Evolution Of Concept Research Articles

Le complexe d’Œdipe et les systèmes de parenté face aux transformations de la famille contemporaine : un débat entre anthropologie et psychanalyse

BackgroundThis article proposes a critical reading of the concept of the Oedipus complex in Freud's work from the point of view of the issues raised in anthropology regarding the question of kinship systems. ObjectivesWe will try to understand how the influence of evolutionary anthropology on the Freudian conception of the family can be a theoretical obstacle in the face of the transformations of the contemporary family in the West. MethodWe will analyze the Freudian hypotheses from Totem and taboo in light of Malinowski's criticisms of the universality of in the Oedipus complex as well as those of Godelier, Lévi-Strauss, and Schneider on the evolutionary paradigm in anthropological research on systems of kinship. ResultsThe critique of the fundamentally reproductive and biologicist conception of the family inherent in evolutionary anthropology and in the Oedipal theories presented in Totem and Taboo can allow psychoanalysts to avoid a normative position with regard to the new forms of family-making. InterpretationsThe scope of Freudian theories remains limited when confronting the transformations of the contemporary Western family, but Freud's theoretical developments around the concept of “complex” and the double Oedipus complex provide psychoanalysts with leads that can enable them to evade the evolutionary conception of kinship systems inherent in the classic Oedipus complex.

A Synthesis of the Ecology and Conservation of Pseudoplatystoma Catfishes in the Neotropics

Species of the genus Pseudoplatystoma, the long-whiskered catfishes, are important in commercial and recreational fisheries in South America, and some species have become key to regional aquaculture. Some species of the genus are under pressure due to overfishing and the negative impacts of dams. Six questions are asked in this review: (i) What species are in the genus, and where are they distributed? (ii) What are the life histories and ecologies of Pseudoplatystoma species? (iii) What are the patterns of somatic growth for these species? (iv) What is known about the biomass, production, and population dynamics of Pseudoplatystoma? (v) What is the geographic distribution of genetic variation within Pseudoplatystoma species? (vi) What are the threats to the conservation of these species? The taxonomy of the genus currently includes eight species, respectively, distributed over the Orinoco, Amazon, Paraná, and São Francisco basins. Pseudoplatystoma catfishes typically exhibit longitudinal migrations for reproduction and lateral migration for feeding, but these patterns may vary among populations. The size of the first maturation of these catfishes varies between 57 cm to 82 cm in total length. Five of the eight species spawn during the rising water season. Pseudoplatystoma species can grow to about 130 cm in total length and 100 Kg in weight and live until 30 years of age, depending upon the species. Biomass production and population dynamics of these catfishes have not yet been fully described. Their life-history characteristics indicate that they are periodic strategists with associated population recruitment dynamics. Population genetic patterning varies among Pseudoplatystoma species, with some degree of homing behavior and genetic differentiation among populations, indicating the need for management by applying the Management Unit and perhaps Evolutionary Significant Unit concepts. The main threats to the persistence of these catfishes are overfishing and alterations in and obstruction of river flow due to the construction of hydropower dams. After synthesizing existing information on species of the genus Pseudoplatystoma, we offer suggestions for future research to fill critical gaps in the knowledge of this group.

Status and challenges of green manufacturing: Comparative analysis of China and other countries

Energy-intensive manufacturing is a major source of GHG emissions and environmental impacts. Countries in the world are all facing challenges in green manufacturing transformation. The conceptual evolution and actual implementation of green manufacturing in China and other countries show some similarities but also discrepancy. This paper describes the green manufacturing system in China from four aspects: green factory, green product, green park and green supply chain. The comparison of the four aspects is carried out between China and world's major economics including Europe, the United States, Japan, etc. Our results show that the common challenges among countries in the process of promoting green manufacturing are absent of corresponding product baseline standards in evaluating green products and no sufficient life cycle planning within plant boundaries. China is faced with specific challenges that there is no clear green product evaluation standards in life cycle assessment methods, system boundaries and life cycle stages of products. Other countries such as Germany and the United States are faced with challenges that there is a lack of environmental and performance evaluation as well as concrete implementation of life cycle evaluation within the factory boundary, and that there is difficulty for the national manufacturing industry chain to achieve a closed loop since industrial migration. We suggest that China draw lessons from the European Union, the United States and Japan in the elaborate methods design of green products assessment. As such, China's green factory assessment framework and strict government guidance can be a reference for other countries.

