Evolution Of Velocity Research Articles

Mathematical analysis of casson fluid flow with energy and mass transfer under the influence of activation energy from a non-coaxially spinning disc

A Casson fluid is the most suitable rheological model for blood and other non-Newtonian fluids. Casson fluids hold yield-stress and have great significance in biomechanics and polymer industries. In this analysis, a numerical simulation of non-coaxial rotation of a Casson fluid over a circular disc was estimated. The influence of thermal radiation, second-order chemical reactions, buoyancy, and heat source on a Casson fluid above a rotating frame was studied. The time evolution of secondary and primary velocities, solute particles, and energy contours were also examined. A magnetic flux of varying intensity was applied to the fluid flow. A nonlinear sequence of partial differential equations was used to describe the phenomenon. The modeled equations were reduced to a non-dimensional set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using similarity replacement. The obtained sets of ODEs were further simulated using the parametric continuation method (PCM). The impact of physical constraints on energy, concentration, and velocity profiles are presented through figures and tables. It should be noted that the effect of the Casson fluid coefficient, the Grashof number, and the magnetic field reduces the fluid’s primary velocity contour. The mass transfer field decreases with the action of constructive chemical reactions, but is augmented by the effects of destructive chemical reactions. The accelerating trend in Schmidt number lowers the mass profile, while it is enhanced by increasing values of activation energy and Soret number.

Pore scale visualization of thermal-fluid-structural evolution in the ablation of carbon/carbon composites

Understanding the complex thermal and physicochemical mechanisms of an ablated structure is fundamental for the accurate design of highly efficient thermal protection systems. This study proposed a pore-scale comprehensive model combining the lattice Boltzmann and volume fraction methods to couple the heat and mass transfer, flow, carbon interphase and ablation reaction in the ablation of carbon/carbon (C/C) composites. The influences of aerodynamic heat, pressure gradient, and kinematic viscosity on the thermal-fluid-structural evolution in the ablation of C/C composite structure were investigated. The results revealed that the velocity and structure morphology evolution rate in the C/C composite structure increased with an increase in aerodynamic heat. Further, the competitive relationship between the aerodynamic heat and convective heat transfer caused by the structural morphology evolution was identified. Moreover, the velocity and structural morphology evolution rate in the C/C composite structure decreased with an increase in the pressure gradient and kinematic viscosity. The findings of this study can be used as a guide for the design of C/C composite thermal protection systems.

Growing the seeds of pebble accretion through planetesimal accretion

We explore the growth of planetary embryos by planetesimal accretion up to and beyond the point at which pebble accretion becomes efficient at the so-called Hill-transition mass. Both the transition mass and the characteristic mass of planetesimals that formed by the streaming instability increase with increasing distance from the star. We developed a model for the growth of a large planetesimal (embryo) embedded in a population of smaller planetesimals formed in a filament by the streaming instability. The model includes in a self-consistent way the collisional mass growth of the embryo, the fragmentation of the planetesimals, the velocity evolution of all involved bodies, and the viscous spreading of the filament. We find that the embryo accretes all available material in the filament during the lifetime of the protoplanetary disc only in the inner regions of the disc. In contrast, we find little or no growth in the outer parts of the disc beyond 5-10 AU. Overall, our results demonstrate very long timescales for collisional growth of planetesimals in the regions of the protoplanetary disc in which giant planets form. This means that in order to form giant planets in cold orbits, pebble accretion must act directly on the largest bodies present in the initial mass function of planetesimals with little or no help from mutual collisions.

Interactions between a propagating detonation wave and circular water cloud in hydrogen/air mixture

