Evolution Of International Relations Research Articles

The European Pattern After the French Revolution: The Possibility of Historical Deduction

This paper discusses the possible historical deduction of the European pattern after the French Revolution. By analyzing the influence of the French Revolution on the political, social, economic and cultural fields, this paper studies the reform and change within European countries, the rebalancing of European powers and the evolution of international relations. On this basis, it puts forward the analysis of possible historical paths, including the possibility of European integration after the French Revolution, European division and conflict, and European balance and stability. Finally, the paper summarizes and evaluates the historical deduction of the European pattern after the French Revolution, and discusses the direction of future research and possible enlightenment.

Global interest in the Arctic region: Naval operations impacting scientific-commercial activities

Abstract The Arctic region is rapidly changing as a result of climate alteration, political tensions and ambitions of the Arctic and non-Arctic states. Is the existing governance considered to be adequate for effective international security cooperation in the region? On the one hand, we look optimistic at the evolution of international relations in the areas of science and technology, conservation, search and rescue coordination, tourism, etc. On the other hand, there is a significantly increased militarisation of the Arctic region. The recent rise in military activities in the North has resulted in numerous regional deployments, patrols and other incidents in the maritime Arctic. In general, militarisation together with climate change are impacting scientific-commercial activities. Also, the absence of an adequate legal regime that may respond to climate change and interruption of civil activities by military exercises in a fast and effective way hampers international cooperation. This paper problematises various aspects of interaction between scientific-commercial activities and naval operations in the Arctic region.

Италия в Средиземноморье: дилеммы “cредней державы”

The article analyzes the policy of the Italian Republic in the Mediterranean during the first and second cabinet of Giuseppe Conte through the prism of the “middle power” concept. Relying on the methods of event-analysis and discourse analysis, the author identifies a number of factors that affect Italy’s ability to realize its national interests in the region. Among them, the most important are: the growing contradictions within the Euro-Atlantic bloc (the EU and NATO) on the current regional dynamic and the aggravation of geopolitical competition in the region; the reactive rather than strategic nature of Rome’s politics; the increasing use of “hard power” as a tool for achieving national interests by regional players. The author argues that in these geopolitical conditions, the room for maneuver of a “middle power” is narrowing while the need to “take a side” in current conflicts makes the politics of “equidistance” no longer available, which is contrary to the geo-economic interests of Rome. The collapse of the bipolar system and the evolution of international relations towards anarchy rather than multipolarity led to the fact that at the beginning of the third decade of the 21st century, both the U.S. and the EU have virtually lost a strategic vision of their relationship with the Mediterranean region. Both NATO and the EU demonstrate a growing failure to develop a common view of regional dynamics and a common approach to resolving current conflicts. Under these circumstances, the strategy of a “middle power”, which Italy has been following for several decades, is becoming less and less productive. Maintaining the “status”, “presence” and “voice” in the existing multilateral formats no longer makes it possible to act as a mediator in a dialogue with third countries, since there is no common understanding of both alliances’ (EU and NATO) goals and objectives. And in case such an understanding begins to appear, it is more confrontational than cooperative (like, for example, in case of the presence of Chinese technologies or Russian gas in the European market), which also reduces the possibilities of international cooperation for a “middle power” such as Italy. Besides, these multilateral structures are becoming less and less useful in protecting its national interests. As the events of the analyzed period demonstrated, the alliances’ “crumbling” on all sensitive issues could not help Rome either in solving the migration problem, or in the Libyan settlement, or in the energy problems. A “middle power” used to rely on multilateral dialogue is increasingly being held hostage by the contradictions of states that adhere to unilateral approaches in achieving their national interests. The new era of geopolitical confrontation in the Mediterranean (between the United States, China, Turkey, Russia, etc.) is increasingly reducing the possibility of maintaining a “dialogue with all” and makes a “middle power” “to take sides”. The article contributes to the study of the Italian foreign policy and the analysis of “middle powers’” behavior in the changing geopolitical context of the Mediterranean region.

Ukraine in international relations 2014–2019

The article examines the international relations of Ukraine during 2014–2019, as one of the important processes and stages of development of countries in the XXI century, where against the background of globalization the level of international cooperation deserves special attention. In the context of the evolution of international relations, the influence on the formation of Ukraine's foreign policy in 2014–2019 is considered and its behavior in the international arena is analyzed. The influence of hybrid wars on the development of international processes and on the current political course of Ukraine, which identified the main trends in international relations in the XXI century, is analyzed. The modern foreign policy course of Ukraine and its choice of corresponding values and tendencies concerning the decision of own, European and global problems are described. The results of Ukraine's foreign policy for the period 2014–2019 were evaluated and it was established that the key guidelines of Ukraine in modern international relations are the implementation of an open and consistent foreign policy course. The positive consequences of the implementation of the Ukraine-EU Association Agreement have been studied. It is established that the progress of the implementation of the Association Agreement in 2020 is 54%. It is determined that the greatest progress during the entire period of implementation of the Association Agreement has been achieved in such areas as: political dialogue, national security and defense; justice, freedom, security and human rights, etc.

