Development Of Legislation Research Articles

Concepts of the Development of Russian Legislation within the Parameters of Academia

Concepts of the Development of Russian Legislation within the Parameters of Academia

Prospects for the Personal Foundations Legislation Development

Prospects for the Personal Foundations Legislation Development

Policy Review of Preschool Education Legislation in China

Purpose This study reviews the development of preschool education legislation in China and analyzes its background, fundamental principles, and prospects. Design/Approach/Methods Interpretations of the newly published Preschool Education Law of the People's Republic of China (Draft) are highlighted to reveal the recent manifestations of the legislative development of preschool education in China. Findings In China, legislation pertaining to preschool education is based on an extensive practical foundation and solid policy basis embodying the fundamental principles of establishing government leadership, ensuring children's right to education, and upholding public welfare and inclusivity. Such legislation is conducive to the further exploration of key issues and significant relationships involved in the development of preschool education and marks a milestone in its modernization with Chinese characteristics. Originality/Value This paper's findings indicate that the Preschool Education Law of the People's Republic of China (Draft) demonstrates significant progress in the development of preschool education in China, but there are still key issues that need to be further explored.

Milestone of China's Foreign-Related Legislation – A Review of the Law of the People's Republic of China on Foreign Relations

The Law of the People's Republic of China on Foreign Relations is China's first foundational and comprehensive law in the field of foreign relations. This law promotes the rule of law both domestically and internationally in a coordinated manner, significantly enhancing the legal framework governing China's conduct of foreign affairs. It also makes substantial progress in the strategic development of foreign-related legislation, advancing the overall foreign-related legal system and integrity, quality and timeliness of specific legislation. Bearing distinct Chinese characteristics and reflecting the ethos of our era, this law stands as a milestone in the legislative history of China.

Trial of Memory: Legal Regulation as a Tool of Memory Politics in Contemporary Russia

The article examines how law enforcement sanctions, typically applied to real-life actions, are being transferred to online activities. Building on François Hartog’s ideas, the study links memorial legislation to a new “regime of historicity,” highlighting its unique role in commemoration. By examining relevant laws and media discussions, the study follows the evolution of memorial legislation, demonstrating its importance in commemorating the Great Patriotic War in post-Soviet symbolic politics. Analysis of the amendments to Article 354.1 of Russia’s Criminal Code from its original formulation in 2014 to the revisions in 2021 reveals the shifting legal landscape surrounding online commemorative practices. As virtual spaces are gaining prominence in public discourse and legal interpretations, the boundaries between online activities and real-world actions are becoming increasingly blurred. The key trends in this process include the growing reliance on virtual platforms for information dissemination, the evolving notion of publicity in legal contexts pertaining to online behavior, and the broadening enforcement of Article 354.1. This research sheds light on the intricate interplay between memory politics, virtual spaces, and legal frameworks, reflecting broader societal shifts in information consumption and expression.

The study of modern professional competences for pharmaceutical positions that determine the effective activities based on the analysis of opinions of pharmacy professionals

