Evolution Of Social Relations Research Articles

Role and Place of Institutional Capacity in Socio-Economic Development

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to substantiate the place and role of institutional capacity in socio-economic development (SED), taking into account the regional context. Theoretical framework: To conduct the study, it was highlighted that the SED of society and the state is a process, as a result of which new opportunities are created for the subjects of public relations in obtaining income from the use of the potential of the resource base in the field of rental relations. The effectiveness of such a process is directly related to the process of managing the development of economic potential, which determines its role and place in the SED of society and the state. Design/methodology/approach: In the study, the following components are classified as structural elements of economic potential: resource and institutional potential. To clarify the methodological approach to assessing the institutional potential of SED, as a category of social relations, the terminological basis of this concept was considered. Institutional potential, as a scientific concept that expresses the development of the most general institutional ties in socially significant relations between subjects of public relations, is studied in the system of socio-economic transformation "resource-potential-capital", in which the institution is a resource. The place of institutional potential is determined by the direction of evolutionary changes in SED aimed at meeting the diverse needs of society. At the same time, the institutional transformation of its resource potential creates opportunities for the subjects of this process to receive income in various areas of social relations. Findings: As a result of the study of the role of institutional capacity, a scientific rationale was obtained for managing the effectiveness of SED, which is associated with the result of its development. As a result of the process of transformation of institutional potential, it is an institutional rent, that is, the possibility of extracting monopoly income by the subjects of rent relations in the SED process. Research, Practical & Social implications: The study of the terminological basis of the concept of "institutional potential", as a category of SED, allows us to expand the methodology of exploratory and fundamental research in the field of the influence of institutions on the evolution of social relations in relation to the problems of managing the processes of development of a competitive environment. Originality/value: Clarification of the institutional potential concept, as well as substantiation of its role and place in the assessment and implementation of SED processes, allows us to propose mechanisms for adjusting institutions operating in society in order to increase the effectiveness of the SED institutional model.

Social Network Evolution of Multiagent Groups in Task Allocation

The social network and group structure can improve the effectiveness of tasks and the management of multiagent systems (MASs). However, in complex task environments, the fixed network and social relation are not necessarily the optimal design. Therefore, agents should be able to adjust social relations in a distributed and self-organized manner to adapt to different task demands. To solve this problem, a hybrid social evolution mechanism based on Q-learning is proposed in this article. The evolution of social relations is realized from the perspective of individual, group, and global situations to improve the success rate and comprehensive effectiveness of task allocation in the system while reducing the communication cost during task execution. In addition, the hybrid evolution mechanism considers the balance of interests between the global and the individual, which can guarantee the rationality of task benefit distribution while improving the global effectiveness. The experiments show that compared with the single-form evolution method, the hybrid mechanism proposed in this article has more advantages in the success rate, communication cost, and comprehensive effectiveness of task allocation. Moreover, the rationality of benefit distribution is also improved, and a strong and harmonious social system is realized.

Responsabilidade Civil por Ato de Terceiro: Reflexões sobre a Responsabilidade Civil do Administrador de Grupos em Aplicativos de Troca de Mensagens

A evolução das relações sociais traz, dentre outros, o desafio de pensar a responsabilidade civil do administrador de grupos de aplicativos de troca de mensagens pelas manifestações dos seus integrantes. Em nosso direito, a regra é a responsabilidade por ato próprio, sendo exceção a responsabilidade civil por ato de outrem. Assim, cabe questionar se a função do administrador de grupos de troca de mensagens se amolda a alguma das hipóteses previstas em lei. Em sendo positiva a resposta, em qual das exceções o administrador de grupo de aplicativo de troca de mensagem se encaixa? Em sendo negativa, questiona-se se há um dever de moderar as manifestações. Considerando ambas as hipóteses, questiona-se se há limites para essa responsabilidade, decorrentes, por exemplo, da liberdade de expressão. Analisadas essas questões com base em pesquisa bibliográfica acerca do tema, legislação e jurisprudência pertinente, conclui-se que a responsabilidade civil do administrador de grupo de aplicativo de troca de mensagens é por ato próprio, subjetiva e não conflita com a liberdade de expressão. O tema é abordado mediante uso do método dialético. No que se refere ao procedimento, usou-se a pesquisa bibliográfica acerca do tema, incluindo-se análise da jurisprudência pertinente.