Interactions between a propagating hydrogen/air detonation wave and circular water cloud are studied. Eulerian-Lagrangian method involving two-way gas-droplet coupling is applied. Different droplet (diameter, concentration) and cloud (diameter) properties are considered. Results show that droplet size, concentration and cloud radius have significant effects on peak pressure trajectory of the detonation wave. Three propagation modes are identified: perturbed propagation, leeward re-detonation, and detonation extinction. Leeward re-detonation is analyzed from unsteady evolutions of gas and liquid droplet quantities. The detonation is re-initiated by a local hot spot from shock focusing of upper and lower diffracted detonations. Disintegration of water droplets proceeds when the detonation wave crosses the cloud. In addition, detonation extinction is featured by quickly fading peak pressure trajectories when the detonation wave passes the larger cloud, and no local autoignition occurs in the shock focusing area. Evolutions of thermochemical structures from the shocked area in an extinction process are also studied. The transfer rates of mass, energy and momentum of detonation success and failure are analyzed. Moreover, parametric studies demonstrate that the critical cloud size to quench a detonation decreases when the droplet concentration is increased. However, when the droplet concentration is beyond 0.84 kg/m3, the critical cloud size is negligibly influenced due to small droplets. Two-phase fluid interfacial instability is observed, and the mechanism of cloud evolution is studied with the distributions of droplet, vorticity, density / pressure gradient magnitudes, and gas velocity. Analysis confirms that velocity difference (due to two-phase momentum exchange) dominates the formation of large-scale vortices from the southern and northern poles, corresponding to Kelvin–Helmholtz instability. Moreover, the influences of effective Atwood number on the evolutions of cloud morphology, vorticity, and gas velocity are evaluated. Results show that higher droplet concentration results in wider droplet dispersion range due to larger vortices.

Spatial distribution and transient evolution of sub-droplet velocity and size in ultrasonic atomization

Ultrasonic atomization has been applied widely in various industrial fields because of its excellent atomization uniformity and high material utilization. The performance and quality of the final product greatly depend on the atomization characteristics, such as droplet velocity and droplet size distribution. The present work experimentally investigated the atomization characteristics of a single droplet using an ultrasonic atomizer. The influence of the vibration amplitude on the atomization characteristics was studied. The microscopic and macroscopic atomization processes were analyzed with backlight photography and particle image velocimetry (PIV) respectively. The atomization angle and the overall velocity field under different vibration amplitudes were quantitatively determined. We studied the transient velocity distribution evolution (the velocity along the axis, the radial distribution of the vertical and the horizontal velocity) of atomized droplets and the corresponding droplet size distribution for the first time, and established the dimensionless correlation analysis between the two. The characteristics of the time-averaged velocity, velocity pulsation, vorticity, and Reynolds stress during atomization were also demonstrated. Results show that the atomization angle and the overall velocity of the atomization field suggest strong transient and pulsation. The position of the velocity peak is closer to the vibrating head as the amplitude increases. The transient distribution evolution of the vertical velocity and the droplet size has strong consistency and the new dimensionless correlation for the two shows a high fitting. The horizontal velocity is zero at the central axis, and the value increases with the increase of the radial distance. The increase in vibration amplitude makes the atomization process more explosive. This work will provide practical data and scientific guidance for the controllability and optimization of ultrasonic atomization performance.

Detached eddy simulation on the structure of swirling jet flow field

The improved delayed detached eddy simulation method with shear stress transport model was used to analyze the evolution of vortex structure, velocity and pressure fields of swirling jet. The influence of nozzle pressure drop on vortex structure development and turbulence pulsation was investigated. The development of vortex structure could be divided into three stages: Kelvin-Helmholtz (K-H) instability, transition stage and swirling flow instability. Swirling flow could significantly enhance radial turbulence pulsation and increase diffusion angle. At the downstream of the jet flow, turbulence pulsation dissipation was the main reason for jet velocity attenuation. With the increase of pressure drop, the jet velocity, pulsation amplitude and the symmetry of velocity distribution increased correspondingly. Meanwhile the pressure pulsation along with the axis and vortex transport intensity also increased significantly. When the jet distance exceeded about 9 times the dimensionless jet distance, the impact distance of swirling jet could not be improved effectively by increasing the pressure drop. However, it could effectively increase the swirl intensity and jet diffusion angle. The swirling jet is more suitable for radial horizontal drilling with large hole size, coalbed methane horizontal well cavity completion and roadway drilling and pressure relief, etc.