Aim. To study modern professional competencies – hard skills (including knowledge, abilities, skills) and soft skills (personal skills) that determine the effective activity of pharmacy professionals (PP) in certain pharmaceutical positions (pharmacy manager, pharmacist, pharmacist’s assistant) and determine the most important of them for pharmacy retail in today’s conditions. Materials and methods. To collect and process data, such scientific methods as the analysis of literary sources, the method of questionnaire survey, the method of comparison, comparison, and generalization, were used. The results of the analysis were processed using licensed software products of Microsoft Office Excel. The methods of descriptive statistics and statistical analysis, such as the Epitools service (Ausvet Ltd., Australia), a STATISTICA 13 statistical package (TIBCO Software Inc., USA) were used to process the questionnaire data. Results. As part of our study, a survey, in which 200 PP took part, was conducted. The questionnaire contained open-ended questions, in which it was necessary to specify 3-5 hard skills (professional skills) or soft skills (personal skills) that are necessary for the effective performance of the professional duties of PP in the relevant position, as well as select one of the most important ones from this list. At the same time, three positions were differentiated: pharmacist, pharmacist’s assistant, and pharmacy manager. According to the survey results, hard skills and soft skills, which, according to the majority of PP, were the most necessary for each position. were identified. Conclusions. Based on the results of the study conducted, it has been found that the actualization of professional competences and soft skills is an important step for effective work by position in pharmacy institutions in today’s conditions. It has been determined that such soft skills as sociability, responsibility, stress resistance, honesty, intelligence, purposefulness, hard work, love for the profession, experience, energy and reliability are equally important for the positions of a pharmacist, pharmacist’s assistant and pharmacy manager. At the same time, specific hard and soft skills are distinguished for each of the positions: empathy and attentiveness are more important for pharmacists and pharmacist’s assistants, while organizational skills, managerial qualities, desire for professional development and knowledge of legislation are important for pharmacy managers. Responsibility is a key quality for pharmacy managers, professionalism and knowledge – for pharmacists, and attentiveness – for pharmacist’s assistants. Differences in the perception of the importance of these hard and soft skills are also related to the age, qualification and type of pharmacy institutions where respondents work.

Analysis of legal regulation and results of the assessment of public and professional awareness on rehabilitation care packages

Aim. To determine the peculiarities of legal regulation of rehabilitation care packages, as well as present the results of assessing the awareness of the population and professionals on rehabilitation care packages. Materials and methods. The legislation of Ukraine, scientific publications, results of a sociological survey; content analysis, system analysis, sociological analysis, generalization, synthesis, graphic methods were used. Results. It has been determined that the active development of legislation of Ukraine on the provision of rehabilitation care begins with the adoption of the Law “On Rehabilitation in the Field of Healthcare” in 2020. Today, these relations are already regulated by a number of legal acts. The Law “On State Financial Guarantees of Medical Care for the Population” adopted in 2017 defined the provision of medical services necessary for patients at the expense of the state budget. Since 2023, two packages of rehabilitation services have been provided in Ukraine; they are subject to payment under the medical guarantee program – rehabilitation care for adults and children in inpatient and outpatient settings. The study has shown that 55 % of the Ukrainians surveyed feel the need for rehabilitation, but they consider the lack of financial resources to be a barrier to obtaining it, and they also note that they do not know where and whom to turn to. Rehabilitation professionals have demonstrated an average level of awareness of their rights and opportunities within these programs. Conclusions. The article highlights the active development of legislation of Ukraine on rehabilitation in the healthcare sector at the present stage. According to the results of the survey, it has been found that the population of Ukraine has an insufficient level of awareness of medical guarantee packages for rehabilitation care. The necessity for a more active information campaign and the creation of social advertising on this topic has been substantiated.

International Regulation of Pensions in the EAEU: Problems and Development Prospects

The EAEU countries, having adopted the Agreement on Pension Security in 2019, took a big step forward to form the pension rights of migrants from the EAEU countries. However, existing difficulties caused by economic, demographic characteristics and institutional differences make us think about further steps to harmonize, unify and coordinate the pension systems of the EAEU countries.Aim. Consider themechanisms and the principles of international regulation of pensions in the EAEU countries and identify limitations and opportunities for its further improvement.Tasks. Explore global experience of cooperation in the pension sector; conduct an analysis of international regulation of pensions in the post-Soviet space and in the EAEU countries; identify difficulties in forming pension rights for migrants from EAEU countries; to find possible directions for the further development of pension legislation in the EAEU countries.Methods. The comparative analysis method was used to study national old-age pension systems; when determining the directions for the development of old-age pensions for migrants in the world, the historical and legal method was used.Results. The world experience of international regulation of pensions is considered.Differences were discovered in the formation of pension rights in the EAEU countries.The mechanisms of harmonization and coordination, as well as the territorial and proportional principles of legal regulation of old-age pensions are analyzed. The difficulties of forming pension rights for migrants from the EAEU countries are shown.Conclusions. The current approach to regulating pensions in the EAEU is not perfect, but it allows countries to remain independent in their national pension policies. Overcoming the existing difficulties in the formation and implementation of pension rights is possible with further harmonization, unification and coordination of the EAEU pension systems, which are complicated by the economic and demographic operating conditions and the lack of a unified strategy for the development of pensions in the EAEU. A fundamental issue for all countries is to determine the role of the state in the pension process.

