Evolution Of Gross Domestic Product Research Articles

The Impact of Gender Inequality on GDP in EU Countries

Abstract In recent years, gender inequality has been considered the main characteristic of insufficient gross domestic product (GDP) growth. This paper discusses the evolution of GDP per capita in 21 countries of the European Union between 2015 and 2019. Using panel regression, we investigated the change in GDP per capita through five variables. The analysis results showed that female employment rate is the most statistically significant and positive variable on GDP. Gender Equality Index also appeared to be an essential variable. The second part of our analysis consisted of an explanatory spatial data analysis of all variables to examine the spatial dimension of the variables. To explain spatial econometrics, we used selected methods, namely, choropleth maps, Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) cluster analysis, Moran‘s scatter plots, and Moran‘s I statistics. Based on the visualization of choropleth maps, GDP per capita did not change during the observed period, even though the values of the explanatory variables changed. For GDP per capita, the same applies in the case of LISA cluster analysis. At the end of the monitored period, the countries were included in the same cluster as at the beginning. When plotting Moran‘s scatter plot, it was found that GDP per capita did not tend to have positive or negative spatial autocorrelation or no spatial autocorrelation. Moran‘s I statistic showed that GDP per capita values were not randomly dispersed; they were grouped according to a specific formula into clusters.

The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Economic Growth and R&D Spending in Czechia, Germany, and Poland

Abstract The article investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on economic growth, specifically focusing on research and development (R&D) expenditures in the Czech Republic, Germany, and Poland. The analysis spans the periods preceding, during, and following the pandemic. The central objective of the article is to examine whether the pandemic, considering the implemented restrictions and associated financial aid, influenced the economic growth trajectory and the allocation of resources to research and development in the aforementioned Central European countries. The research utilizes time series data from 2011 to 2022, sourced from Eurostat, to track the evolution of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross Expenditure on Research and Development (GERD). Key indicators under scrutiny included GDP, GERD, and R&D intensity – GERD as a percentage of GDP. A chain index was constructed to facilitate not only cross-country comparisons of these indicators but also an examination of year-to-year changes and an analysis of the growth rate of the GERD indicator. The research findings reveal that that COVID-19 really affected not only the development of the monitored economies but also the R&D area; however, it was not the same in all the monitored countries. The impact of the pandemic can be seen in the decline in GDP in all three countries in 2020, but GERD decreased in only two of them – the Czech Republic and Germany. Poland experienced a significant increase in research and development funding in real terms. Both indicators (GDP and GERD) immediately resumed their growth in 2021 in all analyzed countries. From that it can be concluded that the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the GDP and GERD of the Czech Republic, Germany and Poland was not of a long-term nature.

An Exploration of Annual Budgets and GDP Trends of Kenya for the Period 2018-2023

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the annual budgets and of gross domestic product (GDP) changes in Kenya over the last six years to identify and understand the economic trends and some factors that have influenced the growth and development of the country. Kenya is considered to be an emerging country in Africa and in the countries of the East African Community, of which it is a member. The study uses a quantitative technique to assess the annual budgets of Kenya, focusing primarily on revenue and expenditure, including some important areas such as infrastructure, health care, and education. It also examines the internal and external variables that influence the evolution of GDP and, finally, it identifies the financing mechanisms. The study revealed fluctuations in annual budgets and GDP over the last six years. But in general, increasing changes indicate a growing economy. The study recommends a genuine inclusive approach to budget preparation, evaluation of tax policies to create positive attitudes of citizens towards taxes, and improved debt management to reduce the risk of indebtedness.

U.S. and Global Wood Energy Outlook under Alternative Shared Socioeconomic Pathways

There has been a significant increase in the use of wood pellets for energy in the past decade due in large part to their climate mitigation potential. Because of this, the demand for wood pellets is largely driven by policy, as well as socioeconomic development, making projections of future wood energy markets highly uncertain. The aim of this study is to provide projections of future wood energy market trends under five distinct socioeconomic scenarios based on the assumed future evolution of gross domestic product, population, technological change, trade openness, and bioenergy preferences using the FOrest Resource Outlook Model. In four out of the five scenarios considered, it is projected that the use of roundwood and mill chips, particles, and residuals will rise in order to produce a growing output of wood pellets in the United States and globally. In terms of international markets, the global dominance of Europe’s demand for wood, to help that continent achieve its own climate goals, further explains the sustained and growing supply position of the U.S. South regions to meet that demand. Taken together, the projections suggest emerging bioenergy markets will drive increased competition for inputs with other manufacturers, particularly in the U.S. South regions.

Trade Openness and Competitiveness: BRICS and Sub-Saharan Africa Countries

The aim of this study is to highlight the key competitiveness elements that promote trade flows between the BRICS countries of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa and those in Sub-Saharan Africa. To do so, we employ the econometrics of panel data during the period of study from 1995 to 2018. We apply the Blundell and Bond GMM estimator [1998] and we utilize Sargan’s [1958] over-identification test to confirm the validity of delayed variables in level and difference as instruments used in our estimations. The empirical findings of our study show that trade policy actions, high natural resource allocation and the evolution of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita of the participating countries promote this trade openness between BRICS and Sub-Saharan Africa economies. Additionally, African countries need to develop their industrial sector to export more high-value manufactured products.