Thin-shell effects on nonlinear bubble evolution in the ablative Rayleigh–Taylor instability

The influence of thin-shell effects on the nonlinear evolution of two-dimensional single-mode ablative Rayleigh–Taylor instability (ARTI) is studied in the parameter range of inertial confinement fusion implosions. A new phase of unsaturated nonlinear bubble evolution caused by thin-shell effects is found. This is different from the traditional opinion that the bubble velocity becomes saturated after the ARTI evolution enters a highly nonlinear regime. A modified bubble velocity formula is proposed, based on the Betti–Sanz model [Betti and Sanz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 205002 (2006)], considering the thin-shell effects. It is shown that the bubble velocity becomes saturated in the thick-target case after the ARTI evolution enters a highly nonlinear regime. In this case, the Betti–Sanz bubble dynamics model can predict the evolution of bubble velocity. However, when the thin-shell effects become significant in the case of kD0 < 100, where D0 is the initial thickness of the target and k is the perturbation wavenumber, the difference of the average acceleration between the bubble vertex and the spike tip can be much more significant than that of the thick-target case. In this situation, the nonlinear evolution of the ARTI bubbles will accelerate without saturation until the target breakup, which cannot be depicted by the Betti–Sanz model while the improved theory formula is applicative. The Betti–Sanz model and the improved theory formula are independent of the initial perturbation amplitude.

An advanced mean field dislocation density reliant physical model to predict the creep deformation of 304HCu austenitic stainless steel

Physical based creep modelling enables to understand the life-limiting factors that are required for a safe and economic operation of power plant components. Thus, herein an improved physical approach to address the creep behavior of 304HCu austenitic stainless steel is presented. This approach combines a dislocation density reliant physical model with a continuum damage mechanics (CDM) model. Two different dislocation densities: mobile and forest, and dislocation mean free path are used to describe the substructure in order to model the creep strain. The original Orowan’s equation for estimating creep strain rate is modified employing CDM based softening parameters to take account of damage causing tertiary creep. The model is advantageous in the sense that with the ongoing creep, the evolution of different variables that are dislocation densities, dislocation mobility, dislocation velocity, internal stress, effective stress and damage evolution is tracked and discussed thoroughly. Furthermore, the model output is corroborated with experimental creep data of 304HCu steel. The predicted values of forest dislocation density, mobile dislocation density, mean free path, internal stress, effective stress, dislocation mobility and dislocation velocity are in the range of 7.91 × 1011 – 1.01 × 1013 m−2, 8.16 × 1010 – 4.56 × 1011 m−2, 9.35 – 9.80 µm, 11.70 – 35.50 MPa, 86.0 – 165.0 MPa, 1.68 × 10−9 – 2.11 × 10−7 Pa−1s−1 and 6.48 × 10−11 – 7.45 × 10−9 m/s, respectively, at the end of simulation.

Inverse moment of the B -meson quasidistribution amplitude

We perform a study on the structure of inverse moment (IM) of quasi distributions, by taking $B$-meson quasi distribution amplitude (quasi-DA) as an example. Based on a one-loop calculation, we derive the renormalization group equation and velocity evolution equation for the first IM of quasi-DA. We find that, in the large velocity limit, the first IM of $B$-meson quasi-DA can be factorized into IM as well as logarithmic moments of light-cone distribution amplitude (LCDA), accompanied by short distance coefficients. Our results can be useful either in understanding the patterns of perturbative matching in Large Momentum Effective Theory or evaluating inverse moment of $B$-meson LCDA on the lattice.

Numerical investigation of sheet flow driven by a near-breaking transient wave using SedFoam

Sheet flow driven by a near-breaking transient wave is numerically investigated using SedFoam, a two-phase Eulerian sediment transport model in the OpenFOAM framework. SedFoam resolves the full profile of sediment transport processes within the bottom boundary layer based on closures for intergranular stresses and fluid–particle interactions. Compared with large-scale wave flume data, good agreements are obtained for streamwise flow velocity profiles, sediment concentration profiles, and the sheet flow layer thickness. Model results show near-bed velocity and sediment profile evolution within the sheet flow layer. Intense sediment suspension trailing the wave crest generates stable density stratification that dampens near-bed turbulent kinetic energy and contributes to decreasing bed shear stress. Results suggest that the buoyant flux dominates turbulent kinetic energy dissipation after the passing of the wave crest, coinciding with the reduction of bed shear stress. The instantaneous upper bound of the sheet flow layer exists in different log-law regimes under the transient wave, giving rise to a near-bed velocity profile that is highly dependent on the variable sheet flow layer wall unit. The effect of the profile shape parameter on bedload sediment transport is studied where the bedload predicted using the time-varying optimal profile shape parameter yields good agreement compared to the directly modeled bedload. Modeled sediment transport rates demonstrate that reduced bed shear stress caused by density stratification limits bedload and results in a suspended load-dominant mode.

