Development Of Jet Research Articles

Hydrodynamic mechanism of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus during turning maneuvers

Aquatic organisms in their natural environment have soft bodies and flexible mobility. Clarifying the generation, evolution, and dissipation of vortices and jets during turning maneuvers is crucial for understanding the propulsion principle of aquatic species, which, in turn, provides guiding value for fish-like propulsion device design. In this study, time-resolved particle image velocimetry is used to explore the kinematic and dynamic characteristics of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus while turning. The results showed that M. anguillicaudatus maintained the wavy movement of its trunk by bending different body parts. Pressure gradients that are weaker and stronger than the surrounding environment were formed at the peaks and troughs, respectively, resulting in a thrust mechanism dominated by suction. The body fluctuation and relative fluid motion served to form a vortex. The connection of the separation line of the saddle point to the focus in this process creates an unstable flow structure that accelerates vortex dissipation. Jets are formed between the reverse vortices; the thrust jets provide forward power for turning maneuvers, and the side jets provide turning torque. As the jets and tail are situated at angles to one another, only part of the jet-generated kinetic energy provides power for the fish to swim. Additionally, proper orthogonal decomposition is utilized for objectively filtering high-frequency spatial noise in complex fish wake data. The flow field reconstructed via the mode selection of an appropriate order can be used to clearly show the evolution characteristics of large-scale coherent structures.

Influence of mass flux ratio on the evolution of coaxial synthetic jet

This paper highlights a direct numerical simulation study on the flow field of a coaxial synthetic jet (CSJ) generated from two independently controlled synthetic jet actuators, which are combined coaxially with 0° orientation angle. The jet is issued into a quiescent environment from inner and annular openings (orifices) with equal hydraulic diameters, employing an oscillating boundary. Seven different mass flux ratios (Mr) such as 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 are considered for the study. The average velocity (Uavg) of inner jet, measured at orifice exit, is kept at 0.7 m/s (Reynolds number, Re=135), and the same is varied for the annular jet to achieve the desired Mr s. The influence of Mr s on the vortex rings, evolved from inner and annular orifices, along with their dynamics, is predicted by furnishing the instantaneous flow field. Also, we examine the effect of Mr s on the mean flow parameters of the CSJ. Moreover, the CSJ flow field is compared with the inner cavity synthetic jet (SJ), and annular cavity SJ under identical conditions, to demonstrate the superior performance of the CSJ over the single cavity SJs. For CSJ, the azimuthal instability of the evolved vortex rings can be triggered by decreasing the Mr, which results in a wide jet. For Mr≥1.0, the CSJ retains its axisymmetric nature, and the interaction of vortex rings emanating from the inner and annular cavities influences the strength and spreading of the CSJ. The modal decomposition of the instantaneous flow field is also performed using proper orthogonal decomposition method to gain insight of the coherent vortical structures present in the modes. The study will be useful for deploying such novel coaxial synthetic jets in various applications.

Characterization of a pulsed, supersonic gas jet by absorption of high-order harmonics in the extreme ultraviolet spectral range

We present a method for determining the temporal and spatial evolution of a gas jet generated by a pulsed nozzle using high-order harmonics of a titanium–sapphire laser. This radiation in the extreme ultraviolet spectral range (17–40 nm) is transmitted through the gas jet and becomes partially absorbed depending on its wavelength and the gas density. If the absorption in this spectral range shows a sufficiently strong dependence on the wavelength, as is the case for many gases including the noble gases argon, neon, and helium, it is possible to select a proper harmonic exhibiting an absorption strong enough to generate a detectable decrease of the transmitted light but still weak enough to allow a significant amount of radiation to be transmitted through the gas jet. In the case of radial symmetry the density profile can be reconstructed by means of the Abel inversion. We show that this method allows for the determination of argon neutral densities as low as 10^{17} cm^{-3} and is also suited for other gases, such as neon and helium.

