analysis probed the origin and further evolution of Omicron sub-variants, which may add to our understanding of new variants and facilitate the control of the pandemic.

Research on Multi-Objective Multi-Robot Task Allocation by Lin–Kernighan–Helsgaun Guided Evolutionary Algorithms

Multi-robot task allocation (MRTA) and route planning are crucial for a large-scale multi-robot system. In this paper, the problem is formulated to minimize the total energy consumption and overall task completion time simultaneously, with some constraints taken into consideration. To represent a solution, a novel one-chromosome representation technique is proposed, which eases the consequent genetic operations and the construction of the cost matrix. Lin–Kernighan–Helsgaun (LKH), a highly efficient sub-tour planner, is employed to generate prophet generation beforehand as well as guide the evolutionary direction during the proceeding of multi-objective evolutionary algorithms, aiming to promote convergence of the Pareto front. Numerical experiments on the benchmark show the LKH guidance mechanism is effective for two famous multi-objective evolutionary algorithms, namely multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition (MOEA/D) and non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA), of which LKH-guided NSGA exhibits the best performance on three predefined indicators, namely C-metric, HV, and Spacing, respectively. The generalization experiment on a multiple depots MRTA problem with constraints further demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed approach for practical decision making.

Dynamic Constrained Boundary Method for Constrained Multi-Objective Optimization

When solving complex constrained problems, how to efficiently utilize promising infeasible solutions is an essential issue because these promising infeasible solutions can significantly improve the diversity of algorithms. However, most existing constrained multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (CMOEAs) do not fully exploit these promising infeasible solutions. In order to solve this problem, a constrained multi-objective optimization evolutionary algorithm based on the dynamic constraint boundary method is proposed (CDCBM). The proposed algorithm continuously searches for promising infeasible solutions between UPF (the unconstrained Pareto front) and CPF (the constrained Pareto front) during the evolution process by the dynamically changing auxiliary population of the constraint boundary, which continuously provides supplementary evolutionary directions to the main population and improves the convergence and diversity of the main population. Extensive experiments on three well-known test suites and three real-world constrained multi-objective optimization problems demonstrate that CDCBM is more competitive than seven state-of-the-art CMOEAs.

Evolutionary Game Analysis of the Regulatory Strategy of Third-Party Environmental Pollution Management

The “multiple-interaction” model of third-party management for environmental pollution has gradually replaced the traditional “command-and-control” model and become a new trend in governance. This new governance system is accompanied by a lack of regulatory capacity, a single reward and punishment mechanism, and frequent rent-seeking behavior, and other governance problems are becoming increasingly prominent. Based on the premise of limited rationality, considering the possible rent-seeking behavior of pollution control enterprises and professional environmental testing institutions, this paper constructs a tripartite evolutionary game model with pollution control enterprises, professional environmental testing institutions, and government regulatory departments as the main bodies. The evolutionary stabilization strategy of the three-party game is analyzed according to Lyapunov’s theory, and the system is optimized through a computational experimental simulation in MATLAB. The research results show that the government can effectively regulate the behavior of pollution control enterprises and professional environmental testing institutions by appropriately increasing the rewards and punishments, but excessive rewards are not conducive to increasing the government regulators’ own performance; the existing static reward and punishment mechanism of the government regulators fails to reward and punish the behavior of governance subjects in real time, and the linear dynamic punishment mechanism greatly increases the probability of rent-seeking behavior, neither of which is a stable control strategy for the system. The non-linear dynamic reward and punishment mechanism takes into account both dynamic incentives and dynamic constraints to make the system achieve the desired evolutionary stability strategy, i.e., pollution control enterprises follow regulations, professional environmental testing agencies refuse to seek rent, and the government actively regulates the system as the final evolutionary direction. The research findings and management implications provide countermeasures and suggestions for government regulators to improve the regulatory mechanism for the third-party management of environmental pollution.

Whole-genome assembly and annotation for the little yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis) provide insights into the evolution of hermaphroditism and gonochorism.

The evolutionary direction of gonochorism and hermaphroditism is an intriguing mystery to be solved. The special transient hermaphroditic stage makes the little yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis) an appealing model for studying hermaphrodite formation. However, the origin and evolutionary relationship between of L.polyactis and Larimichthys crocea, the most famous commercial fish species in East Asia, remain unclear. Here, we report the sequence of the L.polyactis genome, which we found is ~706 Mb long (contig N50=1.21 Mb and scaffold N50=4.52 Mb) and contains 25,233 protein-coding genes. Phylogenomic analysis suggested that L.polyactis diverged from the common ancestor, L.crocea, approximately 25.4million years ago. Our high-quality genome assembly enabled comparative genomic analysis, which revealed several within-chromosome rearrangements and translocations, without major chromosome fission or fusion events between the two species. The dmrt1 gene was identified as the male-specific gene in L.polyactis. Transcriptome analysis showed that the expression of dmrt1 and its upstream regulatory gene (rnf183) were both sexually dimorphic. Rnf183, unlike its two paralogues rnf223 and rnf225, is only present in Larimichthys and Lates but not in other teleost species, suggesting that it originated from lineage-specific duplication or was lost in other teleosts. Phylogenetic analysis shows that the hermaphrodite stage in male L.polyactis may be explained by the sequence evolution of dmrt1. Decoding the L.polyactis genome not only provides insight into the genetic underpinnings of hermaphrodite evolution, but also provides valuable information for enhancing fish aquaculture.

