Evolution Of Political Institutions Research Articles

Миграция и правовое регулирование финансовых потоков в Российской Федерации: вызовы и перспективы

This paper focuses on theoretical perspectives on international migration. Accordingly, an overview of international migration is presented at the beginning. This is followed by types of international migration and theories of migration. Particular attention is given to theoretical perspectives on international migration and theories of migration. In addition, the shortcomings of migration theories are discussed. Considering international migration as a political phenomenon is the only way to give hope for an objective comprehension of the peculiarities and perspectives of the functioning and evolution of political institutions and processes in different countries. Such a formulation of the problem creates conditions for overcoming scientific conservatism in political science, which creates serious obstacles to the systematic construction of a meaningful theory of the political life of mankind in the era of globalization. The purpose of the work is to consider modern international migration as a political and economic phenomenon.

THE LEVEL OF STUDY AND PROSPECTS FOR THE EVOLUTION OF ELECTIONS IN KAZAKHSTAN

The article provides a bibliographic review of the study of the evolutionary development of elections during the period of independent Kazakhstan, including data on elections of rural akims, and also draws scientific attention to some aspects of the development of the electoral system. The scientific article was published within the framework of program-targeted funding (No. BR21882308) “The evolution of political institutions and structures in the history of Kazakhstan (XIX-XXI centuries).

Printing as a Factor in the Evolution of Political Institutions in the Early Modern Europe

The article deals with complex processes which took place in Europe in the field of printing in early modern times. The author analyzes the situation in England and other states during the Reformation and Counter-Reformation. It is concluded that each European country has its own special features not only in the organization of the printing business itself, but also in the sphere of relations between government institutions and the publishing community. The history of publishing in England very clearly shows how the printed book influenced not only the spiritual, but also the political processes that took place in the country over several centuries. In connection with the study of the traditions of British printing and the reading circle of the educated Englishman of the Early Modern Age, the most important source for us is the manuscript catalog of the Fairfax family library, kept in the Archive of the St. Petersburg Institute of History. English intellectuals Fairfax stood out primarily as the owners of the largest private book collection in England in the 17th century. And their library was, strictly speaking, a certain attribute of political elitism. Wallenrodts, who belonged to the Prussian nobility of the Brandenburg principality, proceeded from the idea of the social significance of their own book collection, and already during Ernst von Wallenrodt's lifetime bequeathed the collection to the University of Konigsberg. The author comes to the conclusion about the important role of the national press, acting as a consolidating ethnopolitical element in the course of such a formation of a new configuration of states of the Westphalian political system.

Evolution of Political Institutions and Government in Pre-Colonial Nigeria

Evolution of Political Institutions and Government in Pre-Colonial Nigeria

An equilibrium path for institutional change in China

China’s economic and political reforms since 1978 represent one of the biggest institutional changes in the last century. Because most research has focused on the economics of institutional change rather than the evolution of political institutions, a theoretical framework to explain China’s rapid economic development is lacking. To understand the successes and failures of China’s institutional change, we reviewed China’s innovative political and economic practices during the past 30 years. We found that the country’s political and economic institutions combine to form a dynamic equilibrium that can explain the impressive economic results. China’s leaders dream of new institutions that will improve upon traditional Western capitalism, based on a combination of central planning with traditional capitalist approaches that increase the system’s flexibility. If China’s leaders can combine this approach with decreased social costs compared with previous socioeconomic systems, this will represent a new era and a model that other nations can follow.

The Role of Political Asset Specificities on the Evolution of Political Institutions in Korea

주변 환경의 변화는 제도적 환란을 야기하고 결국 제도변화를 가져온다. 주요 권력자들이 제도 설계에 있어서 막강한 영향력을 줄 수 있지만 불확실한 환경에서는 아이디어가 새로운 제도를 형성하는 데 중요한 역할을 할 수 있다. 한국의 제도 변화 중 1987년의 민주화와 1997년의 외환위기는 제도적 탈균형의 대표적인 예라고 할 수 있다. 민주화 직후 다수주의적 선거제도와 신진세력과 정당의 진입장벽을 높이는 카르텔정당체제가 서서히 뿌리를 내리기 시작하였다. 그러나 이런 카르텔정당체제도 새로운 불확실성이 도래하고 새로운 아이디어가 분출되면서 제도변화를 경험하게 된다. 1997년 외환위기 이후 신자유주의적 아이디어 물결은 정치개혁의 방향과 합리성을 제공해 주었다. 이에 따라 시장주의적 또는 미국적 정치시스템이 도입되었다. 하지만 이런 제도의 도입은 한국정치의 자선특정성에 의해 영향을 받았으며 반대로 이런 자산특정성은 한국정치 변화에 영향을 주고 있다.

THE VANISHING BEQUEST TAX: THE COMPARATIVE EVOLUTION OF BEQUEST TAXATION IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Bequest tax revenues have been declining in OECD countries for at least 70 years. We propose an explanation that is based on a dynamic politico-economic model where the evolution of bequest taxation is determined by wealth inequality. Since economic development induces a growing role of labor income and thus a reduction of wealth inequality, bequest taxation is reduced over time. The model also embeds a process of structural reallocation from agriculture to manufacturing and a consequent shift of the tax base from easy-to-tax land to hard-to-tax capital. This process implies a lower tax level and slower equalization-induced tax reduction, the higher is the tax avoidance rate and the less developed is the economy. The introduction of franchise restrictions which are gradually lifted over time allows the hump-shaped long-term evolution of bequest taxation to be reproduced starting from the nineteenth century for those countries that are now modern industrial democracies. The evolution of political institutions also helps to explain the discrepancies currently observed between tax systems in developed and underdeveloped countries.

Britain and Australia Historical Contrasts and Comparisons

The purpose of this lecture is to suggest reasons why Britain and Australia, who are more alike each other than either is to anywhere else, nevertheless differ in important and surprising ways. It considers three specific cases of such differences: the reasons why Britain retained free trade and why Australia adopted protection, and the often profound consequences of this; the comparative role of religion in politics, where again apparent similarities produced quite different results; and the comparative evolution of political institutions. I argue that, although it did not, in all three cases Britain might have followed an Australian path. I also suggest that Australia was a ‘model’ for the British left but not for the British right, and that after the First World War, which drove Australia to the right, Australia ceased to be such a model.This article was a keynote address to the AHA Conference ‘(Re)Viewing History’ in Perth, July 2010.

Structural aspects of monetary integration: a global perspective

This introduction to the special issue on “structural aspects of monetary integration” relates recent debates about currency unions—in terms of Optimum Currency Area theory and of the credibility of economic policy—to structural aspects, such as the sectoral and regional distribution of production, the financial system, capital flows and the evolution of political institutions. The article presents the other papers which deal with these aspects in the context of the European Monetary Union, of debates about monetary integration in North America and disintegration in South America, and of tendencies towards monetary cooperation in East Asia.