Numerical simulations of a two-fluid jet at a magnetic null point in a solar arcade

ABSTRACT We study the formation and evolution of jets in the solar atmosphere using numerical simulations of partially ionized plasma. The two-fluid magnetohydrodynamic equations with ion+electron and neutral hydrogen components are used in two-dimensional Cartesian geometry. Numerical simulations show that a localized non-linear Gaussian pulse of ion and neutral pressures initially launched from the magnetic null point of a potential arcade located below the transition region quickly develops into a shock due to the decrease of density with height. The shock propagates upwards into the solar corona and lifts the cold and dense chromospheric plasma behind in the form of a collimated jet with an inverted-Y shape. The inverted-Y shape of jets is connected with the topology of a magnetic null point. The pulse also excites a non-linear wake in the chromosphere, which leads to quasi-periodic secondary shocks. The secondary shocks lift the chromospheric plasma upwards and create quasi-periodic jets in the lower corona. Ion and neutral fluids show generally similar behaviour, but their relative velocity is higher near the upper part of the jets, which leads to enhanced temperature or heating due to ion–neutral collisions. Simulations of jets with an inverted-Y shape and their heating may explain the properties of some jets observed in the solar atmosphere.

Effects Of Driving Signal Waveshape On The Velocity Field And Heat Transfer Of Impinging Synthetic Jets

The present work reports on the measurements of the velocity fields and the heat transfer of impinging synthetic jets driven by different waveshapes. The actuator consists of a loudspeaker oscillating inside a cavity provided with a circular nozzle. Sinusoidal input voltage signals with variable ejection duty cycle d (ratio of the duration of the positive part of the signal to the total period) are applied to investigate the influence of the waveshape on the jet dynamics and the thermal performance. A parametric study is carried by varying both d (0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7) and the Strouhal number St (0.062, 0.12, 0.19) at constant value of the Reynolds number (3,000) and fixed nozzle-to-plate distance (equal to 2 nozzle exit diameters). The phase and time-average evolution of the synthetic jets is characterized by means of planar Particle Image Velocimetry; simultaneous measurements of the heat transfer coefficients are carried out via infrared thermography using a heated thin foil as heat flux sensor. The present results show that d plays only a minor influence on the time-averaged velocity structure for all the values of the Strouhal number investigated. Nevertheless, for the highest value of St increasing d has a detrimental effect on the heat transfer. The phase-averaged velocity measurements reveal that this behaviour is essentially related to the reduced strength of the synthetic jet vortices formed during the ejection phase, which in fact dominate the heat transfer in such a configuration.

Analysis on the supersonic gas jet submerged in liquid cross flow

Experimental studies of the influence of the liquid cross flow on the submerged gas jet with constant injection pressure have been presented in our former research (Dong et al., 2021). In the present study, the development of submerged gas jets with different initial injection pressures (0.7 MPa, 1.3 MPa and 2.0 MPa) subjected to liquid cross flow with varying velocities (0.35 m/s, 0.7 m/s, 1.0 m/s, 1.5 m/s, 2.0 m/s) were further experimentally and theoretically investigated to evaluate the effects of the cross flow velocity and initial injection pressure on the gas jet evolution and flow characteristics. Experimentally, the evolution and morphology of the gas jet with different initial injection pressures were captured by the full-scale experimental system designed in our former research. Theoretically, an analytical correlation was proposed to predict the penetration of gas jet in liquid cross flow, and the experimental results of the gas jet tip evolutions were compared with a modified vortex ball model. It turns out that the proposed correlations were able to predict the gas jet development accurately, including expansion angle, gas jet penetration length and gas jet tip evolution, which could provide convincing parameters assessment for the submerged gas jet in liquid cross flow.

Laser-generated supersonic plasma jets and shocks in a transverse magnetic field

The influence of a transverse magnetic field on the formation and evolution of supersonic plasma jets and shocks was studied experimentally, and compared with 3D numerical simulations. An improved jet collimation was seen due to the change in the magnetic field topology restricting the radial expansion of the ablated plasma. The magnetic field was also shown to strongly affect the shock structures, both indirectly through the modified jet geometry, as well as due to a compression of the field lines in the shock region. The interaction characteristics were found to depend on the relative contribution of the magnetic and plasma pressure in balancing the ram pressure of the jet.