MAIN ESSENCE AND HISTORY OF GLOBAL FINANCIAL MARKETS

Global financial markets play an essential role in the economic growth and evolution of international relations. It allows rational and efficient distribution of monetary resources between those who save and those who invest and by that it supports flow of the capital. In the recent year’s importance of financial markets has largely increased, which can be seen in the rapid change of statistics of the number and volume of market. Moreover, development of different financial instruments stimulates the growth of businesses which in the end result in positive trend of the country`s economic indexes. Considering that expansion of mobilization and redistribution instruments of financial markets has positive impact on growth of economy, this article tracks down history of establishment and main essences of global financial market, as well as changes which can be tracked throughout these years.

Evolution and Internal Logic of Kyrgyzstan’s International Relations during the Period of Independence

This article examines the position of Kyrgyzstan in the international system and its foreign policy in the context of the social fabric established after the collapse of the USSR, the dynamics of socio-economic development, as well as electoral processes and delimitation. The evolution of international relations in Kyrgyzstan is seen as a derivative of the socio-economic macro process that has been developing over the past three decades. In this article, the author attempts to combine the most common research optics that rarely intersect in one work: the study of the domestic political process and its role in setting foreign policy priorities. Due to the existence of an extensive clan system and the fragility of the central government, it is impossible to conduct internally consistent foreign policy. The foreign policy activity of Kyrgyzstan is aimed at maintaining a certain balance in relations with major actors in the region to create the most favourable conditions for labour migration, obtaining financial assistance and transit trade.

On U. S. Hegemony over the Communications Industry from the Perspective of Offensive Realism

The evolution of international relations has proven that the rise of hegemony is closely related to its progress in technological industries. Each time the communication technology is upgraded, the hegemony of existing powers will be challenged and the world political order will be reshaped. In recent years, Huawei’s advanced 5G technology has become the industry benchmark worldwide, raising concerns in the US about its national interests. Under such circumstances, the United States has taken a series of measures to block and clamp down on Huawei. The paper aims to examine the real purpose of America’s ban on Huawei based on the offensive realism theory that shapes America’s foreign policies in recent years and finally analyzes the ban’s impact on Northeast Asia.

Areas of Modern Trade Policy Versus Economic Security

The concept of economic security is not new. However, the awareness that the economic factor contributes to state security, or even constitutes its significant part, has been associated with the evolution of international relations throughout history. The following article identifies and describes the controversies and dilemmas arising from the economic security in conditions of the current growth of the world’s economy.

Podgotovka k liberalizacii politicheskogo (gosudarstvennogo) rezhima SSSR vo vtoroj polovine 1950-h — 1964 gg. (po dokumentam RGASPI)

Describes a process for the preparation of the 1950s-1964 years liberalization of the Russian political reform (State) regime in the context of the genesis of society on the basis of the documents from the Russian State archive of socio-political history of 586 fund, 1 inventory (materials for the elaboration of a draft the third program of the Communist Party), of 84, 3 fund inventory (materials activities Mikoyan A. S. in the Council of Ministers of the USSR-the materials of the Constitutional Commission). During the drafting of the third program of the the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and of the new draft Constitution of the USSR leadership carried out polls, considered draft citizens committed to research institutes of the USSR Academy of Sciences development projects of socio-political, economic, financial, legal, ideological, the ruling party's reform, a citizen and a person, society, state, forecasting the evolution of international relations, global and domestic (socialist) markets.

