Evolution Of Scripts Research Articles

Paleografía gallega. Estado de la cuestión

À partir d'une énumération des principales sources documentaries trouvées dans les archives nationales, régionales, écclésiastiques et locales sur la Galice, et a partir de manuscrits anciens, l'auteur essaie d'établir une synthèse de la paléogra­phie galicienne. Il insiste sur les sources documentaires qui sont les plus nombreuses et les plus variées. En suivant la ligne traditionnelle de l'évolution de l'écriture espagnole médiéva­le, il étudie les différentes étapes de son développement, depuis les traces que l'on peut trouver pendant la période romaine et wisigothe, jusqu'au début du XVIème siècle. Il étudie principalement l'écriture wisigothe pour le plus grand intérêt de ses sigularités, et ensuite les autres périodes paléographiques que les traités les plus traditionnels signalent. Il tente d'étudier, pour chaque période, le milieu culturel, les textes du Codex existants et la morphologie des écritures représentées afin de faire ressortir l'évolu­tion harmonieuse de l'écriture pendant la période étudiée.

Recognizing the orthography changes for identifying the temporal origin on the example of the Balkan historical documents

This paper introduces a new approach for automatically identifying the temporal origin of the digitized historical documents stored as images on the example from the Balkan region. The approach is based on the concept that differentiation in the orthography style is determined by the evolution of scripts or languages over time. It is characterized by a phase of script coding, mapping the letters of the document into a sequence of numerical codes. Each code is associated with a gray level in the image space. Accordingly, the sequence of numerical codes can be transformed into an image. Then, texture analysis is used on the obtained image for the extraction of the document features. At the end, the feature vector of the document is classified for recognizing its orthography style. An experiment is performed on two databases and on a test collection of historical documents extracted from digitized books in Slavonic–Serbian and Serbian languages written in Cyrillic script and in Croatian recension of the Old Church Slavonic language written in angular Glagolitic script. Obtained results show the efficacy of the proposed approach, its robustness to ‘noisy' documents and its superiority when compared with other approaches using the language or script discrimination for orthography recognition in the literature.

The Proto-Diplomatic Document in Romania

Abstract The theme is decoding the “literary field of the Romanian proto-diplomatic document”, designed to replace the art of diplomacy and cultural regeneration. It is the observation field over the products of literature’s habitat, the “art of the word”. Therefore, to confirm the “Romanian tradition”, we have analysed several of the “literary works” of some Romanian writers from the 19th Century. Under these circumstances, attention is drawn on the role of the document/deed, on its importance in the universe of cultures. Attention is drawn on the occurrence of proto-religious documents and of the proto-diplomatic documents. During the evolution of scripts in the mid 17th Century – presented by Nicolae Iorga as “abandonment of the Franciscan spirit, a change of the entire meaning of the religious literature”, we have included in the study the role of Slavic monks (refugees from Mount Athos on our lands) and their apprenticeship in the atmosphere of “mysticism and culture”, the impact caused by founders of monasteries, turned genuine centres of culture. Within these monastic places, the art of calligraphy and miniature develops, revived under Matei Basarab, Vasile Lupu and especially during the reign of Constantin Brâncoveanu.

The Organizing Matrix in the Evolution of Script

Stimulated by Cornell's (1988) criticism of the way script is used and his call for a concept beyond script to account for normal developmental processes, an organizing matrix in the evolution of script is hypothesized. The developmental process is traced through the works of Winnicott, Erikson, and Loevinger and related to both Berne's concept of script and more recent TA contributions. The concept of transitional space is used to explain and explore the implications of early development for the context within which the individual develops and functions.