Evolution Of New Forms Research Articles

Do New Forms of Reading Pay Off? A Meta-Analysis on the Relationship Between Leisure Digital Reading Habits and Text Comprehension

Previous research has evidenced a strong positive relationship between leisure print reading habits and reading comprehension across the lifespan. The rapid evolution of new forms of leisure digital reading could modify such a relationship. This meta-analysis extends previous research by analyzing the relationship between leisure digital reading habits and reading comprehension. We analyzed 40 effect sizes using multilevel analysis. Data involved 469,564 participants from studies published between 2000 and 2022. The average effect size reflects a small significant effect on reading comprehension (r = .055), which contrasts with the medium size effects found in the literature related to print reading habits and comprehension. This relationship is significantly moderated by the reader’s educational stage. At early stages (primary and middle school) negative relationships are observed between leisure digital reading and text comprehension, while at later stages (high school and university) the relationship turns positive. We highlight the different contributions that reading modalities and technological contexts have on our reading comprehension, especially across the lifespan. In sum, leisure digital reading does not seem to pay off in terms of reading comprehension, at least, as much as traditional print reading does.

Recent Advances and Achievements in Mutation Breeding of Fruit Crops: A Review

Genetic variation is essential for crop breeding. In classical plant breeding programme, variation is generated by hybridization and selections are made from the resulting segregating generations. Induced mutagenesis can supplement hybridization or able to replace as a source of variability. Since, mutations bring about variation, they provide the ultimate basis for evolution of new forms, varieties or species. Induced and spontaneous mutations have played an important role in developing improved cultivars of various fruit crops as a supplementary method to conventional breeding. But, induced mutations also have well defined limitations in fruit breeding applications, but their possibilities may be expanded by the use of in vitro mutation techniques.

Has the introduction of two subspecies generated dispersal barriers among invasive possums in New Zealand?

The introduction of species into new environments provides the opportunity for the evolution of new forms through admixture and novel selection pressures. The common brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula vulpecula from the Australian mainland and T.v.fuliginosus from Tasmania, were introduced multiple times to New Zealand from Australia to become one of New Zealand’s most significant pests. Although derived from two subspecies, possums in New Zealand are generally considered to be a single entity. In a previous analysis, we showed that possums in the Hawkes Bay region of New Zealand appeared to consist of at least two overlapping populations. Here, we extend that analysis using a genotype-by-sequencing approach to examine the origins and population structure of those possums and compare their genetic diversity to animals sampled from Australia. We identify two populations of each subspecies in Hawkes Bay and provide clear evidence of a contact zone between them in which a hybrid form is evident. Our analysis of private alleles shows higher rates of dispersal into the contact zone than away from it, suggesting that the contact zone functions as a sink (and hence as a barrier) between the two subspecies. Given the widespread and overlapping distribution of the two subspecies across both large islands in New Zealand, it is possible that many such contact zones exist. These results suggest an opportunity for a more targeted approach to controlling this pest by recognising sub-specific differences and identifying the contact zones that may form between them.

The evolution of new forms of work in Moroccan companies following the application of the new labor code, statistical analysis of trends between 2009 and 2015

Resume : Dans le contexte marocain, depuis l’avenement en 2003 du nouveau code du travail, de nouvelles formes de relations de travail devaient emerger engendrant ainsi des nouvelles formes atypiques de contractualisation en dehors du traditionnel contrat a duree indeterminee (CDI). L’emergence de ces formes atypiques de travail, a la frontiere de l’informel, constituent ce que les sociologues des organisations qualifiaient de « zone grise d’emploi » ou des travailleurs sont fortement actifs malgre que leurs cadres de contractualisation renvoient plutot vers un contrat de type a duree determinee. Cet article vise a comprendre les dynamiques des relations de travail qui se sont recomposees dans une periode situee entre deux moments phares. Il s’agit des deux operations d’election des delegues de personnel organisees en 2009 et en 2015. A cet effet, nous avons exploite les bases de donnees officielles et nous avons pu degager la conclusion que les nouvelles formes de travail au Maroc n’ont pas connu le developpement a qui en s’attendait, a savoir la resurgence des CDD et un accroissement des nombres des contrats de travail sous la forme d’interim, a la lumiere de ce qui s’est passe dans les pays de Nord et du Sud. Au contraire, on se retrouve avec un schema de consolidation de la CDI comme forme predominante de contractualisation. Mots cle : code de travail, relations de travail, Zone grise d’emploi, CDD , CDI, Interim. Abstract In Morocco, after the promulgation of the new labor code in 2003, new forms of labor relations should emerge. the traditional open-ended contract (CDI) had to give way to new atypical forms of contractualization. The emergence of these atypical forms of work, on the borderline of the informal, constitutes what the sociologists of organizations qualified as a “gray area of employment” where workers are highly active despite the fact that the contractual framework which refers rather to a fixed-term contract. This article aims to understand the dynamics of labor relations that were recomposed between the two employee representative election operations organized in 2009 and 2015. To this end, we used the official databases and we concluded that the new forms of work in Morocco have not experienced the expected development, namely the resurgence of fixed-term contracts and an increase in the number of temporary workers, such as what happened in the countries of the North and the South. On the contrary, we note the consolidation of the CDI as the predominant form of contractualization. Keywords: labor code, labor relations, gray area of employment, fixed-term contract, indeterminate contract, acting.

