Evolution Of Platforms Research Articles

Subduction and carbonate platform interactions

AbstractPlate tectonics, as the unifying theory in Earth sciences, controls the functioning of important planetary processes on geological timescales. Here, we present an open‐source workflow that interrogates community digital plate tectonic reconstructions, primarily in the context of the planetary deep carbon cycle. We present an updated plate tectonic reconstruction covering the last 400 million years of Earth evolution and explore components of the plate–mantle system that is involved in the exchange and storage of carbon. First, the workflow enables us to estimate subduction zone lengths through time, which represent the “tap” of carbon that is released at convergent tectonic margins. Second, we explore the role of Andean‐style versus intra‐oceanic subduction regimes during Pangea assembly and breakup. Third, we provide an improved model for carbonate platform evolution since the Devonian and evaluate the interaction of subduction zones and buried carbonate platforms. Last, we present a new model for estimating oceanic age, carbon content in the upper oceanic crust, and estimated (carbon‐containing) sediment thicknesses through time and present methods to track the subduction of this material through time. These components of the deep carbon cycle are key mechanisms controlling, or at least modulating, atmospheric CO2 on geological timescales and hence strongly influencing long‐term climate. We find that the mid to Late Cretaceous greenhouse climates were likely driven by increased subduction fluxes of volatiles and increased subduction zone interactions with carbonate platforms in the Tethyan tectonic domain. Our work highlights the importance of community digital plate tectonic reconstructions as a framework for studying key systems, such as the deep carbon cycle, that influence the life‐support mechanisms on our planet.

Kaunas Biennial: From Local Exhibition to Contemporary Art Platform Evolution Stages, Features and Management Models

Contemporary art biennials are one of the most important events that last for two years in the context of the contemporary art industry. Contemporary art events and biennials in different cities of the world are appreciated not only for their cultural or artistic value but also because they help to increase local popularity internationally from the economic perspective, thus, ensuring circulation of the art industry as well as the economy of local and international contemporary art market. The article analyses the case of Kaunas biennial revealing its evolution stages, structural and management changes, and creating its management model. The historical development of Kaunas Biennial started back in 1997, and in 2013, Kaunas biennial was included into one of the largest biennial foundations in the world. The biennial changed its management structure, and in 2013, Public Institution Kaunas Biennial was established. The comparative analysis presented herein reveals the general features of contemporary art biennials, their organizational structure and management models. Therefore, the input of this article into the management theory shall be based on a newly systematized theory basis by providing general contemporary art biennial development opportunities and applicability in further research.

Middle Permian Mixed Siliciclastic‐Carbonate System on the Northwestern Margin of the Indian Plate, Pakistan: Implications for Paleoclimate and Carbonate Platform Evolution

AbstractA mixed siliciclastic‐carbonate system that responds to changes in Permian climate and subsequent carbonate platform evolution is investigated using microscopic details of the Middle Permian Amb Formation (Fm.), in Saiyiduwali section, Khisor Range, northern Pakistan. Thin sections were made from rocks throughout the stratigraphic section of the Amb Fm. and analyzed with an emphasis on carbonate and clastic microfacies, and the latter interpreted within the existing chronostratigraphic framework. Outcrop observations reveal that the units comprise coarse‐grained, channelized, ripple‐marked, and burrowed sandstone and sandy, fossiliferous limestone with minor marls and shale intercalations, suggesting deposition in a subaqueous tide‐dominated delta to beach barrier. Based on the determined seven microfacies coupled with outcrop observation, the Amb Fm. was deposited in a tide‐influenced subaqueous delta to middle shelf environment under fluctuating sea level. The deposition of compositionally mature sandstone in the lower part of the formation suggests reworking of detritus from the rift shoulders and an adjacent source area with an ambient warm and humid climate. The stratal mixing of carbonates and compositionally mature siliciclastic units in the middle part suggest deposition under tectonic and climate‐induced terrigenous and carbonate fluxes to the basin. Thus the deposition shows a perfect transition from clastic‐dominated deltaic to pure carbonate platform settings as a result of warm climate and tectonics. This Middle Permian warming is confirmed by sea‐level rise and the presence of a temperature‐sensitive fusulinid fauna in association with photozoan‐based ooids. Deposition of the Amb Fm. and establishment of a carbonate platform are envisaged to be associated with major rifting of northern Gondwana, which subsequently resulted in the development of a rift basin at the passive margin of the NW Indian Plate then in northern Pakistan.