Исполнение решения суда об определении места жительства ребенка при раздельном проживании родителей

The article is devoted to the problems that arise in the process of executing a court decision to determine the place of residence of a child when parents live separately and the prospects for the development of legislation in this area.

Before the formation of Article 18.2 of the Civil Code of Georgia in its current form, some aspects of the development of legislation on the protection of personal non-property rights

Before the formation of Article 18.2 of the Civil Code of Georgia in its current form, some aspects of the development of legislation on the protection of personal non-property rights

Agreement on customs value determination as an instrument of customs regulation

The article considers the tools of customs and tax regulation in the Russian Federation, in particular in the sphere of pricing for taxation purposes and control over the customs value of goods imported into the customs territory of the Eurasian Economic Union. Given the complexity of the process of reviewing draft pricing agreements, as well as the frequency of movement of different goods across the customs border by one supplier or the identity of the transported goods of several suppliers, it is assumed that one of the tools of customs regulation is a customs value agreement. Such agreements can simplify the procedure of moving goods across the customs border of bona fide participants of foreign economic relations. The topic under study requires further development and analysis of the current national legislation in order to form theoretical and legal approaches to such an instrument of customs regulation, including in the aspect of establishing, regulating and determining the procedure for exercising the powers of customs authorities when concluding agreements with participants in foreign economic activity. According to the author’s position, the development of draft agreements selected for the study and their basic conditions can condition the emergence of other tools of customs regulation, ensuring the penetration of some concepts and tools of private law in public-law relations.

Endorsed midwife prescribing in Australia: “[For] the women, more than anything”

ProblemPrescribing by Endorsed Midwives has existed in Australia for more than ten years. Significant barriers exist in the bureaucracy surrounding prescribing and state and territory legislation which further constrain midwives capacity to prescribe required medications. BackgroundCurrent evidence indicates Endorsed Midwives improve timely access to medications and can experience both enablers and barriers to prescribing. AimTo explore Endorsed Midwives’ lived experiences of medication prescribing, including which medications are being prescribed, how this affects the women in their care, midwives’ practice, and perspectives on the future of midwifery prescribing. MethodsA descriptive qualitative approach was used. Data collection occurred through semi-structured interviews (n=10) of Endorsed Midwives from varied Australian practice contexts and locations. Data analysis followed Reflexive Thematic Analysis. FindingsFour themes were developed: Medication prescription as essential healthcare; Prescribing optimises midwifery practice; External structures can both promote and inhibit the capacity to prescribe; The future of prescribing. DiscussionEndorsed Midwife prescribing has the potential to positively impact women’s maternity care and enable midwives to fulfil their scope of practice. However, limitations to prescribing need to be addressed to capitalise on these benefits. ConclusionSignificant reform of health service policy, state and territory legislation and further development of the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme are required to fully embrace and capitalise on the full scope of Endorsed Midwives in the Australian Healthcare system.