Creating a Compassionate World: Addressing the Conflicts Between Sharing and Caring Versus Controlling and Holding Evolved Strategies.

For thousands of years, various spiritual traditions and social activists have appealed to humans to adopt compassionate ways of living to address the suffering of life. Yet, along with our potential for compassion and self-sacrifice, the last few thousand years of wars, slavery, tortures, and holocausts have shown humans can be extraordinarily selfish, callous, vicious, and cruel. While there has been considerable engagement with these issues, particularly in the area of moral psychology and ethics, this paper explores an evolutionary analysis relating to evolved resource-regulation strategies that can be called “care and share” versus “control and hold.” Control and hold are typical of primates that operate through intimidatory social hierarchies. Care and share are less common in non-human primates, but evolved radically in humans during our hunter-gatherer stage when our ancestors lived in relatively interdependent, small, mobile groups. In these groups, individualistic, self-focus, and self-promoting control and hold strategies (trying to secure and accumulate more than others) were shunned and shamed. These caring and sharing hunter-gatherer lifestyles also created the social contexts for the evolution of new forms of childcare and complex human competencies for language, reasoning, planning, empathy, and self-awareness. As a result of our new ‘intelligence’, our ancestors developed agriculture that reduced mobility, increased group size, resource availability and storage, and resource competition. These re-introduced competing for, rather than sharing of, resources and advantaged those who now pursue (often aggressively) control and hold strategies. Many of our most typical forms of oppressive and anti-compassionate behavior are the result of these strategies. Rather than (just) thinking about individuals competing with one another, we can also consider these different resource regulation strategies as competing within populations shaping psychophysiological patterns; both wealth and poverty change the brain. One of the challenges to creating a more compassionate society is to find ways to create the social and economic conditions that regulate control and hold strategies and promote care and share. No easy task.

‘A place for the unexpected, integrated into the city structure’: universities as agents of cosmopolitan urbanism

ABSTRACT The role of formal architecture and urbanism in representing and reinforcing hegemonic power structures, ideologies, and identities is well established. It has been extensively critiqued both in relation to European nationalism and colonialism, and to explore how state agencies have deployed urban planning and architecture to re-imagine and represent national and postcolonial identities following the end of empires and the re-calibration of Western political and cultural influence internationally. Universities, as élite institutions tied to state agendas and as major landowners, urban developers and financially well-endowed clients for architecture, have historically been significant actors in these processes. This paper discusses the evolution of new forms of university spatial and architectural development which are framed by discourses around inclusive, diverse, and cosmopolitan urban identities and heritage, transcending nationhood.

Even Old Dogs Can Teach New Tricks: Digital Advertising Assignments That Keep Pace With Industry Change

Digital advertising now surpasses all other forms of advertising in media spend. The fast-paced evolution of new forms of advertising can be challenging for academics to adapt for classroom use, assignments, and projects. It is essential that advertising students graduate with appropriate knowledge of these new forms. The article outlines five assignments for advertising creative development that are easily adapted to help students create relevant, interesting digital content and grasp key concepts in industry standard new media.