The concepts and origins of cell mortality

Organismal death is foundational to the evolution of life, and many biological concepts such as natural selection and life history strategy are so fashioned only because individuals are mortal. Organisms, irrespective of their organization, are composed of basic functional units—cells—and it is our understanding of cell death that lies at the heart of most general explanatory frameworks for organismal mortality. Cell death can be exogenous, arising from transmissible diseases, predation, or other misfortunes, but there are also endogenous forms of death that are sometimes the result of adaptive evolution. These endogenous forms of death—often labeled programmed cell death, PCD—originated in the earliest cells and are maintained across the tree of life. Here, we consider two problematic issues related to PCD (and cell mortality generally). First, we trace the original discoveries of cell death from the nineteenth century and place current conceptions of PCD in their historical context. Revisions of our understanding of PCD demand a reassessment of its origin. Our second aim is thus to structure the proposed origin explanations of PCD into coherent arguments. In our analysis we argue for the evolutionary concept of PCD and the viral defense-immunity hypothesis for the origin of PCD. We suggest that this framework offers a plausible account of PCD early in the history of life, and also provides an epistemic basis for the future development of a general evolutionary account of mortality.

International planetary sunshade concept with a function-integrated and scalable support structure based on coreless filament winding

Despite all current efforts, climate change is the greatest challenge of the 21st century. Since existing measures will fail to prevent critical tipping points from being reached, in addition to terrestrial geoengineering methods, efforts are underway to explore new ways to implement space-based geoengineering methods into the short-term construction of a buffer solution - the International Planetary Sunshade (IPSS). The IPSS system reduces solar irradiation mitigating the global mean temperature rise while offering a sustainable energy supply. The developement of the system poses multifaceted challenges only to be mastered by a collaboration of space agencies and private companies, while supported by society. Therefore, tackling the IPSS within international roadmaps is essential to exploit synergies, shorten development time, and promote international cooperation. An evolutionary concept achieves stepwise Earth independence by utilizing lunar resources. The feasibility of the IPSS also depends on the foil’s supporting structure. Therefore, a lightweight manufacturing technology that meets several criteria, such as scalability, adaptivity, material compatibility, full automation, on-orbit manufacturing, in-situ resource utilization, and digital design including function integration, must be adopted. Hence, coreless filament winding (CFW) may be a suitable technology for realizing the demanded mass savings. The prerequisite for the superiority of CFW structures is an application- and material-compliant component and fiber net design. Previous experience with CFW cannot be directly transferred to the IPSS system due to the changed requirements for space application. This paper will present a systematic design concept for the IPSS, initially exploring a CFW support structure by discussing segmentation and modularity, proposing a new connection system, and implementing function integration.

The representations of freedom in The Sun newspaper between 2019 and 2021: A corpus-based study

Abstract Existing studies have highlighted the close link between language and society (Fairclough, 1992) and demonstrated the impact of Covid-19 on language (Mahlberg and Brookes, 2021). There are no studies to date that have examined the changing representations and conceptual shifts of freedom in the pre-pandemic and post-pandemic years, which are expected to be affected by government policies on Covid-19. The present study aims to fill this gap. Specifically, the objective is to examine the conceptual evolution of freedom in the years 2019 and 2021 and to interpret it in the light of socio-historical issues derived from the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic. The study is a corpus-based investigation undertaken on The Sun Corpus (TS), i.e. a self-compiled corpus including newspaper articles published in the UK during the years 2019 and 2021. Media including newspapers are, indeed, influential discourses that shape the public view of particular events, current issues, and play “an important role in framing how people understand and respond to” contextual happenings (Brookes and Baker, 2021, p. 1; see Baker et al. 2013). The analysis reveals that there is a shift in the use of the word freedom, which is depicted as an enjoyable experience in 2019 and seen in a negative shade in 2021. These results support the social conceptualization of language and reveal aspects that are of particular concern in Critical Discourse Analysis (Fairclough, 1992), aiming to examine how socio-historical aspects frame the linguistic representations of social issues like the Covid-19 disease.

Data Sources as a Driver for Market-Oriented Tourism Organizations: a Bibliometric Perspective

AbstractThis paper presents a conceptual framework that accurately represents the current and future perspectives of data-driven companies in tourism by means of an analysis of the data sources used in the data-driven tourism research literature, as well as the research topics to which they are applied. For this purpose, a bibliometric analysis of data-driven tourism research is carried out. The framework of the study is all tourism-related publications whose research was based on data sources during the period 1982–2020. The results show some of the basic bibliometric performance indicators and the maps of science. The main themes of research interest are identified, and the conceptual evolution is obtained based on these maps. Three major thematic areas are identified: tourism research topics, information sources, and data analysis techniques. Based on these three thematic areas, the conceptual model of data architecture and processes of a data-driven organization in the tourism sector are obtained. An additional qualitative analysis of the three thematic areas is performed.