STATE POLICY IN THE FIELD OF LAW ENFORCEMENT

The need to substantiate the structure of state functions and the place in this structure of law enforcement functions and law enforcement activities as a form of realization of the set of state functions is determined. The set of factors influencing the formation of state functions (evolution of social relations leads to the transformation of state functions, the emergence of new risks and threats to the state as a whole and its individual elements in particular, the transformation of methods and methodology of public administration and the process of formation and implementation public policy affect the mechanisms of implementation of state functions, and accordingly their content and structure, functions, although they have a practical implementation, but are a theoretical position of state development and always change in content and structure), as well as features that classify state functions by duration of action, by political orientation, by importance). Keywords: public administration, law enforcement, state, state functions

На пути к общественному развитию. Информационные технологии и ресурсы в высшем образовании

The evolution of social relations at the present stage requires teachers to work in the field of higher education to develop skills in using information resources and digital technologies. The intensity of communication in the information sphere determines the effectiveness of not only the learning process at the university, but also to a large extent, the secondary socialization of young people. The article deals with the problem of using information resources and digital technologies by teachers of Kazakh universities (on the example of the Karaganda region). The article is based on the data of a sociological survey (questionnaire survey) conducted at the universities of the Karaganda region of Kazakhstan. The purpose of the study was to analyze the effectiveness of the use of information technologies and resources in the process of studying at universities and to develop practical recommendations to improve the effectiveness of training. According to the results of the study, it has been found out that the development of the information and communication sphere in universities is influenced by "objective" and "subjective" factors. The first ones are connected with shortcomings in the technical support of the educational process, the second ones– with some teachers’ lack of awareness of the modern Internet resources in their professional field. The identified problems can be overcome with the help of measures aimed at increasing teachers' awareness of available information resources, increasing the speed of the Internet connection and general technical equipment of universities

Патронат и клиентела в Московском государстве XVI–XVII вв.: историография и проблематика

Introduction. The paper deals with the phenomenon of patron-client relations in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Russia, which until recently has been almost completely neglected by the scholars. Relying on recent publications and his own findings, the author addresses the key issues of the topic including the origins of this phenomenon in Russia, the typology of patron-client relations and their specifics in Muscovy. Methods and materials. The paper combines a survey of the current historiography with examination of selected primary sources (mainly private letters from archival collections) and forays into the theory of patron-client relations elaborated by social scientists. Comparing the Muscovite patronage system to its counterparts in other European countries enables some hypotheses about the peculiarities of patron-client relations in pre-Petrine Russia. Analysis. Addressing the problem of the origins of the Russian patronage the author traces the evolution of social relations and the appearance of the specific language of patronage which leads him to a conclusion that the phenomenon in question might have emerged by the end of the 16th century. Proceeding then to the typology of patron-client relations, the author assumes that, although only aristocratic patronage has been thoroughly studied so far, similar phenomena can be detected in other milieus as well, including the Church, where nepotism and corporate clientelism flourished. Finally, the author isolates some specific features of the Muscovite patronage, especially its depoliticized and decentralized character, as contrasted to the analogous phenomena in Poland-Lithuania, England, and France. Results. Summing up the present-day knowledge of the Muscovite patronage, the author highlights it as a typically early modern phenomenon that evolved within the official state institutions and functioned as an addendum to them.

The main peculiarities of legal adjusting for the use of evidence by the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine in administrative proceedings

The current state of legislative support of administrative proceedings, which is carried out by bodies and officials of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine (hereinafter – SBGSU) covers almost all aspects without exception, the effectiveness of implementation of the goal of administrative responsibility – irreproducible bringing the guilty person to it. However, there are also certain objective shortcomings associated with the peculiarities of implementation by the SBGSU of its powers in the field of state border protection, as well as the evolution of social relations and technological development, the rate of which is much higher than the development of legislative support. It is about the organizational and legal support of the process of use of evidence and implementation of the very process of proving in cases of administrative proceedings of the State Tax Service of Ukraine. It is noted that more extensive use will be made of electronic means of obtaining information in the case, fixing offenses, databases with information on the legal basis for a person's stay in Ukraine, as well as electronic evidence and means of proof. This is due to the high level of responsibility of the State Tax Service of Ukraine as a body protecting the state border of Ukraine. At the same time, when completing the protocol on an administrative offence, it is necessary to fully and comprehensively determine what means of evidence have been obtained, what kind of evidence and what it proves. Also, such type of evidence as personal explanations and testimonies of officials of the State Tax Service of Ukraine are widely used, especially if the detention of a person takes place outside of control points and checkpoints. Therefore, such testimonies and evidence require detailing in the protocol on administrative proceedings with an indication of the potential or availability of evidence in support of the facts stated. Accordingly, organizational and legal provision of evidence in the considered type of administrative cases requires systematization, which can be achieved by including norms and provisions that regulate relevant aspects in the activities of the State Border Service of Ukraine in the Instruction on registration by officials of the State Border Service of Ukraine of materials on administrative offences, approved by the Order of the MIA of Ukraine from 18/09/2013 № 898. There were disclosed the essence and special nature of evidence in cases of administrative misconduct. It was investigated the peculiarity of the use of certain types of evidence by the bodies of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine in administrative proceedings. There were determined the peculiarities of organizational and legal regulation of certain types of evidence and methods of proof. It was made a conclusion on increasing the efficiency of proving and using evidence by the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine in administrative proceedings.