Sliding mode control for 2D FMII systems: A bidirectional dynamic event-triggered strategy

This work is concerned with the event-triggered sliding mode control (SMC) problem for 2D FMII systems. Firstly, the partially ordered sequence is defined, and then, a bidirectional dynamic event-triggered mechanism is introduced into the S/C channel to reduce the unnecessary transmission. The evolutionary directions of both the triggered sequences and dynamic variables are consistent with the evolution direction of 2D FMII system states. Afterwards, the event-triggered SMC scheme is designed by introducing a model transformation. Also, sufficient conditions are established for guaranteeing both the reachability of the specified sliding surface and the exponential stability of the sliding mode dynamics on this sliding surface. Finally, the proposed control scheme is demonstrated via simulation results.

A Novel Multistrategy-Based Differential Evolution Algorithm and Its Application

To address the poor searchability, population diversity, and slow convergence speed of the differential evolution (DE) algorithm in solving capacitated vehicle routing problems (CVRP), a new multistrategy-based differential evolution algorithm with the saving mileage algorithm, sequential encoding, and gravitational search algorithm, namely SEGDE, is proposed to solve CVRP in this paper. Firstly, an optimization model of CVRP with the shortest total vehicle routing is established. Then, the saving mileage algorithm is employed to initialize the population of the DE to improve the initial solution quality and the search efficiency. The sequential encoding approach is used to adjust the differential mutation strategy to legalize the current solution and ensure its effectiveness. Finally, the gravitational search algorithm is applied to calculate the gravitational relationship between points to effectively adjust the evolutionary search direction and further improve the search efficiency. Four CVRPs are selected to verify the effectiveness of the proposed SEGDE algorithm. The experimental results show that the proposed SEGDE algorithm can effectively solve the CVRPs and obtain the ideal vehicle routing. It adopts better search speed, global optimization ability, routing length, and stability.

A Modified Reptile Search Algorithm for Numerical Optimization Problems.

The reptile search algorithm (RSA) is a swarm-based metaheuristic algorithm inspired by the encirclement and hunt mechanisms of crocodiles. Compared with other algorithms, RSA is competitive but still suffers from low population diversity, unbalanced exploitation and exploration, and the tendency to fall into local optima. To overcome these shortcomings, a modified variant of RSA, named MRSA, is proposed in this paper. First, an adaptive chaotic reverse learning strategy is employed to enhance the population diversity. Second, an elite alternative pooling strategy is proposed to balance exploitation and exploration. Finally, a shifted distribution estimation strategy is used to correct the evolutionary direction and improve the algorithm performance. Subsequently, the superiority of MRSA is verified using 23 benchmark functions, IEEE CEC2017 benchmark functions, and robot path planning problems. The Friedman test, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and simulation results show that the proposed MRSA outperforms other comparative algorithms in terms of convergence accuracy, convergence speed, and stability.

Molecular Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus in China Reveals the Key Gene Features Involved in Epidemic Transmission and Adaptive Evolution.

ABSTRACTStaphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive pathogen that causes various infections in humans and domestic animals. In China, S. aureus is the most common Gram-positive pathogen that causes clinical infections. However, there are few comprehensive genome-based molecular epidemiology studies to investigate the genotypic background of the major S. aureus clones that are epidemic in China. Here, four S. aureus isolates that were recovered from hospital personnel were sequenced. In combination with whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data of 328 S. aureus strains as references, we performed a comprehensive molecular epidemiology study to reveal the molecular epidemic characterization of S. aureus that is epidemic in China. It was found that 332 S. aureus isolates were phylogenetically categorized into 4 major epidemic groups with different epidemiology phenotypes. Each group has exclusive features in virulence genotypic profiles, antimicrobial resistance genotypic profiles, core and pangenome features representing the differences involved in genetic features, evolutionary processes, and potential future evolutionary directions. Moreover, a comparative core genome analysis of 332 S. aureus isolates indicated several key genes that contributed to differences in molecular epidemic characterization and promoted the adaptive evolutionary process of each group. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of molecular epidemiological characteristics and adaptive evolutionary directions of major S. aureus clones that are epidemic in China.IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus is an important Gram-positive pathogen that is epidemic worldwide and causes various infections in humans and domestic animals. However, there has been relatively little research on comprehensive molecular epidemiology in China. In this research, we reconstructed the phylogenetic relationship based on whole-genome data of strains almost all over China, screened for resistance and virulence genes, and took core and pan genome analysis to perform a comprehensive molecular epidemiology study of S. aureus that is epidemic in China. Our results highlight that there are 4 major epidemic groups with different epidemiology phenotypes after phylogenetic categorization with exclusive genetic features in virulence genotypic profiles, antimicrobial-resistance genotypic profiles, and core and pangenome features, and we found key gene features involved in epidemic transmission and adaptive evolution. Our findings are critical in describing molecular characteristic profiles of S. aureus infection, which could update existing preventive measures and take appropriate strategies.