Evolutionary Process Research Articles

Fractal evolution model of proton spatial distribution in low water/binder cement-based composites (LW/B-CC) during early-age hydration process

This study establishes the fractal evolution model of proton spatial distribution in low water/binder cement-based composites (LW/B-CC) based on fractal theory and low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF NMR) technology. The results show that the fractal evolution process of gel water, capillary water and surface water distributions in LW/B-CC presents three stages: the first 4–6 h after the beginning of hydration, 4–6 h to 12 h, and 12 h to long-term stage. In the first and second stages, the fractal dimensions of gel and capillary water increase linearly with hydration time, while the fractal dimension of surface water decreases linearly. The boundary is a sudden change of fractal dimensions after about 4–6 h of hydration. The third stage starts after about 12 h of hydration, at which time the fractal dimensions begin to converge to fixed values. Besides, this study reveals the mathematical relationship between fractal dimension (Df) and particle size distribution modulus (q), which is conducive to achieve the full-cycle regulation of LW/B-CC.

The Origin of Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forests in East Asia from the Evidence of Floristic Elements.

Arguments about the origin and evolution of the evergreen broad-leaved forests in East Asia exist generally, and are even contradictory in some cases. The origin and evolution of the flora of East Asia, especially in the evolutionary process, the formation time of the Asian monsoon, the implications of phylogenetic and biogeographic studies on some important taxa, and the implications of palaeobotanical evidence are debatable. Most research from different disciplines suggests that the monsoon in the Miocene was key to the diversification of East Asian flora and its evergreen broad-leaved forests. The common view is that the evergreen broad-leaved forests of East Asia are closely related to the monsoon's intensity and developments, which were caused by the uplift of Himalaya-Tibet during or after the mid-Miocene. Analysis of the floristic elements show that the present subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests in East Asia could have an early or ancient tropical origin and a tropical Asian affinity, but that their species are dominated by endemic Chinese or East Asian ones, many of which have tropical Asian affinity or are tropical sister species. The time of Himalayan uplift and the intensity of the monsoon climate are believed to be key to the formation of the evergreen broad-leaved forests in East Asia. Combined with existing paleobotanical findings, the uplift of the Himalayas and the formation of the monsoon climate, as well as floristic elements of the subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests, we believe that they evolved from an Asian tropical rainforest after the mid-Miocene in the southeastern region of East Asia, while the ancient subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests in the southwestern region continuously evolved into the present subtropical ones.

Genetic drift and purifying selection shape within-host influenza A virus populations during natural swine infections.

Patterns of within-host influenza A virus (IAV) diversity and evolution have been described in natural human infections, but these patterns remain poorly characterized in non-human hosts. Elucidating these dynamics is important to better understand IAV biology and the evolutionary processes that govern spillover into humans. Here, we sampled an IAV outbreak in pigs during a week-long county fair to characterize viral diversity and evolution in this important reservoir host. Nasal wipes were collected on a daily basis from all pigs present at the fair, yielding up to 421 samples per day. Subtyping of PCR-positive samples revealed the co-circulation of H1N1 and H3N2 subtype swine IAVs. PCR-positive samples with robust Ct values were deep-sequenced, yielding 506 sequenced samples from a total of 253 pigs. Based on higher-depth re-sequenced data from a subset of these initially sequenced samples (260 samples from 168 pigs), we characterized patterns of within-host IAV genetic diversity and evolution. We find that IAV genetic diversity in single-subtype infected pigs is low, with the majority of intrahost Single Nucleotide Variants (iSNVs) present at frequencies of <10%. The ratio of the number of nonsynonymous to the number of synonymous iSNVs is significantly lower than under the neutral expectation, indicating that purifying selection shapes patterns of within-host viral diversity in swine. The dynamic turnover of iSNVs and their pronounced frequency changes further indicate that genetic drift also plays an important role in shaping IAV populations within pigs. Taken together, our results highlight similarities in patterns of IAV genetic diversity and evolution between humans and swine, including the role of stochastic processes in shaping within-host IAV dynamics.