Which Children Have Rights? The Child’s Right to Bodily Integrity and Protection Gaps for Children with Intersex Traits under International and National Laws

This article examines protection gaps for children with intersex traits under international and national laws governing non-voluntary medicalized interventions into sexual anatomy. Various United Nations (UN) bodies, including the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture, the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, human rights treaty-monitoring bodies and the Human Rights Council, have called for full acknowledgment and substantive protection of the rights of children with intersex variations—as with all children—to bodily integrity and (future) bodily autonomy in relation to their own sexed embodiment. However, these global norms generally have not been codified under international law, and most countries have not passed adequate, or any, legislation to secure these rights. We review relevant global norms, international human rights treaties and legislative developments in a range of countries to illustrate potential pathways for closing legal gaps in the protection of all children’s rights to bodily integrity and (future) bodily and sexual autonomy. Keywords: bodily integrity; children’s rights; gender binary; non-voluntary medical interventions; human rights; intersex.

Twenty Years of Human Rights Protection in the Australian Capital Territory: What Have We Learned

In 2004, the Australian Capital Territory (‘ACT’) became the first Australian jurisdiction to enact human rights legislation. Victoria and Queensland have followed since, and the Australian Human Rights Commission recently renewed the call for federal human rights protection. Legislative developments in one jurisdiction can lead to reforms in others. As such, there is much we can learn from the ACT’s experience. This article investigates the impact and influence the Human Rights Act 2004 (ACT) has had in its first 20 years of operation based on interviews with lawyers and public servants who represent or work with human rights complainants or respondents. The findings suggest the legislation is having its greatest impact outside the courtroom by influencing decision-making processes within the executive and as a mechanism for resolving disputes early on. Barriers to access remain, notably a lack of awareness in the community and limited use of the legislation by the legal profession.

Scientific uncertainty and the challenges of applying criminal law: Lessons from China's COVID-19 response

This study addresses the complexities of applying criminal law during public health emergencies, particularly under the shadow of scientific uncertainty, and explores the challenge of balancing public health protection with individual rights. The primary aim is to dissect the application of criminal law in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in China, focusing on the impact of scientific uncertainty on legal decision-making and the efficacy of criminal law interventions in public health crises. This study utilized a doctrinal method combined with case studies, integrating theoretical frameworks on risk and uncertainty with an analysis of China's legal responses to COVID-19. It involved assessing legislative and policy documents alongside judicial decisions, focusing on their alignment with evolving scientific understanding and public health strategies. The study reveals significant hurdles, including the limitations of empirical rules in judicial judgments, the emergence of technocratic bureaucracy, and the complexities surrounding risk mitigation and legal attribution under uncertain conditions. It highlights the inadequacy of traditional criminal law mechanisms to respond dynamically to the evolving landscape of public health emergencies. To address these challenges, the study recommends the development of temporary criminal legislation tailored to public health emergencies, the adoption of risk-based criminal law approaches, and the refinement of individualized risk assessment procedures. These measures aim to provide a more flexible and effective legal framework capable of safeguarding public health while ensuring the protection of individual liberties during crises.

Преследование (сталкерство): формы поведения, типологии, ответственность в зарубежном и российском законодательстве

<p style="text-align: justify;">This article, based on comparative legal analysis, reveals the essential characteristics of the process of development of foreign, international, and Russian legislation in terms of countering stalking (persecution). The psychological mechanisms of this behavior are generalized and systematized, typologies of stalkers are presented, as well as the possibilities of using these typologies in the work of law enforcement agencies. The author’s position is substantiated that theoretical studies of stalking in Russia are in their infancy, and domestic theories explaining stalking are underdeveloped compared to other areas of clinical psychology. Consequently, there is a dearth of research on concepts that can guide the formulation of legal norms aimed at effectively countering stalking in Russia. It is substantiated that persecution is an independent type of criminal offense. Based on a study of foreign legislative experience and known typologies of stalkers, a definition of stalking as a crime is given.</p>

