Direction Of Evolution Research Articles

Nucleotide composition bias and codon usage trends of gene populations in Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum and M. agalactiae

Because of the low GC content of the gene population, amino acids of the two mycoplasmas tend to be encoded by synonymous codons with an A or T end. Compared with the codon usage of ovine, Mycoplasma capricolum and M. agalactiae tend to select optimal codons, which are rare codons in ovine. Due to codon usage pattern caused by genes with key biological functions, the overall codon usage trends represent a certain evolutionary direction in the life cycle of the two mycoplasmas. The overall codon usage trends of a gene population of M. capricolum subsp. capricolum can be obviously separated from other mycoplasmas, and the overall codon usage trends of M. agalactiae are highly similar to those of M. bovis. These results partly indicate the independent evolution of the two mycoplasmas without the limits of the host cell's environment. The GC and AT skews estimate nucleotide composition bias at different positions of nucleotide triplets and the protein consideration caused by the nucleotide composition bias at codon positions 1 and 2 largely take part in synonymous codon usage patterns of the two mycoplasmas. The correlation between the codon adaptation index and codon usage variation indicates that the effect of codon usage on gene expression in M. capricolum subsp. capricolum is opposite to that of M. agalactiae, further suggesting independence of the evolutionary process influencing the overall codon usage trends of gene populations of mycoplasmas.

A new stage of the Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review

At the end of the nineteenth century, in 1898, Thorstein Veblen asked why economics is not an evolutionary science. In the same year, Alfred Marshall wrote that the mecca of economists is economic biology. Thus, the academic interest in the direction of evolutionary economics is not new. The evolutionary or biological direction, then, meant the dynamics of human nature in its interaction with institutional environment. It suggested the need for synthesis of historical and theoretical analysis that social sciences in the preceding century had contributed. This hope of evolutionary synthesis was not fulfilled in the twentieth century. A counterdirection of neo-classical economics that sought a rational construction of pure economics based on methodological individualism dominated academia. All of the social elements were expelled from the economic theory together with the empirical reality. Economics in the twentieth century was a lonely queen who isolated herself from other social sciences to say nothing of natural sciences. It was only in the late decades of the century that the direction of evolutionary synthesis regained its momentum. However, this retarded resumption had its own advantage, as it could assimilate various recent scientific advances. Not only the progress in molecular biology but

A novel hybrid multi-objective immune algorithm with adaptive differential evolution

In this paper, we propose a novel hybrid multi-objective immune algorithm with adaptive differential evolution, named ADE-MOIA, in which the introduction of differential evolution (DE) into multi-objective immune algorithm (MOIA) combines their respective advantages and thus enhances the robustness to solve various kinds of MOPs. In ADE-MOIA, in order to effectively cooperate DE with MOIA, we present a novel adaptive DE operator, which includes a suitable parent selection strategy and a novel adaptive parameter control approach. When performing DE operation, two parents are respectively picked from the current evolved and dominated population in order to provide a correct evolutionary direction. Moreover, based on the evolutionary progress and the success rate of offspring, the crossover rate and scaling factor in DE operator are adaptively varied for each individual. The proposed adaptive DE operator is able to improve both of the convergence speed and population diversity, which are validated by the experimental studies. When comparing ADE-MOIA with several nature-inspired heuristic algorithms, such as NSGA-II, SPEA2, AbYSS, MOEA/D-DE, MIMO and D2MOPSO, simulations show that ADE-MOIA performs better on most of 21 well-known benchmark problems.

Las reglas y la casualidad en Baloncesto: una aproximación histórica (The rules and the chance in Basketball: a historical approach)

El objetivo del presente artículo es reflexionar sobre la influencia positiva de la evolución de las reglas y la consiguiente reducción de la casualidad en el deporte del baloncesto. A través del análisis de la evolución histórica reglamentaria se argumentará metafóricamente que la casualidad fue acorralada desde el origen del juego y adormecida en su desarrollo histórico. La justificación de este posicionamiento metafórico está argumentada en las intenciones primarias de Naishmith cuando creó un nuevo juego, así como en las posteriores tendencias de evolución reglamentarias que a lo largo de los tiempos, el baloncesto ha implantado. Se concluye reforzando la idea de que en el deporte del baloncesto se potencia más el valor del mérito que la presencia de la casualidad, siendo éste el factor condicionante de la dinámica del juego de este deporte colectivo.Abstract: The present paper intends to link positive influence of the evolution in rules and the rising reduction casualty with the basketball game dynamics. Throughout a metaphoric perspective it assumes that casualty factors were somehow covered up since the game invention and they were somehow sleepy during the game evolution. This metaphoric point is justified with an historical analysis to Naismith’s goals, presuming the game was created and reinforced by the evolutionary trends of his rules across the time. It was concluded that casualty role in basketball performance was controlled by an evolutionary direction, where the value of merit, ability and expertise are seen as determinants of basketball dynamics.