IS THE LANGUAGE USED IN SOCIAL MEDIA AFFECTING TEXTUAL LANGUAGE VIS A VIS SPOKEN LANGUAGE?: STUDYING THE IMPACT OF ACRONYMS ON LANGUAGE USAGE

This study aims to trace or establish a neutral point that excess amount of digitalization has tampered the standard language or human beings are once again heading toward an evolution of new form of youth language which will carry within it the germs of Acronyms, breeding into a new form of language. Though CMC computer mediated communication, and teaching through it has been there in English Language Teaching since long time. But recently the development in the fields of technology, has begun to take its toll on the language (master) of youngsters altering their word usage in spoken & written form. The internet and its shortcut language have an adverse effect on young learners as per many linguists. But on the contrary a fact cannot be denied that the usage of textese or acronyms are absolutely personal and context based. My research will try to delve into, whether this increasing trend of using Textese in WhatsApp is altering or having an adverse effect on language? Turning it into an abbreviated form or rather it’s just another stereotypical notion against a new invention. Also, my study will include that WhatsApp usage and its influence on the younger generations as to the excess usage of Textese hampering their ability to learn the textual language or the inability to communicate in a standard language as said by, Humphry’s and Sutherland. Finally, I will conclude that linguistic feature of WhatsApp is different from that of other social media or how ICT has now become an important part of communication, making the social media active in language development, also some of the faltering elements that WhatsApp has inflicted on the textual or standard language.

Postsäkulares Placemaking im oberpfälzischen Konnersreuth: Sakralisierung, Kulturerbe, Eigensinn

Abstract. The initiation of the beatification process of catholic stigmatist Therese Neumann of Konnersreuth/Bavaria (1898–1962) in February 2005 marks the beginning of the touristic marketing of her birth place in the context of EU-regionalization. In the case concerned, I argue, the Postsecular emerges in the evolution of new forms of EU-regional governance and in the controversial valorisation of a catholic popular cult as cultural heritage. I examine postsecular placemaking in Konnersreuth as a process, in which actors of the local civil society, the official church and the EU bureaucracy stage Therese Neumann by the valorisation of her material heritage, by sacralization and profanation. In doing this, actors renegotiate boundaries and transitions between the religious and the secular sphere, as well as between the regional, the global and the singular universality of grace. In their productions of space, local actors mediate between tourist and spiritual experiences of authenticity, between the popular demand for heritage and the awaiting for the religious event of grace. The postsecular, I argue, emerges in the insistence of parts of the local civil society to authorize the deceased Therese Neumann herself as an – though unwilling – supranatural actor in the placemaking process and in their legitimation of their own (un-)willingness to participate in the sacralization and touristification of their heritage with the will of the stigmatist. The article shows, how religious belief can play the role of a ressource as well as a disruptive factor in postsecular placemaking processes and neoliberal governing by community.

Creating new evolutionary pathways through bioinvasion: the population genetics of brushtail possums in New Zealand.

Rapid increases in global trade and human movement have created novel mixtures of organisms bringing with them the potential to rapidly accelerate the evolution of new forms. The common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), introduced into New Zealand from Australia in the 19th century, is one such species having been sourced from multiple populations in its native range. Here, we combine microsatellite DNA- and GIS-based spatial data to show that T.vulpecula originating from at least two different Australian locations exhibit a population structure that is commensurate with their introduction history and which cannot be explained by landscape features alone. Most importantly, we identify a hybrid zone between the two subspecies which appears to function as a barrier to dispersal. When combined with previous genetic, morphological and captive studies, our data suggest that assortative mating between the two subspecies may operate at a behavioural or species recognition level rather than through fertilization, genetic incompatibility or developmental inhibition. Nevertheless, hybridization between the two subspecies of possum clearly occurs, creating the opportunity for novel genetic combinations that would not occur in their natural ranges and which is especially likely given that multiple contact zones occur in New Zealand. This discovery has implications for wildlife management in New Zealand because multiple contact zones are likely to influence the dispersal patterns of possums and because differential susceptibility to baiting with sodium fluoroacetate between possums of different origins may promote novel genetic forms.

Forelimb muscle function in pig-nosed turtles,Carettochelys insculpta: testing neuromotor conservation between rowing and flapping in swimming turtles

Changes in muscle activation patterns can lead to new locomotor modes; however, neuromotor conservation-the evolution of new forms of locomotion through changes in structure without concurrent changes to underlying motor patterns-has been documented across diverse styles of locomotion. Animals that swim using appendages do so via rowing (anteroposterior oscilations) or flapping (dorsoventral oscilations). Yet few studies have compared motor patterns between these swimming modes. In swimming turtles, propulsion is generated exclusively by limbs. Kinematically, turtles swim using multiple styles of rowing (freshwater species), flapping (sea turtles) and a unique hybrid style with superficial similarity to flapping by sea turtles and characterized by increased dorsoventral motions of synchronously oscillated forelimbs that have been modified into flippers (Carettochelys insculpta). We compared forelimb motor patterns in four species of turtle (two rowers, Apalone ferox and Trachemys scripta; one flapper, Caretta caretta; and Carettochelys) and found that, despite kinematic differences, motor patterns were generally similar among species with a few notable exceptions: specifically, presence of variable bursts for pectoralis and triceps in Trachemys (though timing of the non-variable pectoralis burst was similar), and the timing of deltoideus activity in Carettochelys and Caretta compared with other taxa. The similarities in motor patterns we find for several muscles provide partial support for neuromotor conservation among turtles using diverse locomotor styles, but the differences implicate deltoideus as a prime contributor to flapping limb motions.

