Evolution Of Topology Research Articles

Analysis of the structure and time-series evolution of knowledge label network from a complex perspective

PurposeThe research on social media-based academic communication has made great progress with the development of the mobile Internet era, and while a large number of research results have emerged, clarifying the topology of the knowledge label network (KLN) in this field and showing the development of its knowledge labels and related concepts is one of the issues that must be faced. This study aims to discuss the aforementioned issue.Design/methodology/approachFrom a bibliometric perspective, 5,217 research papers in this field from CNKI from 2011 to 2021 are selected, and the title and abstract of each paper are subjected to subword processing and topic model analysis, and the extended labels are obtained by taking the merged set with the original keywords, so as to construct a conceptually expanded KLN. At the same time, appropriate time window slicing is performed to observe the temporal evolution of the network topology. Specifically, the basic network topological parameters and the complex modal structure are analyzed empirically to explore the evolution pattern and inner mechanism of the KLN in this domain. In addition, the ARIMA time series prediction model is used to further predict and compare the changing trend of network structure among different disciplines, so as to compare the differences among different disciplines.FindingsThe results show that the degree sequence distribution of the KLN is power-law distributed during the growth process, and it performs better in the mature stage of network development, and the network shows more stable scale-free characteristics. At the same time, the network has the characteristics of “short path and high clustering” throughout the time series, which is a typical small-world network. The KLN consists of a small number of hub nodes occupying the core position of the network, while a large number of label nodes are distributed at the periphery of the network and formed around these hub nodes, and its knowledge expansion pattern has a certain retrospective nature. More knowledge label nodes expand from the center to the periphery and have a gradual and stable trend. In addition, there are certain differences between different disciplines, and the research direction or topic of library and information science (LIS) is more refined and deeper than that of journalism and media and computer science. The LIS discipline has shown better development momentum in this field.Originality/valueKLN is constructed by using extended labels and empirically analyzed by using network frontier conceptual motifs, which reflects the innovation of the study to a certain extent. In future research, the influence of larger-scale network motifs on the structural features and evolutionary mechanisms of KLNs will be further explored.

Pore topology, volume expansion and pressure development in chemically-induced foam cements

Foam cement is an engineered lightweight material relevant to a broad range of engineering applications. This study explores the effects of aluminum chips on cement-bentonite slurry expansion, pressure development, and the evolution of pore topology. The terminal volume expansion under free-boundary conditions or the pressure build up under volume-controlled conditions are a function of the aluminum mass ratio, bentonite mass ratio, and aluminum chip size. X-ray CT images show that finer aluminum chips create smaller pores but result in a larger volume expansion than when larger sized chips are used; on the other hand, large chip sizes result in unreacted residual aluminum. Time-lapse CT images clearly show the sequence of processes which lead to the development of foam cement: gas bubble nucleation, bubble growth, capillary-driven grain displacement enhanced by the presence of bentonite, coalescence, percolation, gas leakage and pore collapse. These results illustrate the potential to customize the mixture composition of chemically-induced gassy cement to control expansion and pressure build up, and to minimize percolating discontinuities and gas release.

Topological Evolution of an Unwinding Blowout Jet

We investigate the topological evolution of coronal jet containing a sigmoid-like flux rope using a nonlinear force-free field model obtained with the flux-rope insertion method and magnetofrictional relaxation. We examine the topological evolution predicted by the unstable model with respect to observations from Solar Dynamic Observatory’s Atmospheric Imaging Array. We also calculate the squeezing factor, an approximation for sharp discontinuities in the magnetic field, and the coiling rate, an approximation for the amount of twist in the field. We identify at least two topological features where magnetic reconnection is likely taking place: an internal anemone-like region, near the filament, and an external region between the closed dome of the coronal jet and the ambient field. We also find evidence of reconnection below the filament, but it is not clear if the two inner regions are the same. We find that the internal region inflates the jet dome into the external region, which in turn initiates the fast eruption, allowing the inner region to unwind and the filament to escape. Finally, we examine the thermal evolution of the jet and trace the regions of enhanced emission-measure-weighted temperature (T EM) to the location of the expected reconnection regions. We find that magnetic field lines associated with the internal reconnection region are tied to increased T EM and emission in extreme-UV observations, indicative of heating. We identify this eruption as an untwisting jet, where unwinding magnetic field lines impart energy along the magnetic field forming the observed features of the coronal jet.