Modeling and Simulation of Polarization in Internet Group Opinions Based on Cellular Automata

Hot events on Internet always attract many people who usually form one or several opinion camps through discussion. For the problem of polarization in Internet group opinions, we propose a new model based on Cellular Automata by considering neighbors, opinion leaders, and external influences. Simulation results show the following: (1) It is easy to form the polarization for both continuous opinions and discrete opinions when we only consider neighbors influence, and continuous opinions are more effective in speeding the polarization of group. (2) Coevolution mechanism takes more time to make the system stable, and the global coupling mechanism leads the system to consensus. (3) Opinion leaders play an important role in the development of consensus in Internet group opinions. However, both taking the opinion leaders as zealots and taking some randomly selected individuals as zealots are not conductive to the consensus. (4) Double opinion leaders with consistent opinions will accelerate the formation of group consensus, but the opposite opinions will lead to group polarization. (5) Only small external influences can change the evolutionary direction of Internet group opinions.

Achieving a Sustainable Global Civilization

Human beings are now facing three major challenges: the crisis of the natural environment in which humans live, the crisis of the human social environment, and the crisis of human civilization arising from the negative impacts of the explosive development of technologies and the omnipotence of science that affects the direction of human evolution. Indeed, according to the above challenges, we need to pursue future forecasting individually, analyze the harms and risks, and put forward solutions, or even develop business opportunities. But these efforts are far from enough to eradicate the above crises. At present, all the challenges and crises mentioned are related to the relationship between man and nature, man and man, and man and society, as well as the direction of the human development mode. To share our planet and ensure our planet’s survival as well as that of our human society, and avoid humanity’s catastrophic collapse due to man’s behaviors, a batch of futurists are needed to shift the focus of research to a comprehensive, long-term future study, including to reveal the truth of human crises; to explore an ultimate goal, vision, and path to achieve human sustainable development; to understand what technology is, which is called the driving force of human social development; to figure out who we are and toward which evolutionary direction human beings should evolve; and so on. Only when a consensus has been reached on these fundamental issues—and the main direction has been determined—can we put an end to short-term actions and come up with systemic solutions. Only then are we able to shorten the period of transformation from our industrial civilization to finally realize humanity’s long-cherished ideal of a great global civilization.

Interference competition among disperser ants affects their preference for seeds of an ant‐dispersed sedge Carex tristachya (Cyperaceae)

AbstractFor animal‐dispersed plants, evolutionary direction of seed traits is largely determined by the trait preference of disperser animals. Thus, clarifying conditions determining the disperser's preferences is important for understanding the evolution of dispersal traits in animal‐dispersed plants. The intensity of the interference competition among dispersers may be a factor affecting the seed trait preference of disperser animals, because it often weakens the food preference of various animals. To test this possibility, we examined correlation between the intensity of interference competition among disperser ants and their trait preference for seeds of an ant‐dispersed sedge, Carex tristachya Thunb. (Cyperaceae). By a cafeteria experiment conducted in the field, we first confirmed the overall preference by disperser ants for the elaiosome, which is a seed appendage facilitating the dispersal by ants. Second, we detected the negative correlation between the preference for elaiosomes and the frequency of interference among ants at a depot. Third, we compared this trend between dominants and subordinates of ants and revealed that the negative correlation was seen only in dominant species. These results suggest that the intensity of interference competition and the variation in its effect on animal species at different social status play important roles for the evolution of seed traits via the modification of seed trait preference by disperser animals.

Factors to Affect the Eutrophication and Phytoplankton Blooms in the Three Gorges Reservoir

The phytoplankton blooms in the tributary bays have become the most serious environmental problem in Three Gorge Reservoir (TGR), China. In order to understand the mechanism of those phytoplankton blooms, the factors to affect the eutrophication and Phytoplankton blooms have been summarized. Generally, in lakes eutrophication is a natural evolutionary process, which is affected by light, temperature, nutrients, predation, migration and stratification. Recent decade's human activities played a role to promote this evolution but not to change the evolutionary direction. However, in the TGR, the changed hydrodynamics caused by the TGD are considered to be the most important triggers to the phytoplankton blooms, especially the longer residence time, thermal density currents and stratification.