Coupling characteristics of fluid and charge behaviors in an EHD wall jet produced by a surface dielectric barrier injection actuator

The mechanism of an EHD wall jet generated by a surface dielectric barrier injection (SDBI) actuator remains to be elucidated due to asymmetry of the electrode structure and existence of the dielectric layer. Taking into account the charge injection and dissociation mechanisms as well as the surface charge accumulation effect, an EHD wall jet model of general applicability based on the finite element method is established to explore the electric field and flow field coupling characteristics under a square wave signal. Simulation results show that a homocharge region is formed at the tip of the electrode while a heterocharge one is built at the upper surface area. Injected charges are attached to the dielectric surface owing to migration and accumulation as they move downstream with the flow field. The motion of opposite charges contributes to the vortex formation process and its trajectory is in line with the vortex evolution path. For each half-cycle of the square wave, the feature of an abrupt increase followed by an exponential decrease applies to both the velocity evolution characteristic and the current variation law.

Exploring the controlling mechanisms for gradient evolution in unsteady detonation flows

Proper characterization of the transient interaction between shock front motion and chemical energy release is the key for further understanding of unsteady detonation dynamics. We have shown that the gradients could be the adequate intermediate quantities to reflect the transient interaction between shock front motion and chemical energy release through the Lagrangian particle analysis of the simulated direct detonation initiation (DDI) process in H2–O2–Ar mixtures. Specifically, the “shock change equations” are verified to describe the direct relation between the shock front motion and the gradients immediately behind the shock. Moreover, given the time derivatives of shock speed, the gradient evolution in the induction zone can be reproduced by the gradient evolution equations that are deduced from the Euler equations, no matter if the shock front undergoes rapid deceleration or acceleration. While in the reaction zone where the heat release is significant, it is demonstrated that the evolutions of velocity, pressure, and their gradients can be described by the Zel'dovich–von Neumann–Döring model with a constant wave speed that is below the Chapman–Jouguet speed, no matter if the shock front undergoes rapid deceleration or acceleration. These two distinct controlling mechanisms are verified in both planar and spherical DDI processes, showing their general applicability. This work suggests a new perspective, in terms of gradient evolution, for further understanding the unsteady detonation dynamics.

Creep curve modelling of Austenitic Steel 316LN

Physical based creep models that elucidate the creep deformation behaviour with ongoing microstructural evolution can be a useful tool for the components life assessment as well as the design of improved materials, deployed at high temperature and pressure. In this research work, a creep model that is a combination of physical based model and CDM approach is employed to predict the creep curves of steel 316LN. The microstructure based variables those are different dislocation densities (mobile and forest) are the input parameters. The model provides a provision for the assessment of each microstructural variable, in each time step of the creep deformation. Consequently, other than creep curves, the model also demonstrates the evolution of dislocation density (mobile and forest), dislocation velocity, dislocation mobility and mean free path. Initial values of input parameters (various dislocation densities and mean free path) are obtained from the literature for initializing the model. It can be observed that the predicted creep curves are in reasonable agreement with experimental ones and the evolution of other involved parameters is discussed thoroughly.

Sun-as-a-star Analysis of Hα Spectra of a Solar Flare Observed by SMART/SDDI: Time Evolution of Red Asymmetry and Line Broadening

Stellar flares sometimes show red/blue asymmetries of the Hα line, which can indicate chromospheric dynamics and prominence activations. However, the origin of asymmetries is not completely understood. For a deeper understanding of stellar data, we performed a Sun-as-a-star analysis of Hα line profiles of an M4.2-class solar flare showing dominant emissions from flare ribbons by using the data of the Solar Dynamics Doppler Imager on board the Solar Magnetic Activity Research Telescope at the Hida Observatory. Sun-as-a-star Hα spectra of the flare show red asymmetry of up to ∼95 km s−1 and line broadening of up to ∼7.5 Å. The Sun-as-a-star Hα profiles are consistent with spectra from flare regions with weak intensity, but they take smaller redshift velocities and line widths by a factor of ∼2 than those with strong intensity. The redshift velocities, as well as line widths, peak out and decay more rapidly than the Hα equivalent widths, which is consistent with the chromospheric condensation model and spatially resolved flare spectra. This suggests that as a result of superposition, the nature of chromospheric condensation is observable even from stellar flare spectra. The time evolution of redshift velocities is found to be similar to that of luminosities of near-ultraviolet rays (1600 Å), while the time evolution of line broadening is similar to that of optical white lights. These Hα spectral behaviors in Sun-as-a-star view could be helpful to distinguish whether the origin of Hα red asymmetry of stellar flares is a flare ribbon or other phenomena.

