Evolution Of Marriage Research Articles

The evolution of marriage in Spain from the francoist dictatorship to the present day

ABSTRACT: The aim of this paper is to present a brief summary about the evolution of marriage in Spain: from Catholic marriage during the years of the Francoist dictatorship (1939-1975), going through the democratic transition and the recognition of the right to marriage in the Constitution of 1978, until the necessity for legislative intervention to interpret the constitutional precept more broadly in order to recognise homosexual marriage. Moreover, we will observe what has been and continues to be the impact of non-catholic confessions in the Spanish marriage system.
 KEYWORDS: marriage, religious confessions, homosexual marriage.

Nupcialidad y dispensas matrimoniales en El Sagrario de la catedral de la ciudad de Puebla, Nueva España, durante el reinado de Felipe IV.

Con la conquista y evangelización del Nuevo Mundo se introdujo el modelo de vida cristiana y consigo las normas morales específicas en cuanto a la conducta sexual y la formación de las familias. El período de análisis toca al reinado de Felipe IV, distinguiendo dos etapas: 1621-1639 y 1661-1669. Con base en 3.391 actas de casamiento, el estudio apunta a situar algunos patrones socioculturales de la nupcialidad y el nivel de apego a las normas tridentinas y su expresión en la Nueva España. Específicamente, se intenta descubrir la importancia relativa de los matrimonios con impedimentos dirimentes que obtuvieron licencia y los recursos de los parroquianos para eludir las amonestaciones prenupciales. Otros tópicos de interés son el canon del matrimonio, su registro, la frecuencia y evolución de las nupcias, su estacionalidad y el comportamiento diferencial de los grupos étnicos mayores de la sociedad colonial: amerindios, españoles con mestizos y afrodescendientes. With the conquest and evangelization of the New World, the model of Christian life was introduced and with it the specific moral norms regarding sexual behavior and the formation of families. The period of analysis refers to the reign of Philip IV, distinguishing two stages: 1621-1639 and 1661-1669. Based on 3.391 marriage acts, the study aims to situate some socio-cultural patterns of nuptiality and the level of attachment to Tridentine norms and their expression in New Spain. Specifically, an attempt is made to discover the relative importance of marriages with diriment impediments that were licensed and the resources of parishioners to avoid prenuptial admonitions. Other topics of interest are the canon of marriage, its registration, the frequency and evolution of marriages, their seasonality and the differential behavior of the major ethnic groups of colonial society: Amerindians, Spaniards with mestizos and Afro-descendants.

LA INCAPACIDAD DE LA MUJER CASADA Y SU SUPERACIÓN EN EL CÓDIGO CIVIL ESPAÑOL

La mujer ha sido marginada por el derecho civil español desde la redacción original del Código Civil de 1889, mediante sus diversas disposiciones discriminatorias, sustentadas en la protección de la mujer, equiparada con una persona incapacitada. El Código Civil español experimentó un largo y difícil recorrido, lleno de sucesivas reformas que contribuyeron a un ascenso satisfactorio de la mujer en el derecho civil. El presente artículo se enfoca en cuatro conceptos: la situación jurídica de la mujer en el siglo XIX, la igualdad de la mujer en la II República, el modelo franquista y la llegada de la democracia a España. Conjugados, todos los elementos son una herramienta para conocer en este siglo XXI la situación jurídica de la mujer en España. Este documento comprende cinco apartados: el primero esboza los inicios del concepto legal de la mujer cuando se promulgó el Código Civil de 1889; el segundo presenta el cambio del concepto legal de la mujer en la II República a causa de las bases del movimiento feminista; el tercero muestra el cambio de concepto de la mujer en la época del franquismo, con la desaparición de los derechos igualitarios y las causas de separación; el cuarto expone la promulgación de la Constitución española de 1978 y la llegada de la democracia, que devuelve el concepto igualitario entre el hombre y la mujer en el matrimonio; el quinto aborda las causas de separación en el contexto actual de España y la modificación del matrimonio.