Technolegal Expulsions: Platform Food Delivery Workers and Work Regulations in Colombia

Abstract Precariousness of the Colombian urban economy provides an ecosystem for the development and expansion of digital platforms, intersecting informal working relations with digital surveillance. Reconstructing legal obstacles to gaining recognition as legal and formal workers, it is argued that platforms have assembled a techno-legal network which translates discussions about workers’ rights into the less regulated arena of information and communication technologies. The role of ‘regulatory displacement’ is examined to analyse the evolution of digital platforms for food delivery workers. Drawing on a review of the regulation of it and labour, discussed in Congress in 2017–2018, we explore the regulatory expulsions that digital workers experience, analysing this information with a grounded theory approach, in which we have followed discursive patterns that emerge from legal documents. Addressing this strategic use of the law is key to understanding and overcoming obstacles that platform workers face in their attempts to organize in the Global South.

Digital transport platforms: reality and prospects

The main trend of digital development of the transport industry is platformization. Digital platforms are able to integrate all transport and logistics processes into a single system, and the expansion of interfaces and created values allows the platform to grow into an ecosystem. However, today there is no clear answer to the question of how free/restricted access to the digital transport platform should be for both service providers (service operators) and consumers. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the architecture of building digital platforms and ecosystems focused on the transport environment, in which any service can be easily included with the full preservation of existing functionality and the potential for its development, without losing its identity and subscriber base. The research is based on the platform ecosystem approach, as well as the stages of the evolution of digital platforms in the B2B industrial context, which have already been described in modern literature. The article presents the prospects for the development of digital platforms with a "transport core" and transformation into an open digital ecosystem. This study expands views on the evolution of platform transport ecosystems and the development of digital transport and related services.

The evolution mechanism of the multi-value chain network ecosystem supported by the third-party platform

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>This paper aims to study the evolution mechanism of the third-party platform ecosystem. A multi-value chain network ecosystem composed of multiple manufacturers, multiple suppliers, several logistics providers and a third-party platform for manufacturing is considered. The system dynamics method is used to build the model, and this paper collects relevant industry and platform data to simulate the evolution of user scale and participants' revenues. Furthermore, the influence of platform subsidy and matching service level on the evolution is studied. The results show that the platform's evolution can be divided into four stages: emergence, growth, maturity and upgrade. This paper also finds that, at the emergence stage and the growth stage, the augmentation of the subsidies to manufacturers makes the manufacturers' scale expand but let their revenues decline. Meanwhile, the platform's revenues reduce at the emergence stage while increase at the growth stage. When the subsidy amount is high and continues to augment, its positive effect on the user scale is weakened while its negative effect on manufacturers' revenues is enhanced. Besides, improving the matching service level is not conducive to the platform's revenues at the emergence stage, but after entering the growth stage, it can increase user scale and the platform's revenues simultaneously.</p>

Summit of the Americas: Reformatting the Agenda

The article examines the origins of the formation and evolution of negotiation platforms between the countries of the Western Hemisphere. These platforms cover security and economic development issues. The Summit of the Americas, which is a contemporary format, showed the lack of a coordinated position of the participants to the agenda proposed by the USA, as well as the actualization of the “Pink Tide” in 2022. Some experts regard the non-appearance of 11 heads of state as a kind of call for fair treatment, as a manifestation of an independent foreign policy course rejecting pressure from the United States.

The development of oil companies in the light of the evolution of digital platforms

In the article, the authors consider the formation and development of domestic digital platforms for the country's oil companies based on artificial intelligence. A brief analysis of the modern legal framework, which determines the priorities for the formation of the digital economy, is given, and the economic essence of the conceptual apparatus describing AI is revealed. Variants of practical application of expert systems of artificial intelligence are proposed.

How do carbonate factories influence carbonate platform morphology? Exploring production−transport interactions with numerical forward modelling

AbstractUnderstanding how carbonate factories influence platform evolution is either based on qualitative conceptual models or quantitative numerical stratigraphic forward models. This study establishes new production depth profiles for four Cenozoic carbonate factories and uses two‐dimensional stratigraphic forward models to explore how interactions between sediment production and transport within carbonate systems influence carbonate platform development. Newly established production/depth profiles are used to model photozoan and heterozoan carbonate grain associations, and the associated carbonate producing factories, and results are compared with well‐studied outcrop successions. Sediment production from photozoan and heterozoan grain associations is also equalized, so that the total sediment production is the same but the depth/production profiles retain their distinctly different form. Thus, the effect of the different production profiles can be assessed. Ramps form when sediment diffusional transport rates are high relative to production rates and flat‐top steep‐margin platforms form when sediment diffusional transport rates are low relative to production rates, whether they are photozoan or heterozoan grain associations. The control exerted by sediment production and transport is expressed as a sediment transport–production ratio where transport ratio is a diffusional sediment transport in two‐dimensions and production ratio is the total sediment production rate which is the product of a production profile that varies in depth and laterally. The transport–production ratio is a key control on the evolution and geometry of carbonate platforms. This is the case with different production profiles (both euphotic and oligophotic) and in mixed grain‐size and mixed transport‐rate systems. Carbonate producing factories significantly influence the rate of sediment production, the depth distribution of sediment production (production profiles), as well as the type of grain sizes produced (influencing resistance to erosion). Thus, different types of carbonate grain associations, and the associated carbonate producing factories, can produce the critical differences between carbonate platform geometries.