The knowledge trajectory and thematic evolution of the rough sets research: A main path and scientific mapping analysis

Rough sets (RS) are a set of theories that explore the expression, learning, and induction of incomplete data and inaccurate knowledge. Given the high profile and influence of RS research in the academic world, it is crucial to investigate and summarize the field’s development status and knowledge structure. This study employs the main path analysis (MPA) and scientific mapping methods to analyze 2803 retrieved papers and explore the knowledge diffusion and topic evolution in the RS field. The findings suggest that the RS field initially focused on practical applications before transitioning to extended research as the mainstream direction. Two main methods for RS extension research emerged: the constructional method and algebraic (axiomatic) method. Key research topics include neighborhood-based RS, decision-theoretic RS, and covering RS. Scientific mapping reveals six thematic areas across three stages, highlighting the theme distribution and evolution in the RS field. Overall, this paper provides insights into the knowledge structure and conceptual evolution of the RS field by tracing the trajectory of knowledge development and the thematic evolution.

A systematic review of shrinking cities literature: lessons from the past and directions for the future

ABSTRACT This study sheds light on the state of knowledge on shrinking cities over the past four decades by identifying major thematic clusters, conceptual evolutions, and key players. The bibliometric analysis tools of VOSviewer and SciMAT were used to analyze 562 documents indexed in the Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) databases. The publication trend was divided into three subperiods: the genesis period (1978–2004), the growth period (2004–2015), and the rapid growth period (2015–2021). The most significant conceptual evolution in the field occurred between 2004 and 2015. Three thematic clusters were identified: (1) urban policy and planning, (2) physical and ecological planning, and (3) demographic and regional development. This review highlights that issues related to governance and regional, physical, and ecological planning have attracted more attention. Moving beyond past research, we provide four promising areas for further research in shrinking city studies.

Growth Monitoring and Promotion and Index Development for Improved Child Health: A Scoping Review Using Rodgers Concept Analysis Framework

Purpose: The purpose of this scoping literature review is to explore the breadth of the available literature, and identify knowledge gaps to inform future research through the use of Rodgers evolutionary concept analysis framework. The literature review also seeks to describe the key child indices developed and their characteristics so as to guide the development of a GMP index for improved child health in Zimbabwe. Methods: The keywords growth monitoring and promotion, community health workers, caregivers of children under five years, child health indices, and index development were used to search for relevant literature from Science Direct, Google Scholar, EBSCO, and PUBMED databases in English. The initial electronic database search yielded 535 research articles, and 316 were further assessed for their relevance to the study. An additional 140 articles were excluded from the search as they did not contain adequate evidence as per the Rodgers Evolutionary Framework. After the full-text review, 80 articles out of 220 articles met the inclusion criteria. Those found to be suitable were 25 articles and were thus included in the final analysis. Results: Key Antecedents: distance and socio-cultural constraints, CHW activeness, participation of fathers in GMP activities, poor understanding and interpretation of growth charts, poor communication between caregivers and CHWs, full vaccination status and complacency; Attributes: education status of parents, knowledge, attitude, and practices of caregivers and Consequences: timely health interventions, improved child health outcomes, a platform to promote optimal child health practices of GMP activities were identified. Conclusion: More research needs to be explored to form indices that incorporate behaviour change metrics. This will lead to an increased evidence base to guide the health system, funders, and policy makers conclusively.

Housing Careers and Housing Pathways: Conceptual Evolution or Confusion?

ABSTRACT The use of housing career and housing pathways concepts has increased over the past several decades. The two concepts have shared origins in housing research but have different theoretical foundations. Housing careers and housing pathways concepts are defined as synonyms, distinctly different but complementary, and incompatible concepts. While the lack of shared definitions is common in interdisciplinary research, it may result in a fragmented knowledge base and hindrance to theory development and use. This research uses concept analysis to examine definitions of the concepts of housing career and housing pathways provided in the literature between 2001 and 2020. The analysis findings suggest that the concepts have both shared and unique attributes. However, concept definitions were missing or inconsistent across the literature, and distinctions between housing career and housing pathways concepts were often unclear. Grounding concepts in theory appears to result in greater concept definition consistency.