Three-dimensional simulation of impinging jet atomization of soft mist inhalers using the hybrid VOF-DPM model

Impinging jet atomization is a new approach in inhalation therapy for drug delivery. Numerical simulation is a powerful tool for pursuing better understandings of the impinging jet dynamics. However, it is an extremely challenging task to simulate atomization of soft mist inhalers due to their complex nozzle geometry and spatial-temporal evolution of jets and droplets whose sizes span multiple orders of magnitude. In this work, the atomization process was simulated by a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model that couples the Volume of Fluid method (VOF), Discrete Phase Model (DPM), and Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR). A mapping approach was used to efficiently couple the liquid flow inside the small-scale nozzle with the large-scale multiphase jet flow outside the nozzle. The influence of flow field inside the nozzle on the atomization characteristics was explored. The numerical and experimental jet dynamics are consistent with regard to the plume geometry and particle size distribution. It was revealed that with the increase of the impingement angle and nozzle inlet pressure, the fluctuation of liquid sheet becomes more violent, which directly affects the breakup pattern and leads to much finer droplets. This method can be used to optimize the inhalers for better atomization performance.

Dynamics and bifurcations of laminar annular swirling and non-swirling jets

This paper presents bifurcation analyses characterising the nonlinear dynamics of fully developed laminar annular jets with respect to the centrebody diameter${ {d}}$, Reynolds number${ {Re}}$, and swirl ratio${ {S}}$. Similar flows appear in numerous applications and feature a vibrant range of topological and dynamical characteristics associated with phenomena including shear layer separation and vortex breakdown. Our results begin by describing the non-monotonic evolution of the axisymmetric jet's steady topology under varying${ {S}}$. In accord with earlier reports, the jet progresses through a sequence of wake, breakdown and wall jet regimes in a qualitatively similar manner across a wide span of${ {d}}$and${ {Re}}$values. In the wake regime, the non-swirling jet bifurcates to a plane-symmetric, but not axisymmetric, steady flow pattern beyond a${ {d}}$-dependent critical${ {Re}}$value. With further increase in${ {Re}}$, the steady non-swirling jet destabilises subsequently via multiple distinct Hopf bifurcations. Introducing${ {S}}>0$to the jet also induces unsteadiness by twisting the singly azimuthally periodic ($|m|=1$) asymmetric wake structure and causing it to precess periodically in time about the central axis. Intermediate swirl stabilises this unsteady dynamics and restores the jet's axisymmetry. This stabilising effect is then reversed in the breakdown regime at higher${ {S}}$, where a variety of different$|m|=1$and$|m|=2$instabilities bifurcate from the steady flow as${ {S}}$is increased. Several instances of hysteresis and subcritical behaviour are reported and discussed, including one that manifests precessing vortex core oscillations.

Small-scale solar jet formation and their associated waves and instabilities

Studies on small-scale jets’ formation, propagation, evolution, and role, such as type I and II spicules, mottles, and fibrils in the lower solar atmosphere’s energetic balance, have progressed tremendously thanks to the combination of detailed observations and sophisticated mathematical modelling. This review provides a survey of the current understanding of jets, their formation in the solar lower atmosphere, and their evolution from observational, numerical, and theoretical perspectives. First, we review some results to describe the jet properties, acquired numerically, analytically and through high-spatial and temporal resolution observations. Further on, we discuss the role of hydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic instabilities, namely Rayleigh–Taylor and Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities, in jet evolution and their role in the energy transport through the solar atmosphere in fully and partially ionised plasmas. Finally, we discuss several mechanisms of magnetohydrodynamic wave generation, propagation, and energy transport in the context of small-scale solar jets in detail. This review identifies several gaps in the understanding of small-scale solar jets and some misalignments between the observational studies and knowledge acquired through theoretical studies and numerical modelling. It is to be expected that these gaps will be closed with the advent of high-resolution observational instruments, such as Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope, Solar Orbiter, Parker Solar Probe, and Solar CubeSats for Linked Imaging Spectropolarimetry, combined with further theoretical and computational developments.

Effects of immiscible interface and particle channelization on particle dynamics of oblique oily sand jets