Janus faced: The co-evolution of war and peace in the human species.

The human species presents a paradox. No other species possesses the propensity to carry out coalitionary lethal attacks on adult conspecifics coupled with the inclination to establish peaceful relations with genetically unrelated groups. What explains this seemingly contradictory feature? Existing perspectives, the "deep roots" and "shallow roots" of war theses, fail to capture the plasticity of human intergroup behaviors, spanning from peaceful cooperation to warfare. By contrast, this article argues that peace and war have both deep roots, and they co-evolved through an incremental process over several million years. On the one hand, humans inherited the propensity for coalitionary lethal violence from their chimpanzee-like ancestor. Specifically, having first inherited the skills to engage in cooperative hunting, they gradually repurposed such capacity to execute coalitionary killings of adult conspecifics and subsequently enhanced it through technological innovations like the use of weapons. On the other hand, they underwent a process of cumulative cultural evolution and, subsequently, of self-domestication which led to heightened cooperative communication and increased prosocial behavior within and between groups. The combination of these two biocultural evolutionary processes-coupled with feedback loop effects between self-domestication and Pleistocene environmental variability-considerably broadened the human intergroup behavioral repertoire, thereby producing the distinctive combination of conflictual and peaceful intergroup relations that characterizes our species. To substantiate this argument, the article synthesizes and integrates the findings from a variety of disciplines, leveraging evidence from evolutionary anthropology, primatology, archeology, paleo-genetics, and paleo-climatology.

Optimization Model of Emergency Evacuation Network Based on Genetic Algorithm

Aggregation and dispersion are the normal states. In economic production and social life, the evacuation of people and materials deserves extensive attention. From the perspective of mathematics and economics, arranging a thoughtful evacuation is essential for the best balance between personal satisfaction and cost. In this paper, evacuation is deeply studied by a genetic algorithm; the balance, cost, and willingness (satisfaction) priority models, which consider both satisfaction and cost, are established. In this paper, based on the field investigation and questionnaire survey conducted by Oriental Sports Center, overall satisfaction is inferred by the satisfaction of each person in the tested sample, and the time cost from the evacuation point to different reception points is inferred through actual investigation. Based on these data, a balance model is established, and the calculation is performed. The ratio of the total willingness value of the evacuated individuals to the total cost is taken as the function of the optimization objective. When the optimization objective function is complex, the genetic algorithm is used to search for the optimal solution by simulating the process of natural evolution. At the same time, the cost priority and willingness priority models are established to compare the advantages and disadvantages of different evacuation schemes and their applicable situations. The evacuation of Oriental Sports Center is studied using a genetic algorithm. The objective function value of equilibrium model optimization is 0.2155 (optimal solution), significantly different from willingness priority model optimization (0.0300). After calculating the optimization objective function value and cost value under the conditions of cost priority and willingness priority, a “People-oriented and cost-balanced” suggestion is put forward for a large crowd evacuation scheme.

Cyclic and linear trajectories of ecosystem evolution on sand dunes in Siberian taiga: A comprehensive analysis