Economic performance of Russian regions’ capital cities

ABSTRACT Estimates of the gross urban product (GUP), GUP per capita and GUP growth rates are compared with the level and evolution of gross domestic product (GDP) and gross regional product (GRP) to examine relationships between the structure of urban economies and economic development. Agglomeration economies are manifested in the largest capital cities of Russian regions, but the benefits differ significantly between capital cities since they depend on economic structure and efficiency. A test of the hypothesis that housing construction is a driver of the economic growth of capital city economies was rejected because no causal relationship was found between housing construction and GUP in most of the cities.

Evolution of the Brazilian Electric Generation System and Its Exergetic Efficiency-Relations with Economics, Reviews and Projections

In general, historically, Brazil is a country that does not develop a robust master plan for various areas responsible for supporting its development. As for the themes: education, transport, logistics, tourism, among others, the national infrastructure, in which the generation of electricity is a main character, does not have a strong planning and is pursued firmly that its actions come true. In addition, there is no clear driver for the system to seek in order to become more sustainable, reducing the economic, environmental and social impacts from the conversion of the energy potential of natural resources (renewable or not) into energy for society. The capacity of electric power generation is strategic for any country; it drives its economy and consequently its economic growth and increases the quality of life of its population. However, a robust planning is required to optimize the economics of electricity generation facilities in order to always meet the demand, without any significant spare capacity. Additionally, it is necessary to balance and evaluate the options available, so as to have a generating capacity which fulfills in addition to economic benefits, greater energy efficiency and reduced environmental impact, in order to allow the model to be sustainable. Thus, this paper presents the history and projections of population growth, evolution of GDP (Gross Domestic Product) correlated with the consumption and generation of electricity, as well as performs a calculation of the exergetic efficiency of Brazil’s generating capacity for the production of direct correlations with its economic ability and associated environmental impacts, including the likely projections, providing means for reflection on the possibilities of planning and drivers for the future as well.

Menemismo y kirchnerismo frente al gasto estatal en educación y seguridad

Objetivos: analizar la educación y la seguridad estatales en Argentina a partir del gasto público durante los gobiernos de Carlos Menem (1989-1999) y Néstor Kirchner (2003-2007). Metodología: investigación documental que tomó como fuente principal la “Serie de Gasto Público Consolidado por finalidad y función (1980-2008)” del Ministerio de Economía de la Nación, actualizada a julio de 2010. La evolución del Producto Interno Bruto a valores constantes surge de un cálculo propio. Se muestran los datos entre 1980 y 2008 para observar el auge y la caída del “modelo neoliberal” y el retorno a la estrategia estatal, y observar los momentos de crisis económicas.Resultados: a diferencia de las posiciones dominantes en torno a la cuestión, se observó que el Estado argentino no desapareció” en la década del 90, en términos de financiamiento de los rubros analizados. En educación, el gasto estatal ha crecido considerablemente, multiplicando por tres su participación en el Producto Interno Bruto. Defensa y seguridad, por el contrario, pierde peso relativo frente a otros rubros. La “descentralización” es un fenómeno que atañe a ambos rubros.Conclusiones: el gasto público depende de la capacidad recaudadora del Estado y, por tanto, de la situación general de la economía. El análisis de los períodos de crisis económica y la correspondiente caída del gasto público manifiesta que no tiene un comportamiento anti-cíclico. En el largo plazo, la participación del Estado en la economía ha crecido, pero se desploma ante las crisis.

Problems to Be Faced Measuring Real Income per Capita: The Case of Mexico

The last 35 years have been characterized, worldwide, for lack of economic growth and increasing inequality in income distribution and its concentration. This has resulted in increased poverty and falling purchasing power of the middle classes, which has become the most serious problem with which we enter the twenty-first century. Mexico has been no exception. This article covers the first part of the research I’m doing in the 9th. Researchers call for 2015-2016 of the De La Salle University Bajio in Leon, Mexico. In the second part I will discuss inequality in income deciles in which is statistically divided our population and the way in which the concentration of income in fewer hands is affecting the market performance. This research has required having historical series covering the last 57 years of economic and population growth in Mexico. Measure the evolution of gross domestic product (GDP) from the beginning of the presidential terms from 1959 to 2015. It has been problematic since in Mexico there are not series covering the entire period. I had to go to the World Bank data (WB) which provides them from 1960. We found discrepancies in GDP series between those of WB, International Monetary Fund (IMF), United Nations Organization (UNO) and the National Institute of Geography and Statistics (INEGI) from Mexico. The second difficulty appeared in the series of the population of our country. There are also discrepancies between census data and estimates of the same INEGI. Moreover, the series of WB and Penn World Table (PWT) also show differences between them. Converting the results of real GDP per capita to dollars had no difficulty due to information from the Mexican Central Bank (BM). The conversionto interccnational dollars as estimated by the purchasing power parity (PPP) was obtained from PWT 8.1.