Secular Weddings in Canada: An Examination of a Humanist Response to the Evolution of Marriage

Despite increasing societal secularization, little research has been undertaken on the needs of non-religious people to engage in marriage ceremony or the means by which such needs are met. Using a jurisdictional scan, focus groups, and an on-line survey, this exploratory survey examines the provision for and use of secular legal marriage in Canada’s regions from a humanist perspective. It is postulated that marriage ceremonies have persisted among the non-religious due to needs to authenticate or recognize transitional changes to the self, but these needs have been met through ad hoc strategies as opposed to a uniform demand for humanist services. Implications for humanist organizations are discussed along with recommendations for further research.

The evolution of marriage, inheritance, and labor relations in the family firm in Kyoto

This article is from a paper written for a workshop of the Global Collaboratory on the History of Labour Relations, 1500–2000, so the paper applies the categories from the Taxonomy of Labour Relations produced by the Collaboratory to the various labor relations discussed in the paper. The main aim of the paper, however, is to discuss the interaction of gender, marriage, inheritance and family patterns with labor relations in the history of Kyoto from its founding in 794 until the mid-nineteenth century. This period begins earlier than the time period of the Collaboratory to provide a sense of how these relations evolved over time. It begins with the evolution of labor relations, then the early modern family business, and finally marriage patterns and transmission. The nineteenth-century discussion is based on a combination of quantitative data from the population surveys and qualitative documents such as land transmission documents and court cases. The pre-modern parts of the paper, however, are a synthesis of library research on gender, labor, family and marriage.

Rights, violence and the marriage of confusion: re-emerging bride abduction in South Africa

During the last few decades, South(ern) Africa has witnessed a steady decline in marriage. While the paths people take to get married are diversifying due to various challenges — mainly a changing economy and high bride wealth demands — certain formative steps in the marriage process seem to gain importance. In particular, what a marriage is and how it is constituted retains its high cultural value irrespective of the ways in which it changes and declines. Within this context, from more or less the year 2009 onwards, there have been allegations that bride abduction [ukuthwala] practices in South Africa are becoming more popular and violent than its historical counterpart. If these allegations are true, it contradicts the general trend of marriage decline, and questions the institution of marriage as a process of fixed formative steps. By asking the open ended question, “How should we understand ukuthwala-related violence?,” this paper seeks to determine whether ukuthwala conforms to the general marriage trend, or whether it indicates a new development in the evolution of marriage in South(ern) Africa.

Tissue factor expression and endometrial damage in reproductive failure

The first chapter is dedicated to the spousal violence phenomenon, starting with a historical summary about the evolution of marriage, which began as a social contract for patrimonial and generational matters. During the first phase of the construct of “marriage,” there were no concerns regarding emotions or a woman’s right to pleasure during intercourse. She was mostly seen as a mother (housewife) and not as a woman with needs, desires and will. The conceptual difficulties associated with the various existing terminologies in terms of violence in intimate relationships are addressed, which allows a better understanding of the spousal violence outline, which focuses on relationships where a matrimonial bond exists or has existed (eg, marriage or consensual union).

Dlaczego mężczyzna się żeni, a kobieta wychodzi za mąż? (zarys ewolucji pola semantycznego leksemu małżeństwo w języku polskim)

The evolution of semantic field of marriageBased on historical and linguistic material, the article presents the evolution of marriage as institution in Poland from the pagan age until the present day, focusing above all on the function of gender roles ascribed to man and woman in this context. A recent rapid increase in changes can be observed in the Polish language. Some elements of vocabulary semantically associated with marriage have fallen into oblivion; some have been preserved as so-called “historical archaisms”, i.e. words commonly known yet not used; others have changed their meaning or emotional tone (sometimes both). Words of unaltered meaning (alterations in the form were left unexamined as they are not significant for the problems discussed in the article) are relatively few. A study of their environmental and generational frequency both in the past and at present should be conducted, impossible to be included in the article. The article is limited to the presentation of facts, leaving the assessment thereof to the readers.

Black Women's Ambivalence About Marriage: A Voice-Centered Relational Approach

The authors examine singlehood among heterosexual Black women in the United States. The decline in marriage rates is most prevalent in the U.S. Black community. The evolution of marriage from being an institution—associated with familism—to individual growth and personal fulfillment, means groups that value familism may experience a tension between individual pursuits and the collective good. Knudson-Martin's 1996 reframed concept of differentiation was utilized in this study to better understand how single Black women manage the tension between individuality and togetherness. Findings from in-depth interviews of five Black women demonstrate how gendered power imbalance contributes to the ambivalence about marriage. These results extend the literature on Black families in the United States and can better inform clinical practice.