Leadership self-efficacy and nurses' aspiration to leadership: An evolutionary concept analysis

BackgroundThe complex nature of leadership in nursing and healthcare requires a vast skill set. Leadership self-efficacy (LSE) has emerged as an important concept to support leadership development in the nursing literature. An analysis of LSE can clarify and inform strategies for leadership development among nurses. ObjectiveTo clarify the concept of LSE and understand how it relates to nurses' motivation and aspiration for formal leadership roles. MethodA concept analysis using Rodgers' evolutionary method identified attributes, antecedents, and consequences of LSE. Twenty-three articles published between 1993 and 2022 were analyzed following a Boolean search of four databases - Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, MEDLINE, and Scopus. ResultsLSE is an important element of nurses' aspiration to leadership. Leadership training, individual traits, and organizational support affect levels of LSE. When LSE is increased, job performance and nurses' motivation to take on formal leadership increase. ConclusionThe concept analysis further expands knowledge about factors that affect LSE. It provides data on how LSE can be harnessed to support leadership development and career aspiration for nurses. Developing and nurturing LSE among nurses may be key in promoting leadership career aspirations. Nurse leaders in practice, research, and academia can use this knowledge as a guide in leadership program development.

TOTEs and trauma 2: a rat maternal care and stress epigenetic schematic

PurposeThis conceptual article presents a schematic of rat maternal behavior and niche stress epigenetic effects as a case study that is then aligned with current evolutionary concepts, which raises new questions regarding immigrant assimilation and niche dynamics.Design/methodology/approachThe necessary background material for rat maternal and niche(s) stress factors are incorporated into a recursive, test-operate-test (rTOT), information-only-transfer, schematic (Patterson, 2023), which is an extension and refinement of the test-operate-test-exit (TOTE) schematic of Miller et al. (1960).FindingsThe generated epigenetic rTOT demonstrates the fundamental evolutionary unit of the flexible organism within its niche(s). The rTOT also confirms that epigenetic processes, epigenetic inheritance and phenotype plasticity are significant conceptual tools for understanding evolution. The teleology of rat adaptations for niche fitness via maternal behavior has been demonstrated. Sterling's (2011) allostasis, or predictive homeostasis, is extended to include species-niche(s) interaction(s) that are governed by recursive information feedback loops that function via self-organized criticality (SOC) for species and niche(s). Use of a rat model for biosocial issues in humans is strengthened.Research limitations/implicationsEpigenetic rTOT only covers the species side of the evolutionary unit. Niche(s) require(s) a separate rTOT schematic. The information modeled does not include the entire system producing epigenetic effects but models a substantial portion of it.Practical implicationsEpigenetic rTOT demonstrates the utility of phenotypic plasticity, epigenetics and epigenetic inheritance as explanations for inheritable behavior patterns. rTOT is a useful computational model for evolutionary issues. The issues involved in niche modeling using an rTOT schematic are briefly reviewed.Social implicationsWhen the demonstrated epigenetic model of rat genetics and inherited behavior are applied to the issues of immigrant enclaves, epigenetic complications for the difficulties of assimilation into the culture within which the enclaves are embedded become apparent. However, the questions raised must be addressed with extreme care to avoid cultural imperialism. Such cultural issues must be modeled with an rTOT application that covers the materials involved. The limitations of human Learning III restrictions when attempting to model Learning IV issues are addressed. Research into the means by which abuse and trauma are maintained by epigenetic means is urgently needed.Originality/valueThe rTOT schematic visualizes rat maternal behavior and stress epigenetic effects that produce inheritable behavior patterns, which answers Jablonka's (2017) request for new computational modeling representations. The concept of allostasis, or predictive homeostasis, (Sterling, 2011) is extended to the niche(s) of the organism under study so that allostasis becomes a fully cybernetic concept governed by SOC for both the organism and its niche(s). This new case study confirmed evolutionary effects of epigenetics, epigenetic inheritance and phenotypic plasticity. Niche control of organism evolution is presented. Epigenetic applications for immigrant assimilation issues have been suggested and niche dynamic questions have been raised.