This paper investigates the evolution of oblique sand jets passing through a thin layer of oil and entering stagnant water known as oily sand jets. The jet evolution parameters include the frontal position, the trajectory of particle clusters, the frontal width, the area of oily sand clusters, cloud velocities, and bursting times. Two scaling parameters, known as aspect ratio and particle to nozzle size ratio, were found to control the evolution of oily sand jets. The results show that the ratio of a nozzle to sand particle size can cause particle channelization, which can significantly alter the motion of particle clusters in stagnant water. Moreover, the aspect ratio indicating the correlation between sand mass and nozzle diameter describes the dispersion of particle clusters during the evolution of oily sand jets. The frontal width of the oily sand jet was measured during the experiment, and the results were compared with the width of vertical sand jets in water. The results show that the width of the oblique oily sand jets increased as oily sand jets descended into water. In addition, the frontal width of oily sand jets was found to be greater than the frontal width of vertical sand jets without an oil layer. Experimental observations indicated that the channelization effect is initiated when the nozzle diameter is more than 36 times of mean particle size. The centroid of oily sand jets in the vertical direction increased by 50% due to the channelization effect. A two-stage cluster bursting was observed due to the excess shear stress between the outer boundary of clusters and the ambient water. The bursting stages were called the primary and secondary bursting, and the onset of cluster bursting was extracted for both stages. It was found that the primary and secondary bursting times were longer in experiments without particle channelization. The mean shear stress acting on the oil layer was calculated based on the forces acting on the control volume. Particle channelization was found as the main factor affecting the magnitude of shear stress at the boundary of sand clusters.

3D RMHD simulations of jet-wind interactions in high-mass X-ray binaries

Context. Relativistic jets are ubiquitous in the Universe. In microquasars, especially in high-mass X-ray binaries, the interaction of jets with the strong winds driven by the massive and hot companion star in the vicinity of the compact object is fundamental for understanding the jet dynamics, nonthermal emission, and long-term stability. However, the role of the jet magnetic field in this process is unclear. In particular, it is still debated whether the magnetic field favors jet collimation or triggers more instabilities that can jeopardize the jet evolution outside the binary. Aims. We study the dynamical role of weak and moderate to strong toroidal magnetic fields during the first several hundred seconds of jet propagation through the stellar wind, focusing on the magnetized flow dynamics and the mechanisms of energy conversion. Methods. We developed the code Lóstrego v1.0, a new 3D relativistic magnetohydrodynamics code to simulate astrophysical plasmas in Cartesian coordinates. Using this tool, we performed the first 3D relativistic magnetohydrodynamics numerical simulations of relativistic magnetized jets propagating through the clumpy stellar wind in a high-mass X-ray binary. To highlight the effect of the magnetic field in the jet dynamics, we compared the results of our analysis with those of previous hydrodynamical simulations. Results. The overall morphology and dynamics of weakly magnetized jet models is similar to previous hydrodynamical simulations, where the jet head generates a strong shock in the ambient medium and the initial overpressure with respect to the stellar wind drives one or more recollimation shocks. On the timescales of our simulations (i.e., t < 200 s), these jets are ballistic and seem to be more stable against internal instabilities than jets with the same power in the absence of fields. However, moderate to strong toroidal magnetic fields favor the development of current-driven instabilities and the disruption of the jet within the binary. A detailed analysis of the energy distribution in the relativistic outflow and the ambient medium reveals that magnetic and internal energies can both contribute to the effective acceleration of the jet. Moreover, we verified that the jet feedback into the ambient medium is highly dependent on the jet energy distribution at injection, where hotter, more diluted and/or more magnetized jets are more efficient. This was anticipated by feedback studies in the case of jets in active galaxies.

The daytime trapped lee wave pattern and evolution induced by two small‐scale mountains of different heights

AbstractTwo large‐eddy simulations are carried out to investigate the vertical structure and daytime evolution of trapped lee waves (TLWs) triggered by mountains of two heights (500 and 1500 m, denoted as HM500 and HM1500, respectively) based on a typical subtropical winter troposphere, in which a steady upper‐level jet and a clear diurnal evolution of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) are present. Multimode TLWs co‐exist at three altitudes with dominant wavelengths increasing with altitude in HM500, while a single‐mode TLW dominates throughout most of the troposphere in HM1500. The wave amplitudes for both experiments increase from midday, reaching peaks in the afternoon, likely related to the reduction of the wave absorption by the ABL. Whereas the growth of the dominant wavelength of TLWs with time is mainly limited to layers near the ABL top for HM500; the dominant wavelength in HM1500 stays steady with time. The TLW pattern and evolution can be largely explained by linear theory. In HM500, the multimode pattern is due to the perturbation source at a low altitude where high wavenumbers are supported, and the wavelength lengthening near the ABL top can be explained by the decreasing Scorer parameter in the afternoon. In HM1500, the large‐amplitude single‐mode TLW is due to the enhanced and elevated perturbation source of the higher mountain where the Scorer parameter is smaller and affected less by the ABL. The continual amplification of the dominant TLW in HM1500 may be caused by the instability from the wave‐induced momentum deficit at the upper ABL, which further facilitates the wave propagation. Our findings are beneficial for improving our process‐scale understanding of the vertical structure and diurnal evolution of TLWs constrained by the upper‐level jet and ABL evolution, and have implications for improving orographic gravity‐wave parameterization especially when the model resolution approaches around 10 km.