The European Union and Latin America: A Bi-regional Strategic Alliance

The European Union, as a sui generis political system, is a multi-faceted entity. It is intergovernmentality that fundamentally characterises the definition of the Union’s foreign and security policy, its ties to other parts of the world, as well as its activities to resolve international conflicts. Relations between the two regions – the European Community and Latin America with the Caribbean – have become quite intensive over the last quarter century, although dialogue between the Parlatino, the Latin-American Parliament representing the countries of the region and the European Assembly (functioning as the European Parliament from 1986) started as early as the 1960s. In the 1980s the European Parliament declared cooperation with the Third World, and especially with the South American continent, strategically important. After Spain and Portugal’s accession to the European Community this dimension took shape as an attempt to create a special joint status between the EU and the Latin American region, a tightening of economic, political, and cultural links, primarily negotiated via Spanish mediation. From the first Iberoamerican Summit, organized in 1999 in RiodeJaneiro, the strategic alliance between the European Union and Latin America has evolved in various institutional forms: bioregional summits, cooperation with the diverse subregional organizations (the Andean Community of Nations, Mercosur, Union of South American Nations) and interregional entities (Ibero-American Community of Nations), as well as diverse development programs with mutual participation. The strategic partnership between Latin American countries and the European Union is also consolidated by the common history, values, culture and political aims embraced by the partners, as well as the shared ambitions of protecting democracy and consolidating a multipolar international community. Currently, an important face to the strategic partnership is the ambition to attenuate the asymmetrical characteristics of economic relations between the partners. The intensification of bonds between the two regions also has a serious impact in the evolution of international relations.

Controversies Regarding the Status of the Natural Person in International Public Law

International public law is, by its very nature, an area of controversy. Some are more easily resolved, others seem, at least for the moment, to be unresolved to such a manner that all divergent opinions could be reconciled. And the issue to be addressed has stirred up strong controversies and complex arguments, both on one side of the barricade and on the other. The question remains without an unanimous answer, and the literature presents us with several opinions. Is the natural person a subject of public international law or not? The controversial subjects of public international law are the natural persons, the legal persons and the non-governmental organizations. The literature calls them limited and subsidiary subjects of international public law. The old international public law recognizes only the state as its subject. In the evolution of international relations, however, a series of regulations regarding the natural persons appeared, which made it possible for them to become subjects of international law. The debate over this issue developed especially in the 1920s, after the creation of the Permanent Court of International Justice and later, after the Second World War, and at present new arguments have been added.

CAMEROON’S CONTRIBUTION TO THE AFRICAN UNION’S SECURITY PLAN (2000-2018)

The article addresses the question of how a regional approach to dealing with current safety threats could contribute to the consolidation of security and stability in Cameroon, and Africa as a whole. The problem with states like Cameroon is that they are no longer able to fulfill some of their official functions and are consequently powerless against new security threats. Some of those threats are temporary phenomena, however, other dangers, such as poverty growth or environmental degradation, are more chronic issues. Therefore, in order to cope with the latter, efforts should be made to reinforce regional structures. The author presents a different approach to explaining the relevance of cooperation, particularly in the field of security, and looks at it from the perspective of the institutionalist theory. Relying on the anarchic conception of the world, which is similar to the realistic conception, institutionalists see the role of co-operation in reducing uncertainty and mistrust between states. As confrontation and struggle for power lead only to a situation of constant uncertainty, states have to seek an appropriate way to reduce this insecurity by establishing institutional structures, common rules and standards in order to further regulate their coexistence and interactions. However, the evolution of international relations from unilateralism to a system of stable alliances would only be possible if cooperation is more advantageous than the unilateral approach. In other words, Cameroon's decision to integrate community structures and adhere to a number of principles and rules is, in the first place, in its national interests.

A AGENDA 2030 PARA O DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTÁVEL DA ONU E SEUS ATORES: O IMPACTO DO DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTÁVEL NAS RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS.

O presente artigo visa apresentar o papel dos atores locais nas relações internacionais dentro do contexto de concretização dos 17 objetivos elencados na Agenda 2030 para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU). Estes são 17 objetivos estão elencados ao longo de um documento formal ratificado pelos 193 Estados membros da ONU. Para isso, o artigo apresenta um breve histórico da construção do conceito de desenvolvimento sustentável bem como uma análise da evolução do conceito de atores internacionais nas principais teorias das relações internacionais com o objetivo de evidenciar qual a função dos atores locais no plano das relações internacionais através do seu papel de implementadores dos objetivos da Agenda 2030. A metodologia utilizada enfatizou a revisão bibliográfica e a análise documental, em especial da Agenda 2030 para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável. A conclusão mostra que a Agenda 2030 eleva o papel das cidades como atores das relações internacionais.

The Socio-Economics of Captured and Oligarchic States: The Case of the Republic of Moldova (2009 – 2019)

This paper sets out to examine the socio-economics of captured and oligarchic states, with a special emphasis on the Republic of Moldova between 2009 and 2019. We investigate the ten-year power cycle of former oligarch Vladimir Plahotniuc. We analyze his gradual rise to power from his shadow role under the Voronin regime to his equally shadow influence during the two phases of Alliance for European Integration I and II, before reaching the climax of power after the arrest of Vlad Filat in 2015, and finally his departure from power on the occasion of an unprecedented constitutional crisis in June 2019. We analyze the building blocks of the Plahotniuc power structure, and investigate the nature and the evolution of international relations between respectively the EU and Russia during that period. In a second part, we try to answer the difficult question of the compatibility between market mechanisms and oligarchic rule in post-soviet economies. Finally, the Moldovan banking fraud also known as the theft of the century that saw the disappearance of one billion dollars from the coffers of three of the major banks of the country, is given due consideration. Finally, we put forward a new theorem in monetary theory.

