Complex Evolution Research Articles

Complex evolution in thin air: Investigating female flightlessness and diel behaviour in geometrid moths (Lepidoptera)

AbstractMany unique high‐altitude mountain ecosystems have been declining due to climate change, posing a threat to flora and fauna that have adapted to these ecosystems. This study explores the evolution of high‐altitude adaptations, focusing on female flightlessness and diel activity, in geometrid moths (Lepidoptera: Ennominae, Gnophini) within the European Alps. We constructed a phylogeny of Gnophini moths using a dataset of 157 taxa, with up to seven genetic markers and traced the evolutionary history of diel activity and wing length reduction in females. Analysis of divergence times suggested that female flightlessness has evolved at least three times independently between the early and late Miocene. The evolution of wing length reduction is likely correlated with elevation, indicating adaptations to cold and windy conditions in high altitude. The evolutionary events leading to shifts in adult diel activity, from ancestral nocturnality to diurnality, have occurred independently at least three times and may also be a consequence of adaptations at high elevations. Strikingly, among diurnal Sciadia, two species have evolved further to become nocturnal like their ancestors. Our findings highlight how phylogenies can provide new insights into evolutionary patterns in moths. We provided a robust basis for resolving taxonomic ambiguities in Alpine Gnophini, leading us to propose 10 changes to the current classification: Scrupodes Lee & Sihvonen gen. n., Elophos Boisduval (type species Geometra operaria Hübner) is considered a junior synonym of Sciadia Hübner syn. n., Yezognophos dilucidaria (Denis & Schiffermüller) and Y. sproengertsi (Püngeler) are transferred to Parietaria Leraut comb. n., Yezognophos serotinaria (Denis & Schiffermüller) is transferred to Scrupeus Lee & Sihvonen comb. n., Elophos caelibaria (Heydenreich), E. zirbitzensis (Pieszcek), E. operaria (Hübner) and E. andereggaria (De La Harpe) are transferred to Sciadia Hübner comb. n. and Dichrognophos Wehrli (type species Gnophos orthogonia Wehrli) is transferred from Ennominae: Cassymini to Ennominae: Gnophini.

Hydrogen Production via Electrolysis of Wastewater.

The high energy consumption of traditional water splitting to produce hydrogen is mainly due to complex oxygen evolution reaction (OER), where low-economic-value O2 gas is generated. Meanwhile, cogeneration of H2 and O2 may result in the formation of an explosive H2/O2 gas mixture due to gas crossover. Considering these factors, a favorable anodic oxidation reaction is employed to replace OER, which not only reduces the voltage for H2 production at the cathode and avoids H2/O2 gas mixture but also generates value-added products at the anode. In recent years, this innovative strategy that combines anodic oxidation for H2 production has received intensive attention in the field of electrocatalysis. In this review, the latest research progress of a coupled hydrogen production system with pollutant degradation/upgrading is systematically introduced. Firstly, wastewater purification via anodic reaction, which produces free radicals instead of OER for pollutant degradation, is systematically presented. Then, the coupled system that allows for pollutant refining into high-value-added products combined with hydrogen production is displayed. Thirdly, the photoelectrical system for pollutant degradation and upgrade are briefly introduced. Finally, this review also discusses the challenges and future perspectives of this coupled system.

A study of extreme rainfall events and urban flooding over Hyderabad, October 2020

The present study analyses and describes