Development of organophosphate hydrolase activity in a bacterial homolog of human cholinesterase.

We applied a combination of rational design and directed evolution (DE) to Bacillus subtilis p-nitrobenzyl esterase (pNBE) with the goal of enhancing organophosphorus acid anhydride hydrolase (OPAAH) activity. DE started with a designed variant, pNBE A107H, carrying a histidine homologous with human butyrylcholinesterase G117H to find complementary mutations that further enhance its OPAAH activity. Five sites were selected (G105, G106, A107, A190, and A400) within a 6.7 Å radius of the nucleophilic serine Oγ. All 95 variants were screened for esterase activity with a set of five substrates: pNP-acetate, pNP-butyrate, acetylthiocholine, butyrylthiocholine, or benzoylthiocholine. A microscale assay for OPAAH activity was developed for screening DE libraries. Reductions in esterase activity were generally concomitant with enhancements in OPAAH activity. One variant, A107K, showed an unexpected 7-fold increase in its kcat/Km for benzoylthiocholine, demonstrating that it is also possible to enhance the cholinesterase activity of pNBE. Moreover, DE resulted in at least three variants with modestly enhanced OPAAH activity compared to wild type pNBE. A107H/A190C showed a 50-fold increase in paraoxonase activity and underwent a slow time- and temperature-dependent change affecting the hydrolysis of OPAA and ester substrates. Structural analysis suggests that pNBE may represent a precursor leading to human cholinesterase and carboxylesterase 1 through extension of two vestigial specificity loops; a preliminary attempt to transfer the Ω-loop of BChE into pNBE is described. Unlike butyrylcholinesterase and pNBE, introducing a G143H mutation (equivalent to G117H) did not confer detectable OP hydrolase activity on human carboxylesterase 1 (hCE1). We discuss the use of pNBE as a surrogate scaffold for the mammalian esterases, and the importance of the oxyanion-hole residues for enhancing the OPAAH activity of selected serine hydrolases.

IPTV, M-IPTV, OTT, 스마트미디어 진화단계에 관한 탐색과 활용관점의 Spiral 모형 연구

본 연구는 새롭게 등장하는 미디어 플랫폼인 스마트미디어(Mobile IPTV, OTT, 스마트TV)와 IPTV의 진화모형을 제안하고 있으며, 서비스 진화의 과정을 탐색과 활용이론을 바탕으로 나선형 모형으로 설명하고자 한다. 연구자는 IP방식 미디어는 IPTV에서 진화한 것이며, IPTV가 순환적인 프로세스의 발전모형을 거치면서 진화하였다고 가정한다. 이를 설명하기 위해 연구자는 나선형모형과 탐색과 활용이론을 접목하여 연구모형을 제안한다. 모형의 정성적 제안을 통해 연구자는 스마트미디어가 IPTV의 진화과정에서 발전된 미디어라는 점을 정리하고, 향후 미디어 규제 및 발전방향 설정의 이론적 근거가 될 것으로 기대한다. 연구자는 첫째, IPTV의 진화단계를 서비스의 형상과 규제/기술 측면에서 구분하고, 둘째, IPTV의 진화를 탐색과 활용이론을 접목한 Spiral 모형으로 3개의 사이클을 확인하고 정리한다. 결론적으로 본고의 논의는 IPTV 진화의 후속으로 등장하는 모바일 IP미디어와 스마트미디어에 대한 이해를 도울 것이며, 다양한 규제이슈의 해소와 혁신적 미디어 서비스의 개발을 이끌어낼 것이라고 본다. 또한 정부가 미디어와 콘텐츠 산업계의 발전을 위해 미디어의 진화방향을 설계하는 데 도움이 될 것이다. This study proposes the evolution model of emerging media platform including smart media (M-IPTV, Smart TV) and IPTV, through a spiral evolution model based on the theory of the exploration & the exploitation. Authors suppose that the IP media evolved from IPTV technology, evolution of which has come through the development model of serial circular process. For explanation of this evolution, we propose the research model integrating the spiral model and the exploration & exploitation theory. Researchers define the smart media as the evolved media from IPTV, through this proposed model. We expect this model to be the theoretical base of media regulation and setting direction of future media service. Thus, this research are summed up as follows. To begin with, we classify the evolutionary stage of IPTV from the view points of service feature, regulation frame and technological characters. Secondly, we organize and confirm the research model of IPTV evolution through case analysis of the 3 cycles of each evolutionary stage. As a result, discussion of this study helps understanding mobile IP media and smart media as a post IPTV and leads the solution of various regulation issues and the development of the innovative media service and content. In addition, it can guide the government for the evolutionary direction to promote the media and the content industry.