Growth Monitoring and Promotion and Index Development for Improved Child Health: A Scoping Review Using Rodgers Concept Analysis Framework

Purpose: The purpose of this scoping literature review is to explore the breadth of the available literature, and identify knowledge gaps to inform future research through the use of Rodgers evolutionary concept analysis framework. The literature review also seeks to describe the key child indices developed and their characteristics so as to guide the development of a GMP index for improved child health in Zimbabwe. Methods: The keywords growth monitoring and promotion, community health workers, caregivers of children under five years, child health indices, and index development were used to search for relevant literature from Science Direct, Google Scholar, EBSCO, and PUBMED databases in English. The initial electronic database search yielded 535 research articles, and 316 were further assessed for their relevance to the study. An additional 140 articles were excluded from the search as they did not contain adequate evidence as per the Rodgers Evolutionary Framework. After the full-text review, 80 articles out of 220 articles met the inclusion criteria. Those found to be suitable were 25 articles and were thus included in the final analysis. Results: Key Antecedents: distance and socio-cultural constraints, CHW activeness, participation of fathers in GMP activities, poor understanding and interpretation of growth charts, poor communication between caregivers and CHWs, full vaccination status and complacency; Attributes: education status of parents, knowledge, attitude, and practices of caregivers and Consequences: timely health interventions, improved child health outcomes, a platform to promote optimal child health practices of GMP activities were identified. Conclusion: More research needs to be explored to form indices that incorporate behaviour change metrics. This will lead to an increased evidence base to guide the health system, funders, and policy makers conclusively.

Supply chain resilience: a conceptual evolution analysis

Research related to resilience in the supply chain has taken great interest in recent years, especially due to major disruptions such as COVID-19. Generating actions to minimize the impacts caused by these disruptive events has become a paramount in operations management and has become a strategic capability of the supply chain. Therefore, it is essential to know how the concept of resilience has evolved by identifying their capabilities. For this purpose, a systematic literature review was carried out, focused on gathering the concepts of resilience in supply chain management present in the literature, generating a keyword correlation analysis to establish their action approaches, and jointly analyzing the conceptual evolution. From this literature, a new definition is proposed integrating the different aspects found. Finally, conclusions are exposed.

Legal nature of the principle of legal certainty as a component element of the rule of law

One of the main elements of the rule of law is the principle of legal certainty, which provides, inter alia, that in any dispute, a court decision that has entered into force cannot be called into question. The subject of the most discussed today constitutional principle of legal certainty is today seen as a structural element of the rule of law, necessary for the stabilization of legal relations and systems in which the judiciary and courts play an important role. The principle is the main commandment of the system, its true basis; disposition, which radiates different norms, composing their spirit and serving as a criterion for their precise understanding and reason, precisely because it determines the logic and rationality of the normative system, in that it gives it a tonic and gives it a harmonious meaning. The principle is a constitutional category, and there are several that relate to the process. The purpose of this article is to highlight the need to adhere to the principle of legal certainty in various aspects of foundation and understanding that cover a modern topic, starting with the undeniable theoretical and conceptual evolution of its basis and evaluative nature, which, in a more complex and complex form, years has meant a kind of set of content and conditions that are interrelated for the regulation of life between individuals and state institutions, which is a guarantee of the stability of law. The case is relevant because of the complexity of the relations prevailing in the postmodern world, with undeniable insecurity and unpredictability today, especially in the political, social, economic and legal spheres, the reflexes of which in law are even more obvious. From the constitutional principles of equality and justice follows the requirement of certainty, clarity and unambiguity of the legal norm, as otherwise can not ensure its uniform application, does not preclude unlimited interpretation in law enforcement practice and inevitably leads to arbitrariness. Legal certainty is becoming an increasingly important and significant factor in law-making and law enforcement processes. Numerous decisions of the European Court of Human Rights against Ukraine, which have a direct indication of non-compliance by the state with this principle, allow us to qualify the commented legal idea as a fundamental and independent phenomenon. Legal certainty, as it follows from the texts and interpretations of judges, means clarity, certainty and accessibility of the legal standard.