Extensive unforested sandy areas on the margins of floodplains and riverbeds, formed by dunes, barchans, and accumulation berms, are a ubiquitous feature across northern Eurasia and Alaska. These dynamic landscapes, which bear witness to the complex Holocene and modern climatic fluctuations, provide a unique opportunity to study ecosystem evolution. Within this heterogeneous assemblage, active dunes, characterized by their very sparse plant communities, contrast sharply with the surrounding taiga (boreal) forests common for the stabilized dunes. This juxtaposition makes these regions to natural laboratories to study vegetation succession and soil development. Through a comprehensive analysis of climate, geomorphology, vegetation, soil properties, and microbiome composition, we elucidate the intricacies of cyclic and linear ecosystem evolution within a representative sandy area located along the lower Nadym River in Siberia, approximately 100 km south of the Arctic Circle. The shift in the Holocene wind regime and the slow development of vegetation under harsh climatic conditions promoted cyclical ecosystem dynamics that precluded the attainment of a steady state. This cyclical trajectory is exemplified by Arenosols, characterized by extremely sparse vegetation and undifferentiated horizons. Conversely, accelerated vegetation growth within wind-protected enclaves on marginally stabilized soils facilitated sand stabilization and subsequent pedogenesis towards Podzols. Based on soil acidification due to litter input (mainly needles, lichens, and mosses) and the succession of microbial communities, we investigated constraints on carbon and nutrient availability during the initial stages of pedogenesis. In summary, the comprehensive study of initial ecosystem development on sand dunes within taiga forests has facilitated the elucidation of both common phases and spatiotemporal dynamics of vegetation and soil succession. This analysis has further clarified the existence of both cyclic and linear trajectories within the successional processes of ecosystem evolution.

Attachment-like behavioral expressions to humans in puppies are related to oxytocin and cortisol: A comparative study of Akitas and Labrador Retrievers

This study investigated the relationship between urinary hormone concentrations and attachment-related behaviors in two dog breeds, the Akitas and Labrador Retrievers, to elucidate the hormonal and behavioral mechanisms underlying domestication and interspecies attachment to humans. By measuring cortisol and oxytocin concentrations, and conducting the Strange Situation Test (SST), we aimed to investigate breed differences in endocrine secretions associated with domestication and how these differences influence dog behavior toward humans. Our results showed significant breed differences in urinary cortisol concentrations, with Akitas exhibiting higher levels than Labrador Retrievers. This suggests a breed-specific stress response related to genetic proximity to wolves. However, oxytocin concentrations did not differ significantly, which suggests a complex interplay between factors influencing the domestication process and the formation of attachment behaviors. Behavioral observations during the SST revealed breed-specific patterns, with Labrador Retrievers showing more playful and attachment-like behaviors and Akitas showing more exploratory and passive behaviors. The study found correlations between hormones and behaviors within breeds, particularly in Labrador Retrievers, where oxytocin concentrations were associated with attachment-like behaviors, and cortisol concentrations reflected individual differences in physical activity rather than stress responses to social situations. These findings contribute to the understanding of the evolutionary and adaptive processes underlying the ability of domestic dogs to form close relationships with humans while highlighting the role of hormonal mechanisms in mediating attachment behaviors and the influence of breed-specific genetic backgrounds on these processes.

Museum Genomics approach to study the taxonomy and evolution of Woolly-necked storks using historic specimens

Abstract The accessibility of genomic tools in evolutionary biology has allowed for a thorough exploration of various evolutionary processes associated with adaptation and speciation. However, genomic studies in natural systems present numerous challenges, reflecting the inherent complexities of studying organisms in their native habitats. The utilization of museum specimens for genomics research has received increased attention in recent times, facilitated by advancements in ancient DNA techniques. In this study, we have utilized a museum genomics approach to analyze historic specimens of Woolly-necked storks (Ciconia sps.) and examine their genetic composition, taxonomic status, and explore the evolutionary and adaptive trajectories of populations over the years. The Woolly-necked storks are distributed in Asia and Africa with a taxonomic classification that has been a matter of ambiguity. Asian and African Woollynecks were recently recognized as different species based on their morphological differences, however, their genomic validation was lacking. In this study, we have used ∼70-year-old museum samples for whole-genome population-scale sequencing. Our study has revealed that Asian and African Woollyneck are genetically distinct, consistent with the current taxonomic classification based on morphological features. However, we also found a high genetic divergence between the Asian sub-species C. e. neglecta and C. e. episcopus suggesting this classification requires a detailed examination to explore processes of ongoing speciation. Because taxonomic classification directly impacts conservation efforts, and there is evidence of declining populations of Asian Woollynecks in Southeast Asia, our results highlight that population-scale studies are urgent to determine the genetic, ecological, and phylogenetic diversity of these birds.