The legal meaning of a person’s consent to damage to life or health: international and foreign experience

The research subject is international and foreign legislation in which a person’s consent to or request for infringement of their rights and legal interests indicates their acquiescence to their unreliable property management. The author uses dialectical, logical, historical-legal, formal-legal, and comparative-legal research methods which helped to detect various fields of social relations in which the legislation regulating a person’s consent to damage is used, thus hampering the unification of the legal understanding of this facultative phenomenon. The consideration of a person’s consent to damage as a manifestation of private interest in international law and the legislation of particular countries will allow adopting the best practices for the purpose of integrating this phenomenon into the Russian legal realia. The examination of international and foreign legislation regulating a person’s consent to damage to rights or legal interests demonstrates the need for the implementation of this phenomenon in Russia’s legal sphere, which would be a basis for a comprehensive assessment of the situation of the infringement of rights upon a person’s consent or request. The author studies international and foreign legislation to consider the evolution of social relations in which a person can implement his or her right and manage his or her property, and the regulation of the forms of exercising a personal interest consisting in the consent to damage to life and health. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the comprehensive consideration of international and foreign legislative experience in exercising personal right to be subject to damage, which determines the necessity to introduce such a legal phenomenon into the Russian legal realia based on the criteria of social benefit. The author’s contribution to the development of the topic is the suggestion to introduce a person’s consent to damage into the Russian criminal law. 

The Genesis of the German Social Insurance Model: History and Present

This article examines a complex of problems associated with the formation and the initial stage of development of the German model of social insurance. Initially, three models of such insurance have been proposed, then the main characteristics of the considered model have been highlighted. The article states that the German scientist Adolf Wagner played an outstanding role in the theoretical substantiation of this model. At the same time, the stages of his biography are briefly considered, allowing us to understand why exactly his role was so significant. Further, such important scientific phenomena for the formation of the system of compulsory state social insurance as Wagner's law, the principles of taxation substantiated by him, its use for redistribution of income, etc., are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the activities of the Union of Social Policy, which played an important role in the preparation of regulatory bases of future social transformations. The conclusion is substantiated that the formation of the German model of social insurance was the result of a long evolution of social relations from voluntary insurance at the expense of the workers themselves to optional, then optional-mandatory and, finally, mandatory social insurance based on the relative consensus of the leading social forces: political power, workers and some of the employers.

Resilience of information flow during restructuring: Characterizing information value being exchanged and the structure of a network under turmoil

Based on a unique before-and-after research design for a study of a large financial services provider, this paper demonstrates how a sudden and substantial reduction in the number of formal positions affects an organization's voluntary ideation network in unexpected ways. The network of relations maintained to voluntarily (informally) exchange new ideas within a firm is more resilient to exogenous restructuring than the current literature suggests. Drawing on network theory, we show that the positioning of employees in an organization's instrumental workflow network prior to a major restructuring determines the degree to which they remain engaged with ideation activity. In addition, drawing on social exchange theory, we predict and find that the value of inputs provided to peers prior to downsizing positively moderates the likelihood that ideation activity persists. Thus, we contribute to research on organization restructuring and the evolution of social relations under conditions of uncertainty.

Genesis of marriage law in Spain

The study of the institution of marriage in the foreign legal order makes it possible not only to see the identity and historical succession, but also to find out whether the provisions on marriage have common features that characterize it as the highest value, and how permissible foreign borrowing in the formation of its own legal system without prejudice to its uniqueness and individuality. The use of foreign experience reveals a lot of issues and conflicts that need to be resolved in relation to national law. An obligatory component is the study of the heritage of the past, the so-called legislative retrospective, which contributes to the knowledge of legal culture. For the first time in domestic science there is an attempt to periodize the institution of marriage in Spain, depending on the type of social regulator: customs, canonical rules, rules of law (own and borrowed). The periodization of the Spanish marriage law is presented and the main features of its formation are shown: the application of the customs of the peoples inhabiting the territory of Spain; the reception of Roman private law; the influence of Canon law; the appearance of foreign influence. The whole history of marriage law is divided into 5 periods: customary law (the first period), the rule of canon law (second period), systematic legislation on marriage (the third period), harmonization of secular marriage legislation with the provisions of canon law (the fourth period), contemporary law (fifth period). Separately, in the settlement of relations between the sexes, a pre-legal period is allocated. Of course, each period is characterized by a variety of rules of marriage law, which is explained by the evolution of social relations and the development of the legal institution of marriage. The consistent influence of universal values on the formation of legal provisions of marriage is shown. As the marriage law is formed, rules are formed that determine the conditions and order of its conclusion. The enduring value of the family organization of the way of life of people and the family form of management determines the preservation of this social institution throughout the period of human history, although in a constantly changing form.

