Evolution Of Scientific Knowledge Research Articles

Conhecimentos tradicionais em torno das plantas medicinais e currículo do ensino de ciências

ABSTRACT. Evolution of scientific knowledge over the centuries and technological aspects and innovations led to what we call cultural metamorphosis in several areas. Through its activities and the prevailing ideology of as the sole and/or main source of truth we face the loss or stagnation of popular knowledge acquired in decades - such as knowledge about medicinal plants - which is being replaced by pharmaceutical knowledge that is, in a contradictory way, also produced based on the knowledge of traditional experts”. Through research in locus in the Agrovila Nova Conquista, in Acailândia, Maranhao State, we found a high diversity of medicinal plants (42 species) found in this area and we identified their use with medicinal purpose. From recorded interviews, informal conversations and theoretical reading, we build a proposed pedagogical approach in science teaching in the Basic Education School Oziel Alves in Acailândia, Maranhao State, which may contribute to the articulation between elements of the local reality and the contents worked in science education at the school in question.

New book traces evolution of scientific knowledge

New book traces evolution of scientific knowledge

The Evolution of Scientific Knowledge about the Chestnut Tree - Illustrations in Works of the 19th and 20th Centurys

The Evolution of Scientific Knowledge about the Chestnut Tree - Illustrations in Works of the 19th and 20th Centurys

Cosmic rays: bringing messages from the sky to the Earth's surface

All the evolution of the scientific knowledge about Cosmic Rays (CRs) in the 20 t h century leads to the following statement: Cosmic Rays constitutes a time and spatial variable flux of fully ionized energetic atoms and sub-atomic particles with specific abundances and energies that continuously permeates the solar system, reaching the Earth and producing ionization and nuclear reactions in our atmosphere. Since the primary CR flux is composed of charged particles, it is expected that any magnetic irregularity and/or turbulence affects their large scale transport and consequently its energy spectrum. Moreover, since the interaction of the CR particles with the terrestrial atmosphere produces not only atmospheric ionization, but also nuclear reactions (creating a cascade of secondary particles), it is easy to understand that near ground CR measurements (direct or indirect) may allow us to study the physical processes involved in the journey of CR particles (including the birth conditions of the lower energetic ones and the propagation of the higher energetic ones through the heliosphere) before reaching the terrestrial environment, and also along the transport of the secondary particles into the Earth's atmosphere. In this sense, considering a cosmic ray particle as a ”celestial messenger” is reasonable. Therefore, several works have been using the CR footprints found in the terrestrial surface (through the ground-based measurement of cosmogenic tracers) as a tool for solar and atmospheric studies. It is present here a discussion concerning the time evolution of the CR scientific knowledge and a brief review of the physical concepts of those celestial messengers.

CAPE Outcomes 2013: Building on Two Decades of Advances to Guide the Future of Pharmacy Education

CAPE Outcomes 2013: Building on Two Decades of Advances to Guide the Future of Pharmacy Education

Radiothérapie des tumeurs cérébrales : quelles marges ?

Radiotherapy is a major modality in the treatment of brain tumours. The target volumes definition has to be precise for the radiation planification. The gross target volume (GTV) is most of the time delineated within the fusion of the planning CT scan with the appropriated MRI sequences. The clinical target volume (CTV) definition is more complex: it varies in time following the evolution of scientific knowledge and also depending of the school of thought. This article offers a review of the literature about the margins applied in brain tumours radiotherapy for gliomas (high grade, anaplastic, low grade and brain stem gliomas), embryologic tumours (medulloblastomas and primitive neuroectodermal tumours [PNET]), ependymomas, atypical teratoid rahbdoid tumours (ATRT), craniopharyngiomas, pineal gland tumours, primary central nervous cell lymphomas, meningiomas and schwannomas. New imaging modalities such as diffusion-weighted imaging, dynamic contrast enhanced, spectroscopic MRI and PET scan will allow us to delineate more precisely the target volumes and to realise dose-painting by adapting the dose to the tumour metabolism.

Autonomia profissional dos enfermeiros

The evolution of scientific knowledge in nursing has generated important contributions to health gains. Nonetheless, the social recognition of nu...