The geopolitical vs. the network political: Internet designers and governance

Abstract With the recognition that communication networks in general and the Internet in particular are not only infrastructural but socio-technical in nature comes the responsibility to think such networks through from the perspective of how they influence – and/or are – forms of power and governance. The notion of citizenship is one that appears relative to both social and technical systems, and thus at their conjuncture, because it is the concept through which the rights and responsibilities of individuals relative to governance are refracted. It was in fact the case that citizenship was a concern for those responsible for technical design of the Internet as that history both unfolded through and is recorded in the technical document series known as the Internet Requests for Comments, or RFCs. This paper analyzes the two types of citizenship of concern from the perspective of Internet design – geopolitical (oriented around the state) and network political (oriented around the network) – and interactions between the two as they were discussed within and affected the Internet design process. These network-inspired ideas about citizenship in turn contribute to the ongoing discussion about the evolution of new forms of citizenship in today’s environment, including in particular those that are global and/or technological in nature.

Clothing the British Olympic Ideal: The Emergence of Olympic Ceremonial Attire, 1896-1924

The history of sporting clothing has complex inter-connections with the wider fashioning of modern subjectivities. However, this remains an overlooked aspect of sports, leisure and fashion historical studies. This essay looks at the relationship between the constitution of modern Olympic bodies and the allied evolution of new forms of sporting dress from the late nineteenth century. The historical emergence of the modern nation state provides a conceptual framework within which to examine the formative development of British Olympic ceremonial attire from the inception of the modern Olympic movement in 1896, through to the opening ceremony of the Paris Games of 1924. The essay focuses on British male Olympic team members and interrogates how new forms of sporting ceremonial clothing historically functioned to fashion a highly politicized discourse of Olympic sporting nationhood.

Islamic piety and masculinity

Barbara Metcalf suggested some years ago that a well-known contemporary Islamic movement of pietist inclinations, the Tabligh-i Jama’at, acted in effect to produce a gentler, more feminised male Muslim identity among its adherents. Some other contemporary Islamic movements have similar tendencies. Ritual practices among the Hijaz Community, a mostly Pakistani organisation in the British Midlands, for example, are explicitly aimed to produce a gentler, less aggressive orientation among their followers. Can we see these new movements as part of the evolution of new forms of masculinity among Muslim men, both in Muslim-majority and diasporic populations? I explore this question through field research carried out as part of an ESRC-funded research project on young Muslims in the UK and Bangladesh.

J Microbial Biochem Technol

Genomic investigations into the diversity of environmental microbes are leading to insights into ecological dynamics, the evolution of new forms of biological systems, and the discovery of new functions that might be exploited for biotechnological and biomedical purposes. It is now clear that an understanding of the community structure, function and evolution of bacteria in their natural environments is required to meet the promise of microbial biotechnology. To meet these new challenges, microbiologists are applying the tools of genomics and related highthroughput technologies to both cultured microbes and environmental samples. This work will lead to new views on ecosystems and biological function together with the biotechnology enabled by this science.

Fishing in Muddy Waters: Principals, Agents, and Democratic Governance in Europe

The evolution of new forms of public governance in Europe presents a challenge to methods of democratic policy making, accountability, and control that are predicated on a theory of representative democracy. The article discusses the evolution of supranational institutions and considers empirical data on the democratic performance of governance networks in the United Kingdom and elsewhere in Europe. It concludes that bureaucratic actors in the European Union and in subnational governance networks operate to a large extent as political principals, which would in the theory of representative democracy, promote and in some cases determine public policy. Governance networks present a special form of third-party government, with a high degree of autonomy in their specific jurisdiction. The article outlines research strategies for democratic analysis that do not presuppose representative democracy.