Ukrainian

Ukrainian

The Evolution of Marriage

The Evolution of Marriage

Controversy Over Couples in Canada: The Evolution of Marriage and Other Adult Interdependent Relationships

The issue of how to recognize different types of intimate adult relationships remains a source of controversy in Canada. In this paper, the author surveys the evolution of the current debate surrounding four types of intimate adult relationships that fall outside the traditional definition of marriage: common-law marriage, same-sex partnerships, polygamy, and non-conjugal interdependent relationships. The author begins by examining how Canadian legislatures began in the 1970s to grant spousal rights for a variety of purposes to opposite-sex partners who cohabited in conjugal relationships, and the courts began to recognize property claims using the constructive trust. In Miron v. Trudel (1995), the Supreme Court of Canada held that the failure to grant certain spousal rights to a common-law partner violates the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. However, the Court held in Nova Scotia (Attorney General) v. Walsh (2002) that it is not discriminatory to deny opposite-sex partners statutory marital property rights, since they have chosen not to marry. While Walsh appears inconsistent with Miron and is unfair to women, it reflects a desire to give marriage a unique and privileged status, and to recognize that a different legal regime may govern those who choose to live together without marrying.The greatest controversy now concerns the recognition of same-sex relationships. The Supreme Court of Canada ruled in M. v. H. (1999) that the failure to give same-sex partners the same rights as opposite-sex unmarried partners violates the Charter. Two appellate courts have recently held that to deny same-sex partners the right to marry violates their human dignity and is therefore unconstitutional. The federal government has formulated a Draft Bill that would give same-sex couples the right to marry, and has made a reference to the Supreme Court asking, among other questions, whether the Bill is consistent with the Charter. The author argues that to deny same-sex partners the right to marry violates the Charter. While judicial activism in this area has been criticized, the denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples would represent a failure to respect the rights of a discrete and insular minority. Courts have now made same-sex marriage legal in two provinces, and it seems inevitable that it will soon be recognized everywhere in Canada.Opponents claim that this trend could lead to the legal recognition of polygamous relationships, but the author rejects this argument. As for non-conjugal relationships, the Law Commission of Canada (2001) recommended legal recognition of a range of such relationships. The author argues that there are contexts in which this is appropriate, but that conjugality should remain a central legal concept for determining rights and obligations.

Concept Analysis of the Communication Literature on Marriage and Family

This study assessed the current status and historical evolution of marriage and family-related theoretical concepts within the communication field's literature to determine patterns of introduction and linkage among theoretical concepts. Capitalizing on recent breakthroughs in computer-assisted textual analysis, the study explored the history of family communication scholarship to assess the extent to which the family context appears to have emerged as a coherent area of scholarly focus. The study examines the manner in which the field of communication has approached marriage and family and the web of concepts it has attached to these central terms. Marriage and family-related concepts occurring with high frequency in titles of scholarly articles were identified in a database of 33,000 articles comprehensively covering a 28-year period of the communication field's literature. Concepts culled from the database were linguistically normalized and submitted to cluster analysis to explore the structure of their pattern of interrelationships. Results identified areas of conceptual interconnection, forming a taxonomic description of the field's theoretical investments in the marriage and family area.

Hunting and Nuclear Families: Some Lessons from the Hadza about Men's Work

Hadza hunter-gatherers display economic and social features usually assumed to indicate the dependence of wives and children on provisioning husbands and fathers. The wives and children of better Hadza hunters have been found to be better-nourished, consistent with the assumption that men hunt to provision their families. Yet, as is common among foragers, the Hadza share meat widely. Analyses of meat-sharing data confirm that little of the meat from large prey went to the hunter's own household. These analyses also show that neither a man's hunting success nor the time he spent hunting made any difference in how much meat his family got from the kills of others. Here we address questions posed by this set of observations. What explains the better nutrition of the children of better hunters if they did not get differential rations of meat? If better hunters got no more meat for their effort and poorer hunters were not punished with less, what incentive could account for the continuing disproportionate contribution that some men made to the group's nutrition? If women were not dependent on their husband's hunting success for meat, an obvious incentive for women to marry hunters disappears. We briefly consider the implications of these patterns for the evolution of marriage and nuclear families.