HORIZONS OF SUSTAINABILITY: THE ROLE OF HYDROGEN IN THE WORLD ENERGY AND PROSPECTS FOR ITS DEVELOPMENT IN KAZAKHSTAN

Hydrogen energy is a promising direction in the field of the energy industry of the future. The article presents a review of research, analyzing the relevance in Kazakhstan and in the world as a whole, reveals the importance of hydrogen energy in the context of modern challenges, such as climate change, the need for sustainable development and diversification of the energy sector. The international experience of the introduction of hydrogen energy is analyzed, with a focus on the USA and the European Union. National programs and projects designed to stimulate the development of hydrogen technologies, create infrastructure, and attract investment are being considered. Based on the analysis, some problematic issues are highlighted that require further research and development. They include the development of more efficient and cost-effective hydrogen production technologies, the creation of a reliable storage and transportation system, as well as the development of appropriate legislation and policies. In conclusion, the article makes recommendations for the further development of hydrogen energy. They include the need to strengthen international cooperation, educational programs and information campaigns, as well as support from Governments and financial organizations.

Mapping and Analysis of the Sorghum Value Chain in Tehuledere District, Amhara Region, Ethiopia

This study describes sorghum-cultivating households and assesses factors affecting different activities of the sorghum value chain in the Tehuledere district of the Amhara region, Ethiopia. Primary data were obtained by administering structured questionnaires and interviews to 297 respondents across the value chain from smallholder farmers, agro-dealers, traders, retailers, wholesalers, and processors. In this context, the study was able to map the value chain to establish the main actors involved and their relationships. The current value chain has Input Suppliers, Producers/Farmers, Wholesalers/Distributors, Transporters, Processors, and Consumers. Some issues were identified as input supply with some inefficiency and marketing and processing channels as supply was interrupted and producer prices were low. This implies increasing interactions with extension agents to enhance the use of better sorghum seed varieties and fertilizers. The proposed solutions are the cooperation of different actors, higher levels of investment in R&D, better extension services, private sector engagement, encouraging legislation, and infrastructure development to overcome institutional weaknesses.

Роль современной юридической науки в жизни российского общества

The article makes an attempt to show the role of legal science in the life of Russian society using the example of criminal law science. For this purpose, the state in which criminal law science finds itself is considered. It has been established that legal science is represented by two unequal groups of people: some actually engage in scientific research, others imitate scientific activity. At the same time, publications that are imitative in nature are subject to fair criticism and are considered as a manifestation of a crisis in science. Despite the existence of negative factors, the scientific community directly or indirectly has a positive impact on the life of Russian society. In particular, criminal law science determines the ways of development of criminal legislation that performs protective and regulatory functions, thereby harmonizing conflict relations. The scientific community of law universities and faculties, being part of Russian society, not only produces and reproduces scientific knowledge, but also involves students, graduate students and doctoral students in its development in various forms. A significant role in the development and implementation of scientific knowledge into public practice is played by scientific and qualifying works in criminal law disciplines, including those not free from certain shortcomings. This study shows that the works of criminologists are also of interest among previously convicted persons and repeat offenders. In conclusion, it is concluded that the organization of legal science is far from perfect and requires significant reorganization in order to meet the expectations of society.

Standardizing play in the century of the car: the building information cards as shapers of the ideal urban childhood in Finland in the 1960s and 1970s

ABSTRACT Children’s playgrounds became part of the urban planning and evolution of Western cities at the turn of 19th and early 20th centuries. The overall objective was to improve urban children’s well-being and enhance safety by channelling play activities away from city streets towards designated play spaces. This article zooms in on the process of creating recommendations, norms and standards related to playgrounds. The subject under scrutiny is the standardization of childhood in Finland during the 1960s and 1970s, a period characterized by the most intense phases of urbanization, the establishment of welfare state institutions and the evolution of legislation pertaining to children's play spaces as well as vigorous discussions concerning children's environments. These planning discussions, norms and standards have had far-reaching consequences. They are not only prominently evident in today's Finnish cities but have also significantly influenced our contemporary perception of children's place within urban contexts. This study brings a social history approach to the academic discussion of the role of standardization in urban planning. Simultaneously, it examines the development of the increasingly standardized urban childhood in Finland in the 1960s and 1970s and asks what kind of childhood this standardization aimed to promote.