Tikkun at 25

<i>Tikkun</i> at 25

Methodology of the biological risk classification of animal pathogens in Belgium

Since many micro-organisms are a biological hazard, they have been categorised into risk groups by many countries and organisations and classification lists have been developed. Current classification systems rely on criteria defined by the World Health Organization, which cover the severity of the disease the micro-organism might cause, its ability to spread and the availability of prophylaxis or efficient treatment. Animal pathogens are classified according to the definitions of the World Organisation for Animal Health, which also consider economic aspects of disease. In Europe, classification is often directly linked to containment measures. The Belgian classification system, however, only considers the inherent characteristics of the micro-organism, not its use, making the risk classification independent of containment measures. A common classification list for human and animal pathogens has been developed in Belgium using as comprehensive an approach as possible. The evolution of scientific knowledge will demand regular updating of classification lists. This paper describes the Belgian risk classification system and the methodology that was used for its peer-reviewed revision (with a focus on animal pathogens).

Care in medical practice

We all know that we are currently a crisis in the doctor-patient relationship. A deep reflection is necessary so that we understandthe root causes of this crisis. When reviewing the historical bases of the origins of medicine, understood as an art and a science,and the evolution of scientific knowledge, culminating in modernity and the change of the perspective of medical activity at our time,we understand the instrumental role the Flexner Report had in creating a scientificist mentality in medical training, that has so deeplyaffected the foundations of the doctor-patient relationship. Only knowing this history will we be able to understand the reality of thesituation and to bring again to central stage the true objectives of medical practice. This no doubt requires the rescue and reinforcementof an attitude that promotes a humane attitude, ethics and care in daily medical practice.

Intuición e historia de las ciencias en la enseñanza

This paper establishes a relationship between some of the students' misconceptions (in mathematics, astronomy, mechanics,...) and the historical evolution of scientific knowledge. The results suggest that the awareness on the teacher's side of such historical evolution would help to introduce the physical concepts in a more appropiate manner.

Die Ausweitung kommunikativer Räume: Reichweite, Mechanismen und Theorien der Globalisierung der Wissenschaft

SozW Soziale Welt , Seite 5 - 29

O estado da arte da cirurgia do baço, no início do século XXI

In the last fifty years evolution of scientific knowledge on the spleen provoked an entirely new approach to surgery. It was shown that virulence may emerge as a significant consequence of environmental and evolutionary changes of some microbial communities, and devastating pathogenetic results of these changes become visible in human hosts without the function. In other words: the spleen plays a pivotal role in the dynamic balance between biodiversity, microorganisms and immunogenecity in human hosts. Therefore, to preserve the splenic immunologic repertoire became an increasing commitment among surgeons. Understanding the integration of these multiple information on spleen, seems central to understand the new surgery. (Reglees) - based on anatomical, experimental and clinical studies, developed at the University of Minas Gerais since the fifties - were successfully applied initially to treat the traumatic injuries of the spleen; in a following step, partial splenectomy were used to control hematological diseases. Reglees techniques on the spleen have conquered ethical support, consilience status and clinical governance to give birth to surgical therapeutic decisions on the spleen, in order to spare the structural integrity of the immune system. Splenic reglees procedures became a seminal achievement of surgical practice. Initial results of Partial splenectomies - with conventional surgical armamentaria and techniques - were confirmed and improved by the introduction of techniques based on laparoscopic and endovascular approaches. And current usage of surgical saving procedures propitiated the emergence of an appropriate lexicon for medical communication and became an end point of a long-standing surgical inhibition over the spleen.

New approaches to antiarrhythmic therapy, part II: emerging therapeutic applications of the cell biology of cardiac arrhythmias.

Cardiac arrhythmias complicate many diseases affecting the heart and circulation, and they incorporate a multiplicity of underlying mechanisms. The evolution of scientific knowledge has made the complex changes produced by cardiovascular disease sufficiently understood at the organ, cellular, and molecular levels such that there is a diversity of therapeutic targets for pharmacological therapy and/or prevention. Moreover, the approach of rational drug design in mechanism-specific and disease-specific fashions facilitates the targeting of therapy using the methods of molecular, structural, and translational biology. Additional approaches, using similar drug design strategies but based on gene therapy and transcriptional and translational modification, are on the horizon. Hence, there is reason to be optimistic regarding the design, testing, and clinical availability of novel antiarrhythmic therapies.