Evolution of the Complex Network Topology of Producer Services and the Dynamic Upgrading of Manufacturing Value Chain in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area

In the context of close integration of economic globalization and of local production networks, the network topology of producer service formed by the linkage between producer service and manufacturing industry has attracted widespread concern. Based on the research perspective of complex network theory, this paper theoretically analyzes the impact mechanism of how the evolution of network topology of producer service promotes the upgrading of manufacturing’s value chain. In addition, taking the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area as research object, this paper further analyzes the evolution characteristics of network topology, such as the breadth, intensity and centrality of network connection of producer service, so as to identify the interactive efficiency between producer services and the upgrading of manufacturing value chain. Finally, this paper proposes the path of coordinated development of network topology of producer services and manufacturing value chain.

Ultrasensitive Sub-monolayer Palladium Induced Chirality Switching and Topological Evolution of Skyrmions.

Chiral spin textures are fundamentally interesting, with promise for device applications. Stabilizing chirality is conventionally achieved by introducing Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) in asymmetric multilayers, where the thickness of each layer is at least a few monolayers. Here we report an ultrasensitive chirality switching in (Ni/Co)n multilayer induced by capping with only 0.22 monolayer of Pd. Using spin-polarized low-energy electron microscopy, we monitor the gradual evolution of domain walls from left-handed to right-handed Néel walls and quantify the DMI induced by the Pd capping layer. We also observe the chiral evolution of a skyrmion during the DMI switching, where no significant topological protection is found as the skyrmion winding number varies. This corresponds to a minimum energy cost of <1 attojoule during the skyrmion chirality switching. Our results demonstrate the detailed chirality evolution within skyrmions during the DMI sign switching, which is relevant to practical applications of skyrmionic devices.

Adaptive fuzzy directional bat algorithm for the optimal coordination of protection systems based on directional overcurrent relays

Despite bringing several benefits to modern power systems, distributed generation (DG) and microgrids cause a significant impact on the operation of power distribution networks, especially with regard to the protection system. The topological evolution of power distribution networks comprising DG units and the islanding capacity of microgrids have lead to significant changes in the magnitudes of short-circuit currents, consequently affecting the reliability of protection systems in terms of loss of selectivity (false tripping and/or sympathetic tripping), sensitivity (blind protection), and dynamic response (delayed trip). In this new scenario, the adoption of smart protection systems capable of incorporating advanced control and protection mechanisms is of paramount importance for ensuring the automatic reconfiguration and restoration of the power grid when undesirable phenomena like faults occur. Considering this scenario, this work proposes a novel metaheuristic called adaptive fuzzy directional bat algorithm (AFDBA), which can calculate optimal settings for directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) in any power grid topology without the need for tuning the initial parameters. The technique is applied to three case studies, that is, the 3-bus, 9-bus, and 30-bus test systems. The algorithm performance is compared with that of genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), differential evolution (DE), bat algorithm (BA), and directional bat algorithm (DBA). The results evidence that the proposed approach has high convergence speed, high robustness, and acceptable computational burden, while providing the proper coordination of protection systems.

Dual-Switch Enhanced Gain Boost DC–DC Converters

A switching capacitor-based boost converter topological evolution is proposed in this article. Switching capacitor with dual-switch configuration is the basis for the topological evolution with common ground feature. The topologies evolved are capable of yielding high-voltage transformation ratio at smaller duty ratios like in Z-source dc–dc converter topologies. The front-end structure provides a voltage gain of 1/(1 − 2D) while the upstream circuit structure is compatible for embedding the voltage multiplier cells and thus gain enhancement becomes an easier task. On this basis, four different enhanced gain boost topologies with common ground feature [dual-switch-based switching-capacitor converter (DSSCC) Type-1 and -2, and dual-switch-based switching-capacitor fourth-order converter (DSSCFO) Type-1 and -2] are introduced in this article. In all these topologies, a small adjustment in the duty cycle is sufficient enough to ensure load voltage regulation even if the input supply voltage varies over wide ranges. Among these four proposed topologies, DSSCC Type-1 and DSSCFO Type-2 exhibit low source current ripple content due to the presence of inductance at the source side. Of these two, DSSCFO Type-2 exhibits low source current ripples as well as high voltage gain at moderate duty ratios. In view of this, detailed analysis and experimental investigations are established for DSSCFO Type-2. A comprehensive comparison of the proposed topologies with other reported topologies is given, wherein they exhibit identical as well as closely following voltage gain. A 220 V, 120 W, 50 kHz prototype is constructed for performance verification. Measurement results are provided to demonstrate the enhanced gain boosting along with low source current ripple features.