Genomic Epidemiology of C2/H30Rx and C1-M27 Subclades of Escherichia coli ST131 Isolates from Clinical Blood Samples in Hungary.

Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli ST131 has become widespread worldwide. This study aims to characterize the virulome, resistome, and population structure of E. coli ST131 isolates from clinical blood samples in Hungary. A total of 30 C2/H30Rx and 33 C1-M27 ST131 isolates were selected for Illumina MiSeq sequencing and 30 isolates for MinION sequencing, followed by hybrid de novo assembly. Five C2/H30Rx and one C1-M27 cluster were identified. C1-M27 isolates harbored the F1:A2:B20 plasmid in 93.9% of cases. Long-read sequencing revealed that blaCTX-M-27 was on plasmids. Among the C2/H30Rx isolates, only six isolates carried the C2-associated F2:A1:B- plasmid type. Of 19 hybrid-assembled C2/H30Rx genomes, the blaCTX-M-15 gene was located on plasmid only in one isolate, while in the other isolates, ISEcp1 or IS26-mediated chromosomal integration of blaCTX-M-15 was detected in unique variations. In one isolate a part of F2:A1:B- plasmid integrated into the chromosome. These results suggest that CTX-M-15-producing C2/H30Rx and CTX-M-27-producing C1-M27 subclades may have emerged and spread in different ways in Hungary. While blaCTX-M-27 was carried mainly on the C1/H30R-associated F1:A2:B20 plasmid, the IncF-like plasmids of C2/H30Rx or its composite transposons have been incorporated into the chromosome through convergent evolutionary processes.

Cobalt-Catalyzed Acceptorless Dehydrogenation of Primary Amines to Nitriles.

The direct double dehydrogenation from primary amines to nitriles without an oxidant or hydrogen acceptor is both intriguing and challenging. In this paper, we describe a non-noble metal catalyst capable of realizing such a transformation with high efficiency. A cobalt-centered N,N-bidentate complex was designed and employed as a metal-ligand cooperative dehydrogenation catalyst. Detailed kinetic studies, control experiments, and DFT calculations revealed the crucial hydride transfer, proton transfer, and hydrogen evolution processes. Finally, a tandem outer-sphere/inner-sphere mechanism was proposed for the dehydrogenation of amines to nitriles through an imine intermediate.

Kinetics mechanism of pore pressure effect on CO2-water-rock interactions: An experimental study

Carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) is an effective technology to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) content in atmosphere, while due to the insufficient mastery of deterioration laws of reservoir rocks caused by CO2, the extensive application of carbon storage projects is hindered by the leakage risk. Therefore, it was aimed to study the kinetics mechanism of pore water pressure on CO2-water–rock interactions. First, the pressure effect on water–rock interactions was studied to obtain the relationship between ratio of solid–liquid contact area Ψ and pore pressure, and the controlling mechanism of Ψ on reaction rate ri was verified. On this basis, the pressure effect on CO2-water–rock interactions was further studied. Considering the effects on Ψ and solution acidity, the original CO2-applicable kinetics equation was modified to reduce the error of calculating reaction rate by 33.60% on average. Meanwhile, a forecast method was proposed for the reaction rate under different pressure conditions, and the average calculation error was 41.00% lower than that of original kinetics equation. After verifying the accuracy of these two theoretical methods to calculate reaction rate, the reliability to calculate porosity evolution process was further verified, and the calculation errors could be reduced by 29.52% and 31.81%, respectively.

Fine scale diversity in the lava: genetic and phenotypic diversity in small populations of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus.