New approaches to antiarrhythmic therapy, Part I: emerging therapeutic applications of the cell biology of cardiac arrhythmias.

Cardiac arrhythmias complicate many diseases affecting the heart and circulation, and they incorporate a multiplicity of underlying mechanisms. The evolution of scientific knowledge has made the complex changes produced by cardiovascular disease sufficiently understood at the organ, cellular, and molecular levels such that there is a diversity of therapeutic targets for pharmacological therapy and/or prevention. Moreover, the approach of rational drug design in mechanism-specific and disease-specific fashions facilitates the targeting of therapy using the methods of molecular, structural, and translational biology. Additional approaches, using similar drug design strategies but based on gene therapy and transcriptional and translational modification, are on the horizon. Hence, there is reason to be optimistic regarding the design, testing, and clinical availability of novel antiarrhythmic therapies.

New approaches to antiarrhythmic therapy: emerging therapeutic applications of the cell biology of cardiac arrhythmias(1).

Cardiac arrhythmias complicate many diseases affecting the heart and the circulation, and incorporate a multiplicity of underlying mechanisms. The evolution of scientific knowledge has made the complex changes produced by cardiovascular disease sufficiently understood at the organ, cellular, and molecular levels such that there is a diversity of therapeutic targets for pharmacological therapy and/or prevention. Moreover, the approach of rational drug design in mechanism-specific and disease-specific fashion facilitates targeting of therapy via the methods of molecular, structural and translational biology. Additional approaches, employing similar drug design strategies but based on gene therapy and transcriptional and translational modification are on the horizon. Hence, there is reason to be optimistic regarding the design, testing and clinical availability of novel antiarrhythmic therapies. The evolution of scientific knowledge has made the effects of cardiovascular disease sufficiently understood at the organ, cellular, and molecular levels such that there is a diversity of therapeutic targets for pharmacological therapy and/or prevention. Moreover, the approach of rational drug design facilitates targeting of therapy via the methods of molecular, structural and translational biology. Additional approaches, employing similar drug design strategies but based on gene therapy and transcriptional and translational modification are on the horizon. Hence, there is reason to be optimistic regarding the design, testing and clinical availability of novel antiarrhythmic therapies.

New approaches to antiarrhythmic therapy; emerging therapeutic applications of the cell biology of cardiac arrhythmias.

Cardiac arrhythmias complicate many diseases affecting the heart and the circulation, and incorporate a multiplicity of underlying mechanisms. The evolution of scientific knowledge has made the complex changes produced by cardiovascular disease sufficiently understood at the organ, cellular, and molecular levels such that there is a diversity of therapeutic targets for pharmacological therapy and/or prevention. Moreover, the approach of rational drug design, in mechanism- and disease-specific fashion, facilitates targeting of therapy via molecular, structural and translational biology. Additional approaches, employing similar drug-design strategies but based on gene therapy and transcriptional and translational modification are on the horizon. Hence, there is reason to be optimistic regarding the design, testing and clinical availability of novel antiarrhythmic therapies.

The continuity of gerontological themes.

Based on the premise that scientists should periodically examine the history of their ideas and methodologies, this article focuses on the issue of continuity in the evolution of scientific knowledge about aging. Taking a twenty-five-year perspective, selected research questions and priorities in the biomedical, behavioral, and social domains of aging are used to exemplify the continuity of the gerontological knowledge base. This article concludes that there is considerable evidence of continuity, despite the strong influences of changing cohorts of people and external forces that have shaped new ideas and research questions in gerontology.

Koch's postulates and experimental atherosclerosis

Koch's postulates contributed substantially to the evolution of scientific knowledge of infectious diseases, but are inapplicable to chronic non-infectious, degenerative diseases such as atherosclerosis. In experimental atherogenesis compliance with appropriately modified postulates is essential to preclude spurious causes from consideration. The crux of such postulates is that the experimental procedure must reproduce the disease and its complications and their pathogenesis and experimental conditions must be analogous to those prevailing in man. Since atherosclerosis is not species specific to man and consists of multiple lesions, which develop independently of one another but can ultimately coalesce, reproduction of the disease in a localized segment of a blood vessel in susceptible animals under conditions similar to those prevailing in man would comply with the spirit of Koch's postulates.

Rate versus content in the evolution of scientific knowledge

Rate versus content in the evolution of scientific knowledge