Scholarly communication: a concept analysis

Purpose“Scholarly Communication” is a frequent topic of both the professional and research literature of Library and Information Science (LIS). Despite efforts by individuals (e.g. Borgman, 1989) and organizations such as the Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL) to define the term, multiple understandings of it remain. Discussions of scholarly communication infrequently offer a definition or explanation of its parameters, making it difficult for readers to form a comprehensive understanding of scholarly communication and associated phenomena.Design/methodology/approachThis project uses the evolutionary concept analysis (ECA) method developed by nursing scholar, Beth L. Rodgers, to explore “Scholarly Communication” as employed in the literature of LIS. As the purpose of ECA is not to arrive at “the” definition of a term but rather exploring its utilization within a specific context, it is an ideal approach to expand our understanding of SC as used in LIS research.Findings“Scholarly Communication” as employed in the LIS literature does not refer to a single phenomenon or idea, but rather is a concept with several dimensions and sub-dimensions with distinct, but overlapping, significance.Research limitations/implicationsThe concept analysis (CA) method calls for review of a named concept, i.e. verbatim. Therefore, the items included in the data set must include the phrase “scholarly communication”. Items using alternate terminology were excluded from analysis.Practical implicationsThe model of scholarly communication presented in this paper provides language to operationalize the concept.Originality/valueLIS lacks a nuanced understanding of “scholarly communication” as used in the LIS literature. This paper offers a model to further the field's collective understanding of the term and support operationalization for future research projects.

Green Human Resource Management Bibliometric Analysis of the Published Literature from 2008 to 2022

Purpose: The rising amount of research being done in the realm of environmental protection has resulted in the establishment of a new research paradigm in the field of human resource administration (HRA) called green human resource management" (GHRM). The current study was conducted to highlight the work been done in the field of GHRM and provide a pictorial view to the readers to understand the effectiveness of GHRM in various organizations. Theoretical framework: This paper provides an explanation of the development of literature and makes it possible to comprehend the topics that have been investigated in previous works of literature regarding GHRM. Design/methodology/approach: The Scopus core-collection and VOS-viewer were utilized in the writing of this paper. For the purpose of the study, each and every GHRM related document that will already exist within the database between 2008 till 2022 will be analyzed. The display of the data via graphical visualization incorporates both bibliographic coupling and co-citation features into the presentation. Findings: It was discovered that 418 documents on the GHRM scholarship were evaluated in this bibliometric investigation. The purpose of this study was to examine the volume, rising tendency, worldwide distribution, major journals, pioneer authors, dominant countries, and dominant industries in the field of global human resource management. With the use of logical operators, six different word combinations were combined to create the final product, “TITLE-ABS-KEY ("green human resource management" OR "green hr" OR "green human resource" OR " green human resource practices" OR "GHRM" OR "GHRMP")”, thus, the range grows wider. In the review, it was found that the GHRM is still a new idea. This review is meant to help modern researchers by giving them an overview of the current state of things. Research, Practical & Social implications: A more thorough and objective knowledge structure evolution framework for the period 2008 to 2022 is provided by this research, which is useful to the evolution of the Human Resource Management field. Originality/value: We have added a global perspective to our understanding of the concept's evolution across time by weaving together bibliographic information and network diagrams in this paper.

The take-off of Drosophila research in 1930-1950s Edinburgh.

The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is a simple and powerful model organism. It has played a critical role over more than a century, for example in establishing the field of genetics, and in foundational insights into the molecular basis of development. From the 1930s until today, researchers at the University of Edinburgh have used Drosophila to tackle questions in basic and biomedical science. Here the history of the initial decades of this research is explored, beginning with the introduction of Drosophila research to Edinburgh by Francis Albert Eley Crew, in the newly established Institute of Animal Genetics. This period of research includes the discovery that chemicals can cause genetic mutation. This was demonstrated by research of the effects of mustard gas on flies by Charlotte Auerbach and colleagues, guided by the future Nobel laureate Hermann Muller. Drosophila research was also formative in Conrad Hal Waddington's conceptual thinking about developmental biology, including in his vision of the epigenetic landscape. This holistic, systems-level view of the control of development was far before its time and has continued to be influential to this day in our conceptualisation of developmental biology and in the increasingly important field of systems biology. Waddington's experiments with Drosophila in Edinburgh also gave rise to the evolutionary concept of genetic assimilation, in which an environmentally induced phenotype subsequently becomes genetically encoded.

Navigating the Politics of Soft Power: Taiwan and Korea’s Regional Approach in Comparison

ABSTRACT This article compares the ways Taiwan and South Korea have navigated the politics of soft power to gradually exert their influence in South and Southeast Asia. It then analyses Taiwan's self-declared ‘warm power' practices. The article is divided into five parts. The first highlights the conceptual evolution of soft power and new policy practices in Asia. The second discusses the transformation and strengthening from soft power to warm power. The third introduces South Korea's New Southern Policy through the lens of soft power. The fourth presents Taiwan’s New Southbound Policy, and the conclusion compares the impact and prospects of the two.