A major goal in evolutionary biology is to understand the processes underlying phenotypic variation in nature. Commonly, studies have focused on large interconnected populations or populations found along strong environmental gradients. However, studies on small fragmented populations can give strong insight into evolutionary processes in relation to discrete ecological factors. Evolution in small populations is believed to be dominated by stochastic processes, but recent work shows that small populations can also display adaptive phenotypic variation, through for example plasticity and rapid adaptive evolution. Such evolution takes place even though there are strong signs of historical bottlenecks and genetic drift. Here we studied 24 small populations of the freshwater fish Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) found in groundwater filled lava caves. Those populations were found within a few km2-area with no apparent water connections between them. We studied the relative contribution of neutral versus non-neutral evolutionary processes in shaping phenotypic divergence, by contrasting patterns of phenotypic and neutral genetic divergence across populations in relation to environmental measurements. This allowed us to model the proportion of phenotypic variance explained by the environment, taking in to account the observed neutral genetic structure. These populations originated from the nearby Lake Mývatn, and showed small population sizes with low genetic diversity. Phenotypic variation was mostly correlated with neutral genetic diversity with only a small environmental effect. Phenotypic diversity in these cave populations appears to be largely the product of neutral processes, fitting the classical evolutionary expectations. However, the fact that neutral processes did not explain fully the phenotypic patterns suggests that further studies can increase our understanding on how neutral evolutionary processes can interact with other forces of selection at early stages of divergence. The accessibility of these populations has provided the opportunity for long-term monitoring of individual fish, allowing tracking how the environment can influence phenotypic and genetic divergence for shaping and maintaining diversity in small populations. Such studies are important, especially in freshwater, as habitat alteration is commonly breaking populations into smaller units, which may or may not be viable.

Using the Periodic Dynamics of Well Water Levels to Estimate Time Series Changes in Aquifer Parameters

Due to the long duration and high cost of traditional pumping tests, the response of well water levels to seismic waves, earth tides, and barometric pressure provides a feasible method for determining continuous changes in aquifer hydraulic parameters. Aimed at the problem that the response phase shift of well BB water levels to tide M2 is greater than that of tide O1, this paper preferentially calculated the time series changes in S, Be, n, and BKu based on the response mechanism of well water levels to barometric pressure and earth tides with the help of the smooth moving method. Then, by using the mixed flow model, the variation in the transmissivity and leakage coefficient over time was simultaneously obtained, and the evolution process and characteristics of aquifer parameters near well BB caused by the Wenchuan earthquake are ultimately discussed. The calculation results are basically consistent with the previous pumping test, and have been verified and compared by using other scholars’ methods. This solving process avoids problems such as excessive dependence on initial values, multiple solutions, and unstable tide O1, which has a promoting effect on the study of the impact of seismic activity on aquifer systems.

Analyzing the Architecture of All Saints Cathedral at Allahabad, India: Building Study and Heritage Potential

Heritage conservation is a major factor in promoting tourism. It helps to understand previous tradition, used materials, architecture style and evolution process. The link between heritage and tourism is the most visible aspect of the contribution of culture to local development. Due to the preservation of heritage many new jobs can be generated in the truism sector. When heritage tourism is done right the biggest beneficiaries not the visitors only but the local residents who experience a renewable appreciation in for and pride in their local city and its history. Art and architecture have the ability to transport us into different time and place it allows us to gain historical perspective and understanding. The All-Saints’ Cathedral in Allahabad stands as an epitome of architectural brilliance, religious heritage, and cultural significance. This research delves into the profound architectural attributes of the cathedral, offering insights into its historical context, structural design, and socio-cultural impact. Drawing upon architectural analysis and historical documentation, the study examines the evolution of the cathedral’s design, from its inception to its present form. Through a comparative analysis of architectural elements, including facade, interior layout, and ornamentation, the research delineates the cathedral’s adherence to prevailing architectural styles and its unique deviations. In conclusion, this research underscores the All Saints’ Cathedral in Allahabad as not merely a physical structure but a testament to architectural innovation, cultural heritage, and spiritual resilience. By elucidating its architectural intricacies and socio-cultural implications, the study contributes to a deeper understanding of the cathedral's enduring legacy in the architectural landscape of Allahabad.This study explores the transformative impact of architectural elements on the spiritual experience within All Saints' Cathedral, Allahabad. Analyzing furniture, lighting, flooring, ceiling, fans, and roofing, it unveils how these components contribute to the cathedral's upliftment of worshippers. Through a nuanced examination, it elucidates the intricate balance between structural design and spiritual elevation, shedding light on the cathedral's role as a sacred haven in the hearts of believers.