Multisided Platforms: Classification and Analysis

The multisided platform (MSP) is an essential business construct in the digital economy. Some of the largest companies in the world—including Google, Amazon, and eBay—exploit the MSP in their business models. Fundamental insights into the MSP are crucial to understand the business operations of the digital economy and how new innovative digital services are adopted in the market. The MSP ecosystem is complex and dynamic, and involves heterogeneous stakeholders with different business motivations. This paper classifies the various types of MSPs, distinguished by the network effect between user groups. Moreover, this paper shows how the original diffusion model of Frank Bass can be extended to analyze the temporal evolution of multisided platforms. Analytical models using coupled sets of ordinary differential equations are developed for several examples of two-sided platforms. For some of these examples, analytical solutions are found.

The precision and accuracy of measuring micro-scale erosion on shore platforms

Shore platforms evolve over millennial scales but understanding precisely how instantaneous processes scale over these longer periods is a major scientific quandary. A reason for this, is that erosion often occurs on the granular scale and measurement of magnitude and frequency of this decay is difficult. Over the past 50 years, a number of techniques have been used to quantify the micro-scale (0.01–10 mm) erosion of coastal bedrock, from direct surface contact techniques to those which involve remote sensing. The micro-erosion meter (MEM) and traversing micro-erosion meter (TMEM) are the most common techniques, recording erosion rates from <0.1 to 5 mm/yr on rock surfaces of c. 50 cm2. The traversing erosion beam (TEB) is specifically designed to measure rapid erosion (>10 mm/yr) while the Swantesson laser scanner (SLS) and close-range Structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry have been used for observation of larger rock surfaces of 0.2 m2. The rock tablet method is used to investigate the individual processes operating on downwearing. By comparing their advantages and disadvantages, the T/MEM is suggested to continue to play an important role in monitoring surface lowering in conditions where the total erosion is 20 mm over the monitoring period, with close-range SfM recommended as ideal for quantifying erosion of 2–50 mm. However, all the instruments are biased in the field conditions under which they can be operated, and it is important for researchers to contextualise their measured surfaces in regards to a whole platform. Future studies will benefit from the combination of the ground-based methods with new techniques that provide finer morphological features at the regional scale or interpret the evolution of shore platforms over long timescales.

Entrepreneurial dynamics in two-sided platforms: the influence of sides in the case of Friendz

PurposeTwo or multi-sided platforms - defined as those companies that aim to connect two or more groups of customers leveraging the opportunities provided by indirect network externalities – got massive attention from both scholars and practitioners over the last decade. Entrepreneurship scholars mainly focused on the platform's ability to enable entrepreneurial ventures for the complementors' side, exploring the network-centric view. This study aims to expand it by exploring the broader influence that sides can have on the platform provider's entrepreneurial decisions over time, during the evolution of the two-sided platform.Design/methodology/approachThe study is based on a longitudinal single case study developed over five years. The research presents the born and evolution of Friendz, an Italian two-sided platform.FindingsThe research presents a four-phases evolution process that shows how the entrepreneurs may first leverage an existing platform to develop a new venture and then develop his/her own two-sided platform. In this latter phase, the findings show how the sides may actually influence the platform provider's entrepreneurial decisions, both in terms of value proposition design, but also regarding the creation of new ventures.Research limitations/implicationsThe study contributes to the two-sided platform literature highlighting new evolutionary paths that expand current literature and highlight the doubling platform approach. Moreover, it contributes to the entrepreneurship literature offering a novel perspective on the entrepreneurial dynamics in two-sided platforms by re-balancing the power between the platform provider and the sides within the double network-centric view.Practical implicationsFrom a practitioners' perspective, this study offers an evolutionary path and specific tactics related to the evolution of an entrepreneurial venture based on a two-sided platforms that may inspire entrepreneurs working on two-sided platforms on how to use existing platforms and on the management of sides and the value propositions used to target them.Originality/valueThis study takes a novel perspective at the intersection between platforms and entrepreneurship literature streams, exploring the power that sides have over the platform provider in shaping the platform's entrepreneurial evolution. In doing so, it proposes a double network view on two-sided platforms and highlights three network-related tensions that can guide the evolution of the two-sided platforms.