Dynamics of three-dimensional vortical structures behind a barchan dune based on tomographic particle image velocimetry

In this study, tomographic particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to measure three-dimensional (3D) flow structures behind a fixed-bed barchan dune model at a Reynolds number of 2528 in a circulation water tunnel. The topological evolution of the 3D instantaneous vortex structures and their dynamic characteristics in the dune wake were analyzed. 3D instantaneous arch-shaped vortex “chains” shedding from the barchan and typical quasi-streamwise vortex structures induced by the development of an internal boundary layer were found to be located both before and after the reattachment region, which differs a little from the results of previous studies. Nevertheless, both conditionally averaged and typical instantaneous 3D flow fields revealed that the arch-shaped vortex system dominates the barchan dune wake, and the inclination angle of these spanwise-oriented structures was found to change as it propagates downstream. Additionally, the dynamic characteristics of the dune wake were found to be similar to a flapping phenomenon such as oscillation of the recirculation in a backward-facing step flow. To provide complementary insight into this phenomenon, the separated and reattached shear flow were also examined using two-dimensional time-resolved planar PIV. It was found that the basic unsteady flapping motion, vortex roll-up, and complex vortex interactions can all be analyzed with ease in a Lagrangian framework.

A moving eulerian-lagrangian particle method for thin film and foam simulation

We present the Moving Eulerian-Lagrangian Particles (MELP), a novel mesh-free method for simulating incompressible fluid on thin films and foams. Employing a bi-layer particle structure, MELP jointly simulates detailed, vigorous flow and large surface deformation at high stability and efficiency. In addition, we design multi-MELP: a mechanism that facilitates the physically-based interaction between multiple MELP systems, to simulate bubble clusters and foams with non-manifold topological evolution. We showcase the efficacy of our method with a broad range of challenging thin film phenomena, including the Rayleigh-Taylor instability across double-bubbles, foam fragmentation with rim surface tension, recovery of the Plateau borders, Newton black films, as well as cyclones on bubble clusters.

Topological characteristics of international business cycle synchronization: A network analysis of the BRI economies.

Based on the GDP constant 2010 US$ from the World Bank, this paper uses the instantaneous quasi-correlation coefficient to measure the business cycle synchronization linkages among 53 Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) economies from 2000 to 2019, and empirically studies the topological characteristics of the Business Cycle Synchronization Network (BCSN) with the help of complex network analysis method. The main conclusions are as follows: First, the BCSN density and efficiency of BRI economies are still low, and it presents a topological feature of "small world". Second, the individual characteristics of the economies in the network are obviously different. Among them, China's relative influence is significantly increased, but its betweenness centrality level is still low. Third, since the inception of BRI, the topological characteristics of BCSN of BRI economies have undergone great changes, and their topological evolution has gradually reflected the characteristic of self-stability.

Electronic and topological band evolution of VB-group transitionmetal monocarbides M2C (M=V, Nb, or Ta) bulk and monolayer

Two-dimensional transition metal monocarbides (2D MXenes) have attracted intense interest due to their versatility, predicted topological phase, and immense applications. In this study, we investigated the electronic and topological band evolutions of both the bulk and monolayer MXenes, M2C (M = V, Nb, or Ta), using first-principles calculations. Our study shows that all the three bulk M2C are semi-metallic and host topological phases. Interestingly, our study showed pristine monolayers V2C and Nb2C exhibit non-trivial topological phases, while Ta2C exhibits trivial phase. Unlike other MXenes, monolayer V2C and Nb2C host the quantum spin Hall effect without functionalizations. Furthermore, thickness-dependent calculations intriguingly show Lifshitz electronic transition from semi-metallic to topological insulating phase in V2C from bilayer to monolayer with a sufficiently large bandgap of 0.32 eV. Moreover, the topological phase transition between the TI state and the trivial state in V2C is driven by quantum size effects as the Z2 topological invariant notably oscillates between 1 and 0 with varying thickness. Finally, our study demonstrated that VB MXenes could be promising topological materials for spintronics applications.