Marriage and Family Counseling

This article provides an overview of marriage and family counseling, including the growth and interest of this specialty within the American Counseling Association (ACA). Areas discussed include the evolution of marriage and family counseling within ACA, standards for training, credentialing, and unique ethical considerations when counseling couples and families.

Reply to Tooker

Elizabeth Tooker (AA 94:357-375, 1992) rides to defend Morgan against my imputation that he worked in the shadow of metropolitan science.' She argues that I have proposed three false theses: (1) that the philological models favored by Morgan and Amerindian scholars were adapted from those developed by European scholars of the Indo-European language family; (2) that Morgan's ideas about the evolution of marriage and the family were prompted by the publication of McLennan's Primitive Marriage in 1865; and (3) that the theoretical framework of Ancient Society (Morgan 1877) was largely taken over from Lubbock and Tylor. None of these conclusions correct, she asserts. Morgan drew on American sources that were independent of European guidance, or on the same sources as those that inspired the British anthropologists. Far from responding to external stimuli at different phases of its development, Morgan's work is of piece. Moreover, Morgan bettered the British scholars because he was the first to achieve a comparative worldwide study based on original fieldwork, his own and that done under his supervision, on an ethnographic problem itself suggested by fieldwork (p. 358). 1. On philology, Tooker's argument that the Americanists (in the United States) developed their ideas independently from the same (unspecified) sources that had first inspired the original Indo-Europeanists. She concedes that there was communication

A Curriculum for Graduate‐Level Marriage and Family Therapy Education*

The Delphi technique of refining group opinion was used to develop a graduate level marriage and family therapy curriculum. Opinions were synthesized from a national panel of 20 AAMFT Approved Supervisors and 25 training directors of graduate‐level marriage and family therapy programs. Three rounds of questionnaires were employed and 101 content areas met the criteria for inclusion into the final curriculum. Discussed are the similarities and differences of this curriculum and the current “model” AAMFT curriculum. It is hoped that the curriculum devised from this study will lead to the continued rethinking, refinement, and evolution of marriage and family therapy education.

The Changing Position of Indian Women.

tion and a corresponding change in the husband-wife relationship. More recently, urban migration, female political participation, education, careers, and the activities of social reformers have all helped the public acceptance of new roles for women. As yet, only a tiny minority of women have benefited from the changes that have occurred. I Anthropologists have long been interested in the study of the position of women in various parts of the world. Such interest has been both 'indirect' and 'direct'I am aware that this distinction is not a clear-cut one but I think that it is helpful to make it. The 'indirect' interest came from armchair anthropologists who wanted to trace the evolution of marriage, family, and kinship by studying kinship terms and usages, from different countries, and in particular, from what are now referred to as the 'Third World' countries. As is well-known, this began in the latter half of the nineteenth century with the efforts of Morgan, McLennan, Maine and Bachofen. The 'direct' interest came from individuals whose work as administrators, missionaries or anthropologists, brought them into contact with non-Western peoples, and who wrote accounts of the division of labour existing between the sexes, the rules of inheritance and succession, the nature and composition of the household etc., among the peoples they studied. Ever since their discipline became established in the universities, anthropologists have regarded the study of the 'position of women' as one of their basic concerns. R. H. Lowie's Primitive society, published in I920-which, incidentally, was the first anthropological book I came into contact with-included a chapter on 'The position of women' (I86-204) which is still worth reading for its erudition, caution, scepticism about accepted ideas, and for certain basic distinctions which Lowie considered essential in order to discuss tangibly so broad and elusive, if not fuzzy, a theme. He made a few generalisations and then cited exceptions to them to show how it is necessary to guard against easy generalisation. Finally, he emphasised the difficulty of establishing causality when the events under consideration were numerous, and the relationship between them extremely complex. When I state that anthropologists have long been interested in the study of the position of women I certainly do not mean that it has been confined to them. For it is well-known that psychologists, demographers and several others have shared * Huxley Memorial Lecture, 1976.

The Evolution of Marriage and of the Family . By Ch. Letourneau. New York, Scribner. 373 p. $1.25

<i>The Evolution of Marriage and of the Family</i> . By Ch. Letourneau. New York, Scribner. 373 p. $1.25