Social relations of cyber-mediated learning platforms: symmetry, relation, and evolution

The article describes the current state of work in progress on a model of the evolution of social relations and systems of relations. The paper discusses the implications of this part of the model for the evolution of the cyber-enhanced learning communities discussed in Ms. Haythornthwaite’s (2008) paper. In contrast to the focus of Haythornthwaite’s paper on the social network of cyber-mediated learning platforms, this paper is concerned with the quality of social relations and the impact of the growth of importance of expert knowledge on the social organisation of these programmes. Evolution of the quality of social relations of cyber-mediated learning platforms is represented as a function of symmetry breaking and building and their impact on the evolution of the learning community from a state of homophile simplicity to that of heterophile complexity.

The circulation of practices: Americanizing social relations at the Cornigliano steel plant (Italy), 1948–1960

This article examines the evolution of social relations in the Italian steel mill at Cornigliano, near Genoa, during the 1950s. Built with funding from the Marshall Plan, the mill was the subject of a number of initiatives aimed at establishing a system of industrial relations based on the contractual and consensual ‘American model’. The transfer of industrial equipment and management tools was used by American authorities to put pressure on Italian players to accept the imported model. But these management techniques tended to lose their identity when they were implemented in the local context. The militant interpretation of ‘human relations’ by Italian managers involved in the anti-communist battle within the factory significantly contributed to the downsizing of the operational dimension of these techniques. The introduction of job evaluation depended less on institutional constraints and more on the internal dynamics of the plant, which allowed for the redevelopment of autonomous relations between management and unions. The Americanization of social relations at Cornigliano was not a case of a linear transfer of foreign models of industrial relations, but rather was the outcome of a complex process rooted in the interplay of transnational and local mechanisms. The pragmatism of the different actors involved in the modernization of social relations at Cornigliano led to an eclectic re-appropriation of the ‘American model’.

Game Resources, Social Interaction, and the Ecological Footprint in Southwest New Mexico

Humans have modified their environments for millennia, but the role of these impacts on economic and social strategies among communities can be difficult to assess. This is due in part to the difficulty of quantifying impacts, which hinders our evaluations of the effects of different resource acquisition strategies and impairs attempts to understand competing demands on resources and their effects on the evolution of social relations. In this paper we employ footprint analysis, a tool used in ecology, to assess the impact of prehistoric subsistence farming communities on the environment, specifically faunal resources. We use footprint analysis to quantify the impact of various strategies of game acquisition by Classic Mimbres period (AD 1000-1130) farmers in the North American Southwest. Assessments are then employed in identifying changes in social relations among communities that may have contributed to settlement changes in the region.

The evolution of social relations in transformed agricultural cooperative

The evolution of social relations in transformed agricultural cooperative

From Individual Need to Community Consciousness

This article analyzes the processes and stages through which individual actions undertaken to fulfill housing needs are transformed into collective actions when a group of individuals becomes aware of the scope and implications of its organization and participation in this endeavor and problematizes what it had assumed was "natural" about living in poverty. The author describes the stages of transforming an urban slum into an organized community, a process that includes the construction, improvement, and consolidation of people's dwellings; the provision of infrastructure, utilities, and facilities; and the evolution of social relations and the development of a sense of community that leads its members to seek collective solutions to their problems, demand respect for citizen's rights, and design strategies to fight for their achievement. These stages are based on information obtained from in-depth interviews with a sample composed of men and women residing in a Venezuelan barrio.

Lordship and landownership in the South of Old Castile in the middle of the fourteenth century

This paper attempts to discuss the structure of the power of lords in Old Castile in the middle of the fourteenth century, focusing on lordship and landownership. The ‘Becerro of the Behetrías’ records the lordships of the villages of Old Castile in 1352. Large estates were composed of lordship rights over villages (or, very frequently, parts of villages) and their inhabitants, and landownership rights over lands located in places under the lordship of other lords. Different sectors of the feudal class based their power on different combinations of lordship and landownership rights. Fragmentation and juxtaposition of rights and powers were the main characteristics of the resulting system. In order to understand the evolution of social relations in Castile in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, therefore, it is necessary to take into account two key elements: the conflicts and competition between lords.