Connecting the Light Curves of Type IIP Supernovae to the Properties of Their Progenitors

Observations of core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) reveal a wealth of information about the dynamics of the supernova ejecta and its composition but very little direct information about the progenitor. Constraining properties of the progenitor and the explosion requires coupling the observations with a theoretical model of the explosion. Here we begin with the CCSN simulations of Couch et al., which use a nonparametric treatment of the neutrino transport while also accounting for turbulence and convection. In this work we use the SuperNova Explosion Code to evolve the CCSN hydrodynamics to later times and compute bolometric light curves. Focusing on Type IIP SNe (SNe IIP), we then (1) directly compare the theoretical STIR explosions to observations and (2) assess how properties of the progenitor’s core can be estimated from optical photometry in the plateau phase alone. First, the distribution of plateau luminosities (L 50) and ejecta velocities achieved by our simulations is similar to the observed distributions. Second, we fit our models to the light curves and velocity evolution of some well-observed SNe. Third, we recover well-known correlations, as well as the difficulty of connecting any one SN property to zero-age main-sequence mass. Finally, we show that there is a usable, linear correlation between iron core mass and L 50 such that optical photometry alone of SNe IIP can give us insights into the cores of massive stars. Illustrating this by application to a few SNe, we find iron core masses of 1.3–1.5 M ⊙ with typical errors of 0.05 M ⊙. Data are publicly available online on Zenodo: doi:10.5281/zenodo.6631964.

Experimental and simulation studies of thermal transport based on plasma flow motion in laser-ablated dense regions of Au and CH

A practical experimental method is proposed to investigate thermal transport by characterizing the motion of plasma flows through a x-ray spectroscopic technique using tracers. By simultaneously measuring multiple parameters, namely, the mass-ablation rate, the temporal evolution of plasma flow velocities and trajectories and the temperature, it is possible to observe a variety of physical processes, such as shock wave compression, heating by thermal waves, and plasma thermal expansion, and to determine their relative importance in different phases during the irradiation of CH and Au targets. From a comparison with hydrodynamic simulations, we find significant differences in the motion of the plasma flows between CH and Au, which can be attributed to different sensitivities to the thermal transport process. There are also differences in the ablation and electron temperature histories of the two materials. These results confirm that velocities and trajectories of plasma motion can provide useful evidence in the investigation of thermal conduction, and the approach presented here deserves more attention in the context of inertial confinement fusion and high-energy-density physics.

Calibration of Holmquist Johnson Cook (HJC) model for projectile penetration of geopolymer-based ultra-high performance concrete (G-UHPC)

Holmquist Johnson Cook (HJC) model has been extensively adopted to simulate the projectile penetration of concrete targets. In this study, based on the available experimental data of uniaxial compression, triaxial compression, split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) and Hugoniot tests, HJC model parameters in terms of the strength surface, strain rate effect, damage evolution and equation of state (EOS) were systematically calibrated for a newly fabricated ultra-high performance concrete termed as geopolymer-based ultra-high performance concrete (G-UHPC). Using the HJC model with calibrated model parameters, numerical simulations of projectile penetration into plain and fibre reinforced G-UHPC targets were performed in a commercial finite element program LS-DYNA. The numerical results for the depth of penetration (DOP) exhibited fair agreement with the test data. The numerical projectile velocity and displacement evolutions were also validated through comparing to the semi-analytical model. These observations demonstrated the applicability and validity of the calibrated HJC model to estimate DOP of G-UHPC targets subjected to projectile impact. With the calibrated and validated HJC model, parametric studies were further conducted to explore the effect of uniaxial compressive strength of G-UHPC, projectile impact velocity, mass, diameter and nose shape on the final DOP values. Based on the numerical results from the parametric studies, an empirical equation concerning the aforementioned variables was proposed, which could help design G-UHPC protective barriers against projectile penetration.