Dynamics and bifurcations of laminar annular swirling and non-swirling jets

This paper presents bifurcation analyses characterising the nonlinear dynamics of fully developed laminar annular jets with respect to the centrebody diameter${ {d}}$, Reynolds number${ {Re}}$, and swirl ratio${ {S}}$. Similar flows appear in numerous applications and feature a vibrant range of topological and dynamical characteristics associated with phenomena including shear layer separation and vortex breakdown. Our results begin by describing the non-monotonic evolution of the axisymmetric jet's steady topology under varying${ {S}}$. In accord with earlier reports, the jet progresses through a sequence of wake, breakdown and wall jet regimes in a qualitatively similar manner across a wide span of${ {d}}$and${ {Re}}$values. In the wake regime, the non-swirling jet bifurcates to a plane-symmetric, but not axisymmetric, steady flow pattern beyond a${ {d}}$-dependent critical${ {Re}}$value. With further increase in${ {Re}}$, the steady non-swirling jet destabilises subsequently via multiple distinct Hopf bifurcations. Introducing${ {S}}&gt;0$to the jet also induces unsteadiness by twisting the singly azimuthally periodic ($|m|=1$) asymmetric wake structure and causing it to precess periodically in time about the central axis. Intermediate swirl stabilises this unsteady dynamics and restores the jet's axisymmetry. This stabilising effect is then reversed in the breakdown regime at higher${ {S}}$, where a variety of different$|m|=1$and$|m|=2$instabilities bifurcate from the steady flow as${ {S}}$is increased. Several instances of hysteresis and subcritical behaviour are reported and discussed, including one that manifests precessing vortex core oscillations.

The impact of COVID-19 on the topological properties of the Moroccan stock market network

This paper investigates the topological evolution of the Casablanca Stock Exchange (СSE) from the perspective of the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Cross-correlations between the daily closing prices of the Moroccan most active shares (MADEX) index stocks from March 1, 2016 to February 18, 2022 were used to compute the minimum spanning tree (MST) maps. In addition to the whole sample, the analysis also uses three sub-periods to investigate the topological evolution before, during, and after the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in Morocco. The findings show that, compared to other periods, the mean correlation coefficient increased remarkably through the crisis period; inversely, the mean distance decreased in the same period. The MST and its related tree length support the evidence of the star-like structure, the shrinkage of the MST in times of market turbulence, and an expansion in the recovery period. Besides, the CSE network was less clustered and homogeneous before and after the crisis than in the crisis period, where the banking sector held a key role. The degree and betweenness centrality analysis showed that Itissalat Al-Maghrib and Auto Hall were the most prominent stocks before the crisis. On the other hand, Attijariwafa Bank, Banque Populaire, and Cosumar were the leading stocks during and after the crisis. Indeed, the results of this study can be used to assist policymakers and investors in incorporating subjective judgment into the portfolio optimization problem during extreme events.

Topological imbalanced phononic crystal with semi-enclosed defect for high-performance acoustic energy confinement and harvesting

Phononic crystals (PnCs) attract attentions in acoustic energy conversion and harvesting due to their excellent properties in regulating elastic and acoustic waves. Topological imbalance and semi-enclosed defect has been proposed in this work to systematically broaden the band gap of PnCs and improve the localization of elastic wave in defect. Parametric equations are introduced to generate nine square lattice unit cells with four-fold rotationally symmetric shapes. The imbalance between the long and short branches is utilized to describe the topological evolution of the perfect PnCs. With the increase of topological imbalance, the jump of the Bloch mode appears and thus leads to the band gap opening and expansion. The defect supercell with the highest topological imbalance has the best energy confinement effect. The 2D and 3D transient numerical simulations for the PnC of the highest topological imbalance indicate that the energy confinement effect of the semi-enclosed line defect is more intensive than the semi-enclosed arrow or bottle defect, which is confirmed by piezoelectric energy harvesting experiments. Under the excitation of 50 kHz, the period-2 nonlinear phenomena of the output voltage by piezoelectric disk are experimentally noticed in the PnC with the semi-enclosed line defect. The peak-to-peak power is 3.08 mW at the optimal resistance. Compared with the traditional point defect case, the voltage of the semi-enclosed line defect case is increased by 12.0 times and its power is increased by 75.1 times due to combination of perfect mirror effect and nonlinear defect state mechanism. This study provides a new avenue in design of high-frequency nonlinear acoustic devices and self-powered acoustic sensors.