A recurrent neural fuzzy controller based on self‐organizing improved particle swarm optimization for a magnetic levitation system

SummaryThis paper proposes a recurrent neural fuzzy controller (RNFC) approach based on a self‐organizing improved particle swarm optimization (SOIPSO) algorithm used for solving control problems. The proposed SOIPSO algorithm can adaptively determine the number of fuzzy rules and automatically adjust the parameters in an RNFC. The proposed learning algorithm consisted of phases of structure and parameter learning. Structure learning adopts several subswarms to constitute the adjustable variables in fuzzy systems, and an elite‐based structure strategy determines the suitable number of fuzzy rules. This paper proposes an improved particle swarm optimization technique, which consists of the modified evolutionary direction operator (MEDO) and traditional PSO techniques. The proposed MEDO method used the EDO and migration operation to improve the search ability of a global solution. Finally, the proposed RNFC approach based on the SOIPSO learning algorithm (RNFC–SOIPSO) was adopted to control a magnetic levitation system. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed RNFC–SOIPSO model outperforms other models. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Bi-Factor Analysis Based on Noise-Reduction (BIFANR): A New Algorithm for Detecting Coevolving Amino Acid Sites in Proteins

Previous statistical analyses have shown that amino acid sites in a protein evolve in a correlated way instead of independently. Even though located distantly in the linear sequence, the coevolved amino acids could be spatially adjacent in the tertiary structure, and constitute specific protein sectors. Moreover, these protein sectors are independent of one another in structure, function, and even evolution. Thus, systematic studies on protein sectors inside a protein will contribute to the clarification of protein function. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm BIFANR (Bi-factor Analysis Based on Noise-reduction) for detecting protein sectors in amino acid sequences. After applying BIFANR on S1A family and PDZ family, we carried out internal correlation test, statistical independence test, evolutionary rate analysis, evolutionary independence analysis, and function analysis to assess the prediction. The results showed that the amino acids in certain predicted protein sector are closely correlated in structure, function, and evolution, while protein sectors are nearly statistically independent. The results also indicated that the protein sectors have distinct evolutionary directions. In addition, compared with other algorithms, BIFANR has higher accuracy and robustness under the influence of noise sites.

Constraints on the evolution of function‐valued traits: a study of growth in Tribolium castaneum

Growth trajectories often impact individual fitness. They are continuous by nature and so are amenable to analysis using a function-valued (FV) trait framework to reveal their underlying genetic architecture. Previous studies have found high levels of standing additive genetic (co)variance for growth trajectories despite the expectation that growth should be responding to frequent strong directional selection. In this study, the FV framework is used to estimate the additive genetic covariance function for growth trajectories in larval Tribolium castaneum to address questions about standing additive genetic (co)variance and possible evolutionary constraints on growth and to predict responses to four plausible selection regimes. Results show that additive genetic (co)variance is high at the early ages, but decreases towards later ages in the larval period. A selection gradient function of the same size and in the same direction of the first eigenfunction of the G-function should give the maximal response. However, evolutionary constraints may be acting to keep this maximal response from being realized, through either conflicting effects on survivability and fecundity of larger body size, few evolutionary directions having sufficient additive variance for a response, genetic trade-offs with other traits or physiological regulatory mechanisms. More light may be shed on these constraints through the development of more sophisticated statistical approaches and implementation of additional empirical studies to explicitly test for specific types of constraints.

Analysis on Cooperation and Competition Behavior of Enterprises Based on Evolutionary Game - The Case Studies of Chinese Creative Industrial Clusters

In recent years, not only the academics pays close attention to the creative industries, but also enterprises and the government keep a watchful eye on it. Cooperation and competition behaviors of enterprises will decide their competitiveness directly, thereby affecting the competitiveness and future direction of our creative industries. In this paper, based on cooperation and competition behavior in creative industrial clusters, we establish symmetric game model between two core enterprises and asymmetric game model between the core enterprise and the adjacent down-stream one by using evolutionary game theory, then analyze its dynamic evolutionary procedure. The result show that the systems evolutionary direction is closely related to players payoff, and influenced by cooperation profit, initial cost of the cooperation, capacity for independent innovation, cooperation successful rate and systems initial status. At last, some suggestions are offered for our government which can provide a theoretical basis for integrating creative industrial clusters.