Low-luminosity type IIP supermnovae: SN 2005cs and SN 2020cxd as very low-energy iron core-collapse explosions

ABSTRACT SN 2020cxd is a representative of the family of low-energy, underluminous Type IIP supernovae (SNe), whose observations and analysis were recently reported by Yang et al. (2021). Here, we re-evaluate the observational data for the diagnostic SN properties by employing the hydrodynamic explosion model of a 9 M⊙ red supergiant progenitor with an iron core and a pre-collapse mass of 8.75 M⊙. The explosion of the star was obtained by the neutrino-driven mechanism in a fully self-consistent simulation in three dimensions (3D). Multiband light curves and photospheric velocities for the plateau phase are computed with the one-dimensional radiation-hydrodynamics code STELLA, applied to the spherically averaged 3D explosion model as well as sphericized radial profiles in different directions of the 3D model. We find that the overall evolution of the bolometric light curve, duration of the plateau phase, and basic properties of the multiband emission can be well reproduced by our SN model with its explosion energy of only 0.7 × 1050 erg and an ejecta mass of 7.4 M⊙. These values are considerably lower than the previously reported numbers, but they are compatible with those needed to explain the fundamental observational properties of the prototype low-luminosity SN 2005cs. Because of the good compatibility of our photospheric velocities with line velocities determined for SN 2005cs, we conclude that the line velocities of SN 2020cxd are probably overestimated by up to a factor of about 3. The evolution of the line velocities of SN 2005cs compared to photospheric velocities in different explosion directions might point to intrinsic asymmetries in the SN ejecta.

Rapid velocity reduction and drift potential assessment of off-nozzle pesticide droplets

• Spatial velocities of off-nozzle droplets reduce by 50%–80% when falling 200 mm. • The diameter boundary of the droplet sensitive to the drift loss is about 150 μm. • The mechanism of velocity evolution differences between droplets is clarified. • The droplet diameter distribution is well improved by the modification of liquid. • Addition of adjuvant reduces the spatial drift loss of pesticide droplets by 20%–50%. The droplet velocity and diameter significantly affect both the spatial drift loss and the interfacial deposition behaviors, thus determining the ultimate utilization efficiency during pesticide spraying. Investigating the spatial velocity and diameter evolutions can reveal the mechanism of drift loss and guide to design regulation strategy. Here, we explored the spatial velocity distribution of droplets after leaving the nozzle by particle image velocimetry technology and particle tracking model, considering that the effect of nozzle configuration and the air velocity. It shows that all droplets decelerate rapidly with the velocity attenuation ratio ranging from 50% to 80% within the region of 200 mm below the nozzle. The spatial velocity evolution differences between droplets in crossflow are determined by the competition of vertical drag force and net gravity, and the drag force sharply increases as the droplet diameter decreases, especially for that smaller than 150 μm. Based on the spatial evolution differences of the droplet velocity and diameter, a functional adjuvant was added to the liquid for improving the diameter distribution. And the drift loss was significantly reduced due to the reduction of the proportion of easily drifting droplets.

Bayesian Filtering for Dynamic Anomaly Detection and Tracking

This article presents a Bayesian approach for sequential detection of anomalies in the motion of a target and joint tracking. The anomaly is modeled as a binary (on/off) switching unknown control input that goes into action (begins to exist, or “switches on”) thereby modifying the object dynamics; and by ceasing its activity (becoming nonexistent, or “switching off”) returns the dynamics to nominal. The developed Bayesian framework brings together random finite set (RFS) theory to represent the switching nature of the anomaly, and optimal joint input and state estimation to sequentially update a hybrid state that incorporates a random vector for the kinematic state and a Bernoulli RFS for the unknown control input. In addition, a closed-form solution, the Gaussian-mixture hybrid Bernoulli filter (GM-HBF), has been developed to provide a customized solution for dynamic anomaly detection in the maritime domain characterized by linear Gaussian target dynamics. Based on the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck dynamic model for vessels, where the evolution of the object velocity is governed by a piecewise mean-reverting stochastic process, the anomaly can be represented by a change in the long-run mean velocity (i.e., the unknown control input) from the nominal condition that forces the vessel to deviate from its standard route. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed GM-HBF in both simulated and real-world maritime surveillance applications and test its performance in the face of false measurements, detection uncertainty, and sensor data gaps.