Implications of duplicated cis-regulatory elements in the evolution of metazoans: the DDI model or how simplicity begets novelty

The discovery that most regulatory genes were conserved among animals from distant phyla challenged the ideas that gene duplication and divergence of homologous coding sequences were the basis for major morphological changes in metazoan evolution. In recent years, however, the interest for the roles, conservation and changes of non-coding sequences grew-up in parallel with genome sequencing projects. Presently, many independent studies are highlighting the importance that subtle changes in cis-regulatory regions had in the evolution of morphology trough the Animal Kingdom. Here we will show and discuss some of these studies, and underscore the future of cis-Evo-Devo research. Nevertheless, we would also explore how gene duplication, which includes duplication of regulatory regions, may have been critical for spatial or temporal co-option of new regulatory networks, causing the deployment of new transcriptome scenarios, and how these induced morphological changes were critical for the evolution of new forms. Forty years after Susumu Ohno famous sentence 'natural selection merely modifies, while redundancy creates', we suggest the alternative: 'natural selection modifies, while redundancy of cis-regulatory elements innovates', and propose the Duplication-Degeneration-Innovation model to explain the increased evolvability of duplicated cis-regulatory regions. Paradoxically, making regulation simpler by subfunctionalization paved the path for future complexity or, in other words, 'to make it simple to make it complex'.

Between Law and Social Norms: The Evolution of Global Governance

Abstract. It is commonplace that economic globalization poses new challenges to legal theory. But instead of responding to these challenges, legal scholars often get caught up in heated yet purely abstract discussions of positivist and legal pluralist conceptions of the law. Meanwhile, economics‐based theories such as “Law and Social Norms” have much less difficulty in analysing the newly arising forms of private and hybrid “governance without government” from a functional perspective. While legal theory has much to learn from these approaches, we argue that they fail in one crucial point: They cannot uphold the analytical distinction between law and non‐law. The reasons for this shortcoming are theory‐immanent in that the economic theories' focus on efficiency and their actor‐based perspective are necessarily blind to “law's own rationality.” We therefore propose to further develop those functional approaches to the study of global governance by complementing them with elements from Niklas Luhmann's systems theory of law. This will provide us with a conceptual framework for analyzing the workings of global governance regimes without ignoring their potential for “legalisation” and “constitutionalisation.” As we will show in three concrete examples (Corporate Social Responsibility,lex mercatoria, and internet regulation) we can thus describe the evolution of new forms of legal regulation beyond the nation‐state. This will also allow us to draw some preliminary conclusions on the role of law in the context of globalization and, at the same time, show the direction for further empirical research.

In Defense of Organizational Evolution

Organizational ecology applies Darwinian principles of natural selection to understand the evolution of new forms of organizations over time. The idea here is that there are different forms of human organizations, such as different business organizations, religious organizations, political organizations, etc. The growth of new forms of organizations within each of these fields is to be understood in terms of a struggle for existence among organizations with different traits. In a recent article, Reydon and Scholz (2009) argue that this Darwinian view of the evolution of new organizational forms is highly problematic because organizational populations do not exhibit the levels of internal cohesion, isolation, and closure that are necessary for something like Darwinian evolution to occur. In this article, I defend organizational ecology by rebutting the arguments of Reydon and Scholz.

The Elusive Underpinnings of U.S. Venturesomeness (If Not Prosperity)*

This article explores the question of how the U.S. economy has managed to maintain (or even increase) its lead over other nations in per capita income and the average productivity of its workforce. The answer provided in the author's recent book is that such productivity depends on the greater willingness and effectiveness of U.S. consumers and businesses in making use of innovations in products and business processes.But this begs the question: What accounts for the increase in the innovative capabilities or effectiveness of U.S. consumers and businesses, both over time and relative to that of their global counterparts? After starting with the conventional “supply‐side” focus on low taxes, limited regulatory barriers, and strong property rights, the author goes on to shift the main emphasis to the following six “institutional” contributors to U.S. prosperity: Breadth of participation: the modern U.S. economy draws, to a greater extent than either its global competitors or the U.S. of a century ago, on the contributions of far more individuals both as developers and as users of new products. Organizational diversity and specialization: the evolution of new forms of organization in the U.S., from small venture capital‐backed firms to huge public corporations with dispersed ownership, has enabled the system to use the contributions of many individuals more effectively. Changes in common beliefs and attitudes: greater receptiveness to technological change has accelerated the adoption of new products in all countries, but especially in the U.S. Increased pressure for growth: the “grow or die” imperative faced by U.S. businesses has encouraged them to look for help from new technologies. The professionalization of management and sales functions—a distinctively U.S. phenomenon whose beginnings can be traced to IBM in the 1920s—has improved the capacity of modern U.S. organizations to develop markets and use new products. The expansion of higher education, to a far greater extent in the U.S. than elsewhere, has increased the supply of individuals with habits and attitudes that improve their ability to develop and use innovations.