Financial Development and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis

Financial Development is the accumulation of financial assets at a rate that is more rapid than the rate of non-financial assets accumulation. Economic growth is the evolution of gross domestic product (GDP) in the short, medium and long terms. We have attempted in this paper to analyze and to verify empirically the controversy on the relationship between the financial sphere and the real sphere. From the data observed on 21 Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries and by using the dynamic panel GMM technique, we were able to show that there exists a positive link between financial development and economic growth. This link is intense for the issue of the financial system in the space of Sub-Saharan Africa. However, an outcome highlighting an eventual link between foreign direct investment and economic growth is opportune. Keywords: Real sphere – Financial sphere – Dynamic panel GMM – Sub-Saharan Africa.

The Implications of Credit Activity on Economic Growth in Romania

Abstract The economic crisis has questioned the efficiency of the existing economic model and created many doubts regarding the role that banks play in supporting the economic growth. Currently, the lack of confidence in the banking sector, due to the macroeconomic imbalances manifested, led to a contraction in credit activity which slowed down the economic recovery. The paper aims to analyze the relationship between credits and economic growth in Romania at a regional level. The analysis takes into account data for the period of 2005-2014. The results of this study indicate that credits have a significant influence on the evolution of gross domestic product in Romania.

Government Social Spending and GDP: has there been a change in social policy?

Government Social Spending (GSS) is made up of a very heterogeneous range of variables, monetary transfers for retirement or illness, unemployment benefits, family services, active labour market policies and health expenditure. We believe that each of these components is of enormous importance to the economic development of a country. As has often been affirmed, however, GSS is one of the economic aggregates most sensitive to the ups and downs of economic growth. In moments of crisis, sharp cuts are almost immediate, and these may or may not be recovered when times are good. In this article, we examine the sensitivity of GSS to the evolution of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in order to reveal the relationship between the two.

Linking Money Supply With The Gross Domestic Product In Romania

Evolution of money supply and gross domestic product are in a close relationship, in this paper we analysis this relationship in order to construct a function which will explicit this connection for Romania. Evolution of gross domestic product is one with a seasonal component so from the data series we will be eliminating seasonality with the X-12 ARIMA method. Analyzing the data of money supply (M3) and of GDP over ten years through the Augmented Dickey-Fuller we obtained that both series are non-stationary. Applying the co-integration analysis method Engle- Granger we conclude that the two series have a cointegration relationship between them. We will propose a model explanation of the link between the two sets of data type, a DVAR model.

Macroeconomic competitiveness in the Europe of the Twelve: An application to 1969–93

This study offers an integrated view of the relationships between technology, trade, and economic growth. Inspired by the most recent neo-Schumpeterian and post-Keynesian proposals, an empirical model is constructed to analyze how technology affects trade, how trade determines the evolution of gross domestic product, and how this economic growth can increase the technological capacity of nations, reinitiating the virtuous circle of growth. The model is estimated using the new technique of simultaneous equations with panel data. The results provide great support for the technological gap trade theory and for the existence of Kaldorian cumulative causation processes in the Europe of the Twelve during the period 1969 to 1993.

Understanding Patterns of Economic Growth: Searching for Hills among Plateaus, Mountains, and Plains

The historical path of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in the United States (U.S.) is, except for the interlude of the great depression, well characterized by reasonably stable exponential trend growth with modest cyclical deviations: graphically, it is a modestly sloping, slightly bumpy hill. However, almost nothing that is true of U.S. GDP per capita (or that of other countries of the organization for economic co-operation and development) is true of the growth experience of developing countries. A single time trend does not adequately characterize the evolution of GDP per capita in most developing countries. Instability in growth rates over time for a single country is great, relative to both the average level of growth and the variance across countries. These shifts in growth rates lead to distinct patterns. While some countries have steady growth (hills and steep hills), others have rapid growth followed by stagnation (plateaus), rapid growth followed by decline (mountains) or even catastrophic falls (cliffs), continuous stagnation (plains), or steady decline (valleys). Volatility, however defined, is also much greater in developing than in industrial countries. These stylized facts about the instability and volatility of growth rates in developing countries imply that the exploding econometric growth literature that makes use of the panel nature of data is unlikely to be informative. In contrast, research into what initiates (or halts) episodes of growth has high potential.

International Public Transfers and Convergence in the European Union

This article investigates the effects of international public transfer programs from the European Union (EU) on the investment and growth paths of the recipient economies-Greece, Ireland, Portugal, and Spain—and, ultimately, on the convergence of these economies to EU standards of living. Numerical simulation results based on endogenous growth models of the recipient economies suggest that the absolute gains induced by the transfer programs, as measured by the evolution of gross domestic product per capita, are substantial for Greece and Portugal and more modest for Ireland and Spain. In terms of the relative gains (i.e., of the convergence to EU standards), Greece, Portugal, and Spain greatly improve their status quo gains through the transfer programs, but Ireland's status quo gains do not seem to improve noticeably. The most striking aspect of the simulation results, however, is how far the recipient economies will still be from the EU standards even after the EU transfer programs. This suggests that these administrative programs, although useful, have a limited scope, and greater progress in achieving convergence needs to come from structural market reforms.