Diagnosing large-scale stellar magnetic fields using PCA on spectropolarimetric data

ABSTRACT Insights on stellar surface large-scale magnetic field topologies are usually drawn by applying Zeeman–Doppler Imaging (ZDI) to the observed spectropolarimetric time series. However, ZDI requires experience for reliable results to be reached and is based on a number of prior assumptions that may not be valid, e.g. when the magnetic topology is evolving on time-scales comparable to or shorter than the time span over which observations are collected. In this paper, we present a method based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) applied to circularly polarized (Stokes V) line profiles of magnetic stars to retrieve the main characteristics of the parent large-scale magnetic topologies, like for instance, the relative strength of the poloidal and toroidal components, and the degree of axisymmetry of the dominant field component and its complexity (dipolar or more complex). We show that this method can also be used to diagnose the temporal variability of the large-scale magnetic field. Performing best for stars with moderate projected equatorial velocities hosting relatively simple magnetic field topologies, this new method is simpler than ZDI, making it convenient to rapidly diagnose the main characteristics of the large-scale fields of non-degenerate stars and to provide insights into the temporal evolution of the field topology.

News Hotspot Event Diffusion Mechanism Based on Complex Network

The wide range of social hot news events on the Internet has made the Internet have a great impact on the public. However, there are few studies on Internet information. In order to improve the efficiency of user network information dissemination of Internet information based on complex network theory and model simulation, this paper makes a more in-depth study on information dissemination on the Internet, constructs a complex network of Internet information dissemination, and analyzes the static topology and dynamic evolution process of the network. Using the attention relationship between Internet users, the Internet information dissemination network, degree, and path were used to select multiple indicators. The static topology of the network is analyzed by using the complex network theory. The study found that the complex network of Internet information is different from other complex networks. The influencing factors of network dynamic evolution are studied from three aspects: overall structure, local structure, and time constraints. The evolution trend of different forms and overall network nodes in the evolution process was explored, and the network dynamic evolution process model was constructed. Practice shows that the model can better describe the evolution process of network information dissemination in complex networks. The degree values of the two networks are positively correlated with the corresponding average clustering coefficients, and the networks have a significant hierarchy. The correlation between news hot events and network nodes is not as good as users’ attention to the network.

Topological dynamics of an intrinsically disordered N-terminal domain of the human androgen receptor.

Human androgen receptor contains a large N‐terminal domain (AR‐NTD) that is highly dynamic and this poses a major challenge for experimental and computational analysis to decipher its conformation. Misfolding of the AR‐NTD is implicated in prostate cancer and Kennedy's disease, yet our knowledge of its structure is limited to primary sequence information of the chain and a few functionally important secondary structure motifs. Here, we employed an innovative combination of molecular dynamics simulations and circuit topology (CT) analysis to identify the tertiary structure of AR‐NTD. We found that the AR‐NTD adopts highly dynamic loopy conformations with two identifiable regions with distinct topological make‐up and dynamics. This consists of a N‐terminal region (NR, residues 1–224) and a C‐terminal region (CR, residues 225–538), which carries a dense core. Topological mapping of the dynamics reveals a traceable time‐scale dependent topological evolution. NR adopts different positioning with respect to the CR and forms a cleft that can partly enclose the hormone‐bound ligand‐binding domain (LBD) of the androgen receptor. Furthermore, our data suggest a model in which dynamic NR and CR compete for binding to the DNA‐binding domain of the receptor, thereby regulating the accessibility of its DNA‐binding site. Our approach allowed for the identification of a previously unknown regulatory binding site within the CR core, revealing the structural mechanisms of action of AR inhibitor EPI‐001, and paving the way for other drug discovery applications.