Diplomatic Relations between Russia and the Ottoman Empire in the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century

The diplomatic relations between Russia and the Ottoman Empire of the second half of the eighteenth century are a crucial part of the foreign policy of both powers and represent one of the most important and interesting topics in European political history. This article is devoted to a study of the specifics of Russo-Ottoman diplomatic ties in the context of the evolution of international relations from the time of the ending of the Seven Years’ War (1756–1763) to the signing of the Peace Treaty of Jassy (1792).

Peculiarities and main directions of neorealism in international relations theory

As it is known, nowadays neorealism is one of the most influential trends in international relations’ theory, which proposes a systematic explanation of the development of international relations and pragmatic understanding of national and international security. Using achievements of neorealistic school, it is possible to create relevant foreign policy and security strategy for the Ukrainian state, which makes the research in this area particularly topical.
 Keywords: International relations, international relations theory, international system, neorealism, structure of international policy, the evolution of international relations, national interest, power

Ion Stăvilă, Cu privire la sursele conflictelor internaţionale contemporane. Lecție inaugurală a anului academic 2016-2017, 1 septembrie 2016 / Concerning the Sources of Contemporary International Conflicts. Introductory Lecture of the 2016-2017 Academic Year. September 1, 2016.

The following article includes thoughts and ideas formulated at a university lecture presented for the students and teaching staff, from the History and Geography Department of State University “Ion Creangă” from Chişinău, at the beginning of 2016 year of study. The research provides a new attempt to review the sources of contemporary international conflicts. The author considers that the enormous conflicting potential of the today world undermines international peace and security, which concerns academic society, political elites and civic organizations from all over the globe. The ongoing interest of academics and likewise, of multitude of publications signed by prominent scientists presenting different points of view on the premises of international conflicts and their impact on evolution of international relations, is clearly outstanding.

Imperial Colonialism in the Genesis of International Law Anomaly or Time of Transition?

Drawing on the works of Alexandrowicz and Grewe this paper intends to shed some light on the role played by colonialism in the genesis of present international law. The central question is whether the international law of the imperial era (which culminated in the late 19th century) must be regarded an anomaly in the evolution of international relations, a temporary “accident” that was eventually overcome by the formation of an universal community of States half a decade later or whether colonialism, right on the contrary, has to be seen as a time of transition thanks to which an until thence regional order, referred to as the Ius Publicum Europaeum, and later as the Droit public de l’Europe, evolved to a universal one. Alexandrowicz’ and Grewe’s answers to these questions appear to be diametrically opposed. Even more important than to assert who of them proved to be right is to understand why these scholars arrived at such conflicting conclusions, which is the focus of this contribution.

O ENSINO E A PESQUISA SOBRE POLÍTICA EXTERNA NO CAMPO DAS RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS DO BRASIL

The purpose of this article is to analyze teaching and research on foreign policy in Brazil in the last two decades. The first section discusses how the main narratives about the evolution of International Relations in Brazil, considered as an area of knowledge, depict the place that has been designed, in the same area, to the study of foreign policy. The second section is devoted to an assessment of the status of foreign policy in IR teaching in the country, both at undergraduate and scricto sensu graduate programs. There is also a mapping and characterization of theses and dissertations which had foreign policy as object. The third section assesses the space given to studies on foreign policy in three academic forums nationwide, namely: the meetings of ABRI (Brazilian Association of International Relations), the ABCP (Brazilian Association of Political Science) and ANPOCS (National Association of Graduate Programs and Research in Social Sciences). In the fourth section there is a mapping and characterization of the published articles on foreign policy between 1990 and 2010, in the following IR Brazilian journals: Cena Internacional, Contexto Internacional, Política Externa and Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional. At last, the fifth and final section seeks to assess briefly the importance that comparative studies have in the sub-area of foreign policy in the country. The final considerations make a general assessment of the empirical research presented in the previous sections.

International Relations in Portugal: The State of the Field and Beyond

This paper appraises the evolution of International Relations (IR) as an academic discipline in Portugal before engaging in an examination of the present state of the field. It is concerned with historical issues, associated with the discipline's journey towards its standing as a social science in its own right in Portuguese intellectual life. It considers institutional developments including those recently generated by the implementation of the Bologna framework for IR courses taught at national academic institutions. The Appendix offers an introduction to Portuguese IR publications.