Numerical simulation of a highly turbulent wall jet in a confined basin

ABSTRACT Wall jets are important hydraulic flows that occur in relation to many civil engineering structures. Researchers have made efforts to study wall jet hydraulics in an unconfined field that can be described by the self-similarity theory. Herein, a highly turbulent submerged wall jet entering a confined basin was considered to investigate numerically. Attempts were made to give details of the flow structure in the confined basin using OpenFOAM, employing five turbulence closures: standard k–ε, realizable k–ε, RNG k–ε, standard k–ω, and k–ω SST. The simulated vertical profiles of velocity were compared with laboratorial measurements available in the literature to determine the best performance. It was found that, while dealing with cases of the wall jet entering a confined basin, the self-similarity hypothesis, which is widely used to describe wall jets in unconfined domain, failed to predict the evolution of the wall jet further downstream. In the regions near the jet entering, in which self-similarity dominated, all the turbulence models simulated the wall jet successfully and computed the same results. On the other hand, in the transition stage, which shows the evolution of wall jet profile to uniform profile, the k–ω SST turbulence model predictions had better agreement with experimental data.

Making Fanaroff-Riley I radio sources

Extragalactic radio sources appear under different morphologies, the most frequent ones are classified as Fanaroff-Riley type I (FR I), typically with lower luminosities, and Fanaroff-Riley type II, (FR II), typically more luminous. This simple classification, however, has many exceptions that we intend to investigate. Following previous analyses in the three-dimensional Hydrodynamic and Magneto-Hydrodynamic limits, we extend the numerical investigation to the Relativistic Magneto-Hydrodynamic regime, to include sources whose jet kinetic power sets in the range that separates FR Is from FR IIs. We consider weakly and mildly relativistic, underdense, supersonic jets that propagate in a stratified medium. In the model, the ambient temperature increases with distance from the jet origin maintaining constant pressure. We present three cases with low, high and intermediate kinetic luminosity that evolve into different morphologies. We find that the resulting morphology can be highly time dependent and that, apart from the jet power, the jet-to-ambient density ratio and the magnetization parameter play a crucial role in the jet evolution as well.

Numerical Simulation of Conical and Linear-Shaped Charges Using an Eulerian Elasto-Plastic Multi-Material Multi-Phase Flow Model with Detonation.

This study developed a hydrocode to numerically simulate both conical and linear-shaped charges using an Eulerian multi-material and multi-phase flow model. Elasto-plastic solids and the detonation of a high explosive charge were modeled using a Johnson–Cook material model and the programmed burn model, respectively. Further, the plasticity of the solids was calculated using a radial return mapping algorithm. The model was solved using a high-resolution computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique on Cartesian grids. Material interfaces were tracked using the level-set method, and the boundary conditions were imposed using the ghost fluid method. The developed hydrocode was validated using high-speed impact problems. Consequently, the developed hydrocode was used to successfully simulate the evolution and penetration of metal jets in shaped charges after a detonation.

Quasi-periodic spicule-like cool jets driven by Alfvén pulses

ABSTRACT We perform a 2.5D magnetohydrodynamic simulation to gain a comprehensive understanding of the formation of spicule-like cool jets caused by initial transverse velocity pulses akin to Alfvén pulses in the solar chromosphere. We invoke multiple velocity (Vz) pulses between 1.5 and 2.0 Mm in the solar atmosphere, which create the initial transverse velocity perturbations. These pulses transfer energy non-linearly to the field-aligned perturbations via the ponderomotive force. This physical process further creates magnetoacoustic shocks followed by quasi-periodic plasma motions in the solar atmosphere. The field-aligned magnetoacoustic shocks move upwards, which subsequently causes the quasi-periodic rise and fall of chromospheric plasma into the overlying corona as thin and cool spicule-like jets. The magnitude of the initial applied transverse velocity pulses is taken in the range of 50–90 km s−1. These pulses are found to be strong enough to generate spicule-like jets. We analyse the evolution, kinematics and energetics of these spicule-like jets. We find that the transported mass flux and kinetic energy density are substantial in the local solar corona. These mass motions generate in situ quasi-periodic oscillations on the scale of ≃ 4.0 min above the transition region.