Platform Urbanism ‘Glitches’ – Minor Theory for Researching Platforms in Latin American Cities

With this article, I propose an alternative to research platforms in the urban ‘south'. The debate on platform impacts has been divided between those embedded in platform determinism, predicting a utopian urban environment mediated by the digital, and those critics who see platforms as the portrayals of dystopian urban futures. However, some recognize ‘glitches’ in platforms as opportunities for corrections, opening the debate for flexible and negotiable futures of platforms in cities. This ‘glitchiness’ of platform urbanism (Leszczynski 2020) is particularly evident in the evolution of platforms in cities from the global south. Regulatory stagnation and fragile governance put platforms in the space of marginality, requiring a minor theory of ‘glitchy’ platform urbanism to understand their impacts. Through the narration of the interface between mobility platforms and three cities in Latin America, I recognize the ways in which platform glitch theory informs how digital actors re-shape cities in real-world contexts. I explain how a perspective on the everyday bottom-up practices on platform mediated realities show an alternative way to research platform urbanism and the new digital denizens. Ultimately, this can allow for building new possibilities in which southern urban policy, theory and futures can be engaged in their relationship with technology.

Carpooling Platforms as Smart City Projects: A Bibliometric Analysis and Systematic Literature Review

Carpooling schemes for mutual cost benefits between the driver and the passengers has a long history. However, the convenience of driving alone, the increasing level of car ownership, and the difficulties in finding travelers with matching timing and routes keep car occupancy low. Technology is a key enabler of online platforms which facilitate the ride matching process and lead to an increase in carpooling services. Smart carpooling services may be an alternative and enrichment for mobility, which can help smart cities (SCs) reduce traffic congestion and gas emissions but require the appropriate architecture to support connection with the city infrastructure such as high-occupancy vehicle lanes, parking space, tolls, and the public transportation services. To better understand the evolution of carpooling platforms in SCs, bibliometric analysis of three separate specialized literature collections, combined with a systematic literature review, is performed. It is identified that smart carpooling platforms could generate additional value for participants and SCs. To deliver this value to an SC, a multi-sided platform business model is proposed, suitable for a carpooling service provider with multiple customer segments and partners. Finally, after examining the SC structure, a carpooling platform architecture is presented, which interconnects with the applicable smart city layers.

ANALYZING PLATFORM POWER IN THE CULTURAL INDUSTRIES

Across cultures and contexts, digital platforms like YouTube, TikTok/Douyin, WeChat, and Spotify are fundamentally reshaping both the processes and products of cultural production—from music and news to entertainment and advertising. But, despite considerable attention to the perverse power of algorithms in various spheres of social and economic life, we contend that existing political economic frameworks fail to account for the distinctiveness of the cultural industries. Challenging essentialist theories of platform dominance, this paper argues that claims of platform power need to be qualified in the context of industry- and culture-specific inquiries. Building on research in science and technology studies (STS), software studies, political economy, business studies, and media industries studies, the paper presents a new analytical framework to analyse the evolving power relationship between platforms and cultural producers. It is argued that the decision space of cultural producers in their role as platform complementors is shaped by three key variables: 1) platform evolution, 2) cultural industry segments, and 3) stages of production. The proposed framework makes clear that, while the relationship between platforms and cultural producers is staggeringly uneven and, at times, highly volatile, it should be understood as one of mutual dependence. That is, platforms exert mechanisms of power over the phases of the creation, distribution, monetization, and marketing of culture; but they also furnish space for negotiation and contestation. Acknowledging this requires a framework that is less deterministic and sensitive to the nuance inherent in cultural production.

The role of carbonate factories and sea water chemistry on basin‐wide ramp to high‐relief carbonate platform evolution: Triassic, Nanpanjiang Basin, South China