An automatic kriging machine learning method to calibrate meta-heuristic algorithms for solving optimization problems

For years, meta-heuristic algorithms have been widely studied and many improved versions have been developed: from the evolution of the swarm topologies of the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm, to the using of machine learning to Differential Evolutionary algorithms. However, the tuning of the fundamental meta-heuristic parameters has been less studied, but may lead to significant improvements on the convergence accuracy of these algorithms. This paper aims at developing an automated methodology to calibrate the parameters of population-based meta-heuristic algorithms for optimization problems. Based on the kriging estimation of the best combination of parameters, the Automated parameter tuning of Meta-heuristics (AptM) methodology gives the optimal algorithm setup for each considered problem in order to lead to a better convergence accuracy. The proposed AptM methodology is used to tune three different meta-heuristic algorithms, each applied to twelve mathematical unimodal or multimodal objective functions. AptM methodology performance is assessed by comparison of classical setups usually used in the literature. The numerical results show that the AptM methodology allows a significant improvement of the convergence accuracy of meta-heuristics with an average improvement of 62.02%, 69.12% and 64.94% on optimization problems defined in dimensions 10, 30 and 50 respectively. An experimental criterion is defined based on the convergence accuracy of the AptM methodology over the classical setups, assessing the AptM performances. The previous experimental criterion allows to compare the AptM methodology over the base-set. The AptM methodology shows a significant improvement of the algorithms performance on 97.2% of the tested problems.

Customized Synthesis: Solvent- and Acid-Assisted Topology Evolution in Zirconium-Tetracarboxylate Frameworks.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) demonstrate strong potential for various important applications due to their well tunable structures and compositions through metal and organic linker engineering. As an effective approach, topology evolution by controlling linker conformation has received considerable attention, where solvents and acids have crucial effects on structural formation. However, a systematic study of such effects remains under investigated. Herein, we carried out a methodical study on the topology evolution in Zr-MOFs directed by solvothermal conditions with various combinations of three common solvents and six different acids. As a result, three Zr-MOFs with different topologies, scu (HIAM-4007), scp (HIAM-4008), and csq (HIAM-4009), were obtained using the same Zr6-cluster and tetratopic carboxylate linker, in which structure diversity shows significant influence on their corresponding photoluminescence quantum yields. Further experiments revealed that the acidity of acids and the basicity of solvents strongly influenced the linker conformation in the resultant MOFs, leading to the topology evolution. Such a solvent- and acid-assisted topology evolution represents a general approach that can be used with other tetratopic carboxylate linkers to realize structural diversity. The present work demonstrates an effective structure designing strategy by controlling synthetic conditions, which may prove to be powerful for customized synthesis of MOFs with specific structure and functionality.

Generalized Formulation of Response Features for Reliable Optimization of Antenna Input Characteristics

Electromagnetic (EM)-driven parameter adjustment has become imperative in the design of modern antennas. It is necessary because the initial designs rendered through topology evolution, parameter sweeping, or theoretical models are often of poor quality and need to be improved to satisfy stringent performance requirements. Given multiple objectives, constraints, and a typically large number of geometry parameters, the design closure should be carried out through numerical optimization. Unfortunately, standard algorithms entail high CPU expenses and are prone to failure. Feature-based optimization (FBO) is one of the methods developed to alleviate these difficulties by reformulating the design task in terms of the characteristic points extracted from EM-simulated responses. FBO capitalizes on a less nonlinear relationship between the feature point coordinates and antenna dimensions as compared to the original responses (e.g., frequency characteristics). This leads to flattening the functional landscape to be handled, faster convergence of the optimization algorithms, and a possibility of mitigating the issues pertinent to multimodality. Notwithstanding, the response features have to be individually defined for each type of antenna response and tailored to a particular type of design specifications. This requires user experience and hinders the widespread application of FBO. This article proposes a generalized and unified feature point definition, which is suitable for the majority of typical antenna input characteristics (narrowband, multiband, enhanced bandwidth, and wideband) and performance specifications (matching improvement, bandwidth enhancement, and a mixture thereof). Our framework allows for an automated definition of the feature points given the performance specifications, along with their extraction from EM-simulated responses. The operation of the framework is illustrated using a range of planar antennas and favorably compared to conventional (nonfeature-based) design closure task formulation.