Mineralizations of Nb-Ta-Rb-Zr and rare-earth elements in Boziguoer, South Tianshan, NW China: Geochronology and geochemistry of monazite and bastnäsite

The Boziguoer alkaline intrusion is located in the South Tianshan Orogenic Belt on the northern margin of the Tarim Craton. The intrusion is entirely mineralized and forms a super-large rare metal (RM) and rare-earth element (REE) deposit dominated by Nb-Ta-Rb, accompanied by Zr-REE. The primary RM minerals include pyrochlore, astrophyllite, and zircon, while the main REE minerals consist of fluocerite, monazite, xenotime, and bastnäsite, which are commonly present as granular aggregates or singularly filling the interstices between gangue minerals. Through a combination of geochronological and geochemical analyses of different types of monazite and bastnäsite in the mineralized alkaline rocks, this study elucidates the role of magmatic-hydrothermal evolution on the Boziguoer RM-REE mineralization and reconstructs the geochronological framework of alkalic magmatic-hydrothermal evolution and mineralization processes, as well as establishing mechanisms responsible for RM-REE enrichment. Petrographic observations and back-scattered electron (BSE) imaging revealed several types of monazite and bastnäsite with different characteristics as follows: (1) type Ia monazite (Mnz-Ia) experienced intense hydrothermal alteration, forming residual cores of monazite mantled by apatite and allanite coronas; (2) type Ib monazite (Mnz-Ib) was partially eroded, forming concentric zoning patterns with a core of monazite, a mantle of apatite, and an outer rim of allanite coronas; (3) type II monazite (Mnz-II) is slightly modified, and commonly associated with fluorite; (4) bastnäsite and fluocerite exhibit a core-rim structure, with the core of fluocerite being brighter than the rim of bastnäsite in BSE images. According to the paragenetic relationships and compositional variations, all two types of monazite are of primary magmatic origin, while bastnäsite is of hydrothermal origin. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) results indicate that Mnz-Ia and Mnz-Ib belong to the same group, different from Mnz-II. The latter has higher (Ce/Gd)N and (Th/U)N ratios, indicating relatively low-temperature crystallization of Mnz-II at late stages. In-situ LA-ICP-MS U-Th-Pb dating of monazite and bastnäsite show that Mnz-Ia and Mnz-Ib have ages of ca. 290 Ma, consistent with the zircon age of the intrusion, whereas the Mnz-II and bastnäsite have younger ages of ca. 280 Ma, representing a post-magmatic hydrothermal mineralization event at Boziguoer. These new ages indicate that both magmatic and subsequent hydrothermal processes played critical roles in the RM-REE mineralization in this deposit. The latest findings also support the model that the formation of the alkaline belt where the Boziguoer ore-bearing intrusion was temporally and spatially linked to the Tarim Large Igneous Province that is genetically related to a mantle plume.

Avian Island Radiations Shed Light on the Dynamics of Adaptive and Nonadaptive Radiation.