AbstractThe end‐Permian extinction and its aftermath altered carbonate factories globally for millions of years, but its impact on platform geometries remains poorly understood. Here, the evolution in architecture and composition of two exceptionally exposed platforms in the Nanpanjiang Basin are constrained and compared with geochemical proxies to evaluate controls on platform geometries. Geochemical proxies indicate elevated siliciclastic and nutrient fluxes in the basal Triassic, at the Induan—Olenekian boundary and in the uppermost Olenekian. Cerium/Ce* shifts from high Ce/Ce* values and a lack of Ce anomaly indicating anoxia during the Lower Triassic to a negative Ce anomaly indicating oxygenation in the latest Olenekian and Anisian. Uranium and Mo depletion represents widespread anoxia in the world's oceans in the Early Triassic with progressive oxygenation in the Anisian. Carbonate factories shifted from skeletal in the Late Permian to abiotic and microbial in the Early Triassic before returning to skeletal systems in the Middle Triassic, Anisian coincident with declining anoxia. Margin facies shifted to oolitic grainstone in the Early Triassic with development of giant ooids and extensive marine cements. Anisian margins, in contrast, are boundstone with a diverse skeletal component. The shift in platform architecture from ramp to steep, high‐relief, flat‐topped profiles is decoupled from carbonate compositions having occurred in the Olenekian prior to the onset of basin oxygenation and biotic stabilisation of the margins. A basin‐wide synchronous shift from ramp to high‐relief platforms points to a combination of high subsidence rate and basin starvation coupled with high rates of abiotic and microbial carbonate accumulation and marine cement stabilisation of oolitic margins as the primary causes for margin up‐building. High sea water carbonate saturation resulting from a lack of skeletal sinks for precipitation, and basin anoxia promoting an expanded depth of carbonate supersaturation, probably contributed to marine cement stabilisation of margins that stimulated the shift from ramp to high‐relief platform architecture.

Digital platforms for business-to-business markets: A systematic review and future research agenda

The evolution of digital platforms has transformed the way businesses operate. Digital platforms have become popular and common in Business-to-Business (B2B) markets, thereby leading to increased interest of researchers. Even with the increasing interest, the field suffers from the lack of a comprehensive approach towards plugging the gaps left behind. This review presents a synthesis of the last ten years of research on digital platforms in B2B markets. Based on Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) and Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) frameworks for adoption of innovation, the current study identifies the technological, organizational, and environmental context-based factors that play a major role in adoption of digital platforms in B2B markets. We also present a detailed overview of the research in terms of publication timeline, geographical distribution, industrial context, theory used, and methodology employed. In addition, we identify some significant gaps and set a future research agenda.

Early Miocene carbonate ramp development in a warm ocean, North West Shelf, Australia

AbstractAlthough carbonate ramps are widely described from the geological record, there is still a debate on the relative influence of water temperature, trophic conditions and type of carbonate factories on their development. The ca 2400 km long Australian North West Shelf is among the largest Cenozoic carbonate provinces worldwide, and records a transition from an early Miocene ramp to a middle Miocene rimmed platform. This change is observable on publicly available seismic data, giving the opportunity to investigate environmental influences on platform evolution. This study combines macroscopic and petrographic descriptions of early Miocene strata cropping out in the Cape Range Anticline (North West Cape, southern end of the North West Shelf) and of time‐equivalent well cuttings from the adjacent, offshore Exmouth Sub‐basin. Particular emphasis is placed on the identification of larger benthic foraminifera at a broad generic level, because differing taxa have a limited range of habitable conditions that serve as environmental proxies. The results show that early Miocene strata are dominantly composed of larger benthic foraminifera with minor coralline algae in the proximal platform, grading to micropackstones in the more distal platform. A ramp margin is inferred from the lithological data on the basis of the lack of framework builders and the presence of open oceanic indicators. Facies shallow upward through individual outcrops, with a proximal to distal trend towards the north‐west. These trends along outcrops are consistent with the seismic interpretations. Identification of taxa with warm, oligotrophic water affinity suggests that the ramp was formed in an oligotrophic and warm ocean, despite the absence of coral reefs. Changes of carbonate facies with depth do not seem to be associated with changes in ramp morphology, and the latter may have been controlled by physical oceanic parameters, such as offshore currents and waves.

Late Aptian carbonate platform evolution and controls (south Tethys, Tunisia): response to sea-level oscillations, palaeo-environmental changes and climate

Late Aptian carbonate platform evolution and controls (south Tethys, Tunisia): response to sea-level oscillations, palaeo-environmental changes and climate

Evolution of Flexible Modular Electric Vehicle Platforms among Automotive Industry and its Influence on Battery Integration

The recent increase in electric vehicle (EV) growth influencing the need for dedicated EV platform development work among vehicle manufacturers. The EV Platform is an aggregation of sheet metal components, battery pack and electric powertrain components. The platform architecture influences design, development and integration of battery pack into vehicle and the lead time for new product development and Time to Market (TTM). This article discusses the evolution of conventional Body in White (BIW) to flexible modular skateboard platforms in EV segments and how it influences the battery pack integration. It discusses the benefits and challenges in the platform workstream and how automakers are preparing for a shift from conventional Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) derivative platform to native EV platform to take advantages in policy decisions and scale benefits on the overall EV ecosystem.