Tropical and temperate freshwater amphidromy: a comparison between life history characteristics of Sicydiinae, ayu, sculpins and galaxiids

Amphidromy is a distinctive form of diadromy, but differences in the life histories of tropical and temperate amphidromous fishes suggest that there are two types of freshwater amphidromy. The life histories of Sicydiinae gobies, ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis), Japanese sculpins (Cottus) and galaxiids (Galaxiidae), suggest that the Sicydiinae are representatives of tropical freshwater amphidromy, whereas ayu, sculpins and galaxiids are representatives of temperate freshwater amphidromy. The Sicydiine larval stage may be required to occur in the ocean for all species, but ayu, sculpins and galaxiids have landlocked or fluvial forms with larvae that do not need to enter the ocean for larval feeding and growth. This suggests that Sicydiine larvae have a high oceanic dependency whereas ayu, sculpins and galaxiid larvae have a low oceanic dependency. Freshwater amphidromous fish in tropical and temperate zones appear to have developed two different strategies in the evolution of their life histories. It is likely that the evolutionary direction of the larval stage of tropical amphidromy is to remain in the sea and that of temperate amphidromy is towards having the ability to remain in freshwater if needed. Tropical and temperate amphidromy appear to be biologically informative categories and evaluations of this hypothesis will facilitate better understanding of the various forms of amphidromy in the future.

Evolution of air breathing: oxygen homeostasis and the transitions from water to land and sky.

Life originated in anoxia, but many organisms came to depend upon oxygen for survival, independently evolving diverse respiratory systems for acquiring oxygen from the environment. Ambient oxygen tension (PO2) fluctuated through the ages in correlation with biodiversity and body size, enabling organisms to migrate from water to land and air and sometimes in the opposite direction. Habitat expansion compels the use of different gas exchangers, for example, skin, gills, tracheae, lungs, and their intermediate stages, that may coexist within the same species; coexistence may be temporally disjunct (e.g., larval gills vs. adult lungs) or simultaneous (e.g., skin, gills, and lungs in some salamanders). Disparate systems exhibit similar directions of adaptation: toward larger diffusion interfaces, thinner barriers, finer dynamic regulation, and reduced cost of breathing. Efficient respiratory gas exchange, coupled to downstream convective and diffusive resistances, comprise the "oxygen cascade"-step-down of PO2 that balances supply against toxicity. Here, we review the origin of oxygen homeostasis, a primal selection factor for all respiratory systems, which in turn function as gatekeepers of the cascade. Within an organism's lifespan, the respiratory apparatus adapts in various ways to upregulate oxygen uptake in hypoxia and restrict uptake in hyperoxia. In an evolutionary context, certain species also become adapted to environmental conditions or habitual organismic demands. We, therefore, survey the comparative anatomy and physiology of respiratory systems from invertebrates to vertebrates, water to air breathers, and terrestrial to aerial inhabitants. Through the evolutionary directions and variety of gas exchangers, their shared features and individual compromises may be appreciated.

Stochastic response of a [formula omitted] oscillator subjected to combined harmonic and Poisson white noise excitations

The transient and stationary probability density functions (PDFs) of stochastic response of the ϕ6 Duffing oscillator under combined harmonic and external and parametric Poisson white noises excitations are investigated by the generalized cell mapping method in this paper. Based on the digraph analysis method, the global qualitative properties are obtained such as attractors, basins of attraction, basin boundaries, saddles and invariant manifolds. The evolutionary process of transient and stationary PDFs are shown based on the matrix analysis method. It is observed that there is a close relationship between evolutionary direction of PDF and the unstable manifold. Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is used to verify the accuracy of the matrix analysis method.

A hybrid assembly sequence planning approach based on discrete particle swarm optimization and evolutionary direction operation

Assembly sequence planning (ASP) has always been an important part of the product development process, and ASP problem can usually be understood as to determine the sequence of assembly. A good assembly sequence can reduce the time and cost of the manufacturing process. In view of the local convergence problem with basic discrete particle swarm optimization (DPSO) in ASP, this paper presents a hybrid algorithm to solve ASP problem. First, a chosen strategy of global optimal particle in DPSO is introduced, and then an improved discrete particle swarm optimization (IDPSO) is proposed for solving ASP problems. Through an example study, the results show that the IDPSO algorithm can obtain the global optimum efficiently, but it converges slowly compared with the basic DPSO. Subsequently, a modified evolutionary direction operator (MEDO) is used to accelerate the convergence rate of IDPSO. The results of the case study show that the new hybrid algorithm MEDO-IDPSO is more efficient for solving ASP problems, with excellent global convergence properties and fast convergence rate.