Understanding the mechanisms underlying species formation and differentiation is a central goal of evolutionary biology and a formidable challenge. This understanding can provide valuable insights into the origins of the astonishing diversity of organisms living on our planet. Avian evolutionary radiations on islands have long fascinated biologists as they provide the ideal variation to study the ecological and evolutionary forces operating on the continuum between incipient lineages to complete speciation. In this review, we summarize the key insights gained from decades of research on adaptive and nonadaptive radiations of both extant and extinct insular bird species. We present a new comprehensive global list of potential avian radiations on oceanic islands, based on published island species checklists, taxonomic studies, and phylogenetic analyses. We demonstrate that our understanding of evolutionary processes is being greatly enhanced through the use of genomic tools. However, to advance the field, it is critical to complement this information with a solid understanding of the ecological and behavioral traits of both extinct and extant avian island species.

A Palearctic view of a bat fungal disease.

The fungal infection causing white-nose disease in hibernating bats in North America has resulted in dramatic population declines of affected species, since the introduction of the causative agent Pseudogymnoascus destructans. The fungus is native to the Palearctic, where it also infects several bat species, yet rarely causes severe pathology or the death of the host. Pseudogymnoascus destructans infects bats during hibernation by invading and digesting the skin tissue, resulting in the disruption of torpor patterns and consequent emaciation. Relations among pathogen, host, and environment are complex, and individuals, populations, and species respond to the fungal pathogen in different ways. For example, the Nearctic Myotis lucifugus responds to infection by mounting a robust immune response, leading to immunopathology often contributing to mortality. In contrast, the Palearctic M. myotis shows no significant immunological response to infection. This lack of a strong response, resulting from the long coevolution between the hosts and the pathogen in the pathogen's native range, likely contributes to survival in tolerant species. After more than 15years since the initial introduction of the fungus to North America, some of the affected populations are showing signs of recovery, suggesting that the fungus, hosts, or both are undergoing processes that may eventually lead to coexistence. The suggested or implemented management methods of the disease in North America have encompassed, for example, the use of probiotics and fungicides, vaccinations, and modifying the environmental conditions of the hibernation sites to limit the growth of the pathogen, intensity of infection, or the hosts' responses to it. Based on current knowledge from Eurasia, policy makers and conservation managers should refrain from disrupting the ongoing evolutionary processes and adopt a holistic approach to managing the epizootic.

Exploring the Human History: Cybernetic Modeling, Systemic Perspectives, and Applications in Archaeological Eras

Since the 1970s, cybernetic modeling of evolutionary processes has progressed, particularly with the development of the informatics-cybernetic model (ICM). This model conceptualizes humanity as a self-regulating hierarchical network system, continuously tracking energy-based target crite-ria through search optimization algorithms. The outcomes are recorded in the system memory of corresponding hierarchical subsystems. Within the ICM framework, the spatio-temporal charac-teristics of global evolution exhibit modifications reminiscent of the Zhirmunsky-Kuzmin number series, a geometric progression they identified in the exploration of critical levels in biosystem development. The study also showcases applications of mathematical-cybernetic modeling results in understanding historical processes examined by archaeologists and historians.

Rockburst early warning based on microseism and critical point theory

During the tunnel construction, rockbursts occurred, posing a risk to safety. To mitigate this risk, a microseismic monitoring system was installed in the tunnel to provide early warning of rockbursts. After conducting research on the evolution of microseismic events in terms of number, moment magnitude, and energy within a specific time frame, an approach for rockbursts risk assessment based on microseismic moment magnitude was proposed. The critical point theory was utilized to quantitatively analyze the energy release process of the surrounding rock before intense rockbursts. This analysis revealed that the energy release of the surrounding rock before rockbursts can be divided into three stages: stable energy release stage, transitional energy release stage and accelerated energy release stage. The obtained process, derived from the critical point theory, was compared and analyzed alongside the evolution process of value of b, cumulative apparent volume, and energy index.

Generalized $$\varphi $$-Pullback Attractors for Evolution Processes and Application to a Nonautonomous Wave Equation

Generalized $$\varphi $$-Pullback Attractors for Evolution Processes and Application to a Nonautonomous Wave Equation