Evolution of jets during drop impact on a deep liquid pool

The impact of a liquid drop on a liquid pool has been widely investigated. The transition regimes between coalescence and splashing of drops include jet formation with single or multiple secondary drops. One of the main features in this regime is the formation of a central liquid jet followed by breakup of the jet in the form of drops. Earlier studies have shown that the diameter of the secondary drop lies between 0.58 and 0.94 times the diameter of the impacting drop. We perform investigations based on a coupled level-set and volume-of-fluid method to elucidate the earlier observations. The investigations reveal the creation of a variety of secondary drops depending on the impact conditions. The present study also reveals that secondary drops larger than the initial drop can be obtained at higher impact velocities. We identify the importance of cavity shapes on the formation of jets and the pertaining parameters that are responsible for drop ejection.

A Lagrangian approach to the Atlantic Jet entering the Mediterranean Sea: Physical and biogeochemical characterization

The temporal evolution of the physical and biogeochemical properties of the Atlantic Jet (AJ) along the first ∼ 75 m of the water column during a 4-day journey was analysed by following the trajectory of a drifter dragged by the jet from the Strait of Gibraltar towards the Alborán Sea. Three stages were differentiated based on the evolution of several variables (e.g., velocity, temperature, nutrients, fluorescence). (i) Within the Strait of Gibraltar, the water column was primarily influenced by the tidal cycle, leading to a nutrient-enrichment of surface waters. However, due to the short residence time, the phytoplankton community that was mainly dominated by diatoms, did not demonstrate significant changes. (ii) Once outside the Strait, the drifter trajectory was mainly influenced by the frontal dynamics associated with the AJ. The drifter moved forward along the jet but also laterally across it and was continuously attracted to the mainstream (maximum current speed) or detached to its southern edge (minimum current speed). Due to the associated upwelling processes induced by the intensification of the current along the mainstream, the water column was characterized by colder, nutrient-richer water and lower fluorescence values. Conversely, along the southern edge of the jet, the water column was characterized by higher temperature, low nutrient concentration, and higher fluorescence. Along the first stations of this stage, diatom total abundance and biovolume continuously increased, reaching values ∼ 12-times higher than the initial concentrations. (iii) In the last stage, the water parcel was still influenced by the frontal dynamics but with less intensity. Additionally, the colder and denser water of the AJ and the associated phytoplankton community subducted progressively as it moved into the region surrounded by warmer waters. Concomitantly, fluorescence and diatoms total abundance and biovolume decreased and were influenced by the decline of nutrient availability and the increase of mesozooplankton. Our results reveal the coupled processes induced by the entrance of the AJ in the Alborán Sea and highlight the strong control of the physical environment over the ecological processes in this region. • The temporal evolution of the Atlantic Jet was analysed along a Lagrangian experiment . • The physical environment strongly controls the ecological processes. • Nutrient availability was determined by several hydrodynamic processes. • Diatoms, proving their adaptability, dominated the phytoplankton community.

Ice breaking by a high-speed water jet impact

Ice breaking has become one of the main problems faced by ships and other equipment operating in an ice-covered water region. New methods are always being pursued and studied to improve ice-breaking capabilities and efficiencies. Based on the strong damage capability, a high-speed water jet impact is proposed to be used to break an ice plate in contact with water. A series of experiments of water jet impacting ice were performed in a transparent water tank, where the water jets at tens of metres per second were generated by a home-made device and circular ice plates of various thicknesses and scales were produced in a cold room. The entire evolution of the water jet and ice was recorded by two high-speed cameras from the top and front views simultaneously. The focus was the responses of the ice plate, such as crack development and breakup, under the high-speed water jet loads, which involved compressible pressure ${P_1}$ and incompressible pressure ${P_2}$ . According to the main cause and crack development sequence, it was found that the damage of the ice could be roughly divided into five patterns. On this basis, the effects of water jet strength, ice thickness, ice plate size and boundary conditions were also investigated. Experiments validated the ice-breaking capability of the high-speed water jet, which could be a new auxiliary ice-breaking method in the future.