Organic Evolution in Deep Time: Charles Darwin and the Fossil Record

The heart and soul of geology are to be found in rock relationships and earth history. The fossil record was central and critical to geology emerging as geohistory, the first historical science, from the speculative geotheories of the 18th Century. The key figure was Cuvier. In the process of shaping geohistory, Cuvier and palaeontology produced the second historical science, namely biohistory, including faunal and floral succession in deep time; and biohistory and geohistory have been intertwined for two centuries.Lamarck kept alive the venerable theory of organic change, but evolution as heuristic scientific theory was stumbling. Even so, the fossil-based geological time scale was constructed in the six decades between Cuvier nailing bioextinction and Darwin nailing biospeciation. by about 1830, French molluscan palaeontology was building Tertiary stratigraphic succession, correlation and age determination in the palaeontological synthesis, i.e., biostratigraphy. Palaeontology revealed ancient and exotic life in a deep-time panorama of succession punctuated by extinctions and demanding explanation, but it contributed little to theory of evolutionary processes.Darwin’s world was Lyell’s gradualist world and his appreciation of environmental change as an evolutionary forcing factor lessened as competition came to dominate his thinking. Darwin’s Darwinism comprised five theories. Two were historical theories (the world and its biospecies change in deep time; and common descent in branching evolution produces the tree of life) and both were widely accepted by the generation after Darwin. The other three were causal or nomothetic theories (respectively speciation; gradual change not saltational; and variational change by natural and sexual selection) and they were accepted only in the 20th Century. For its importance to our culture, Darwin’s historicist worldview, in the face of entrenched, ahistorical opinion as to what science really is, outweighs disputes about the importance of selection.As stratigraphy and palaeontology went global and highly successful on most criteria, their evolutionary direction went ‘anti-Darwinian’ in the later 19th Century, towards such theories as orthogenesis, saltationism and a resurgent ‘Neo-Lamarckism’, mostly in Hyatt, Cope and Osborn in North America. This cluster of trends culminated a second time in the 1930s–1940s, in the macromutational typostrophism of the German synthesis, dominated by Schindewolf.Meanwhile there was a thin red line of Darwinian palaeontology down those decades from the 1860s to the 1920s. When population genetics emerged from decades of its own anti-Darwinism the Modern Synthesis was forged between natural history, genetics and palaeontology, the latter especially embodied by Simpson’s macroevolution. Darwin’s three causal theories came into their own in the 1930s–1950s in completing the Darwinian Revolution—or, as I prefer, installing the Darwinian Restoration. However, the Restoration was dominated by variational evolution, whilst practitioners of embryology and morphology, in the transformational mode of evolution, felt excluded.The roots of modern palaeobiology are firmly in the Darwinian Restoration and Simpsonian palaeontology and macroevolution. Modern palaeobiology (i) is thoroughly Darwinian in its historicism and variational evolution but (ii) is beyond Darwin in becoming pervasively hierarchical whilst (iii) reconciling with elements of the German Synthesis through collaboration with developmental genetics in evo-devo. Also (iv) we have gone beyond Darwin (and Simpson) primarily in the rise of micropalaeontology with its untold millions of specimens and in enormous progress in chronologically resolving and reconstructing bioevents and environmental shifts in the geological past. And (v) the tree of life is underlain by an anastomosing web of life. Deep-time palaeobiology becomes more autonomous as major soluble problems arise from the fossil record, utterly beyond the reach of shallow-time neontology.Securely embedded in thriving research programmes recovering the recorded history of life on earth, Darwinism lives!

A Cultural Immune Quantum Evolutionary Algorithm and Its Application

This paper proposes to integrate immune quantum evolutionary algorithm into cultural algorithms frame to develop a more efficient cultural immune quantum evolutionary algorithm (CIQEA). The computing model consists of a population space based on quantum-inspired evolutionary algorithm and a belief space based on immune vaccination, the population space and belief space have their own population evolved independently and parallel. The population space contributes vaccines to the belief population periodically, and the belief space continually evolve these vaccines which are used to provide better evolutionary direction to the population space, to constitute the dual-evolution and dual-improvement mechanism that can improve the global optimization abilities and convergence speed greatly. The convergence of CIQEA is proved based on markov random process and its superiority is shown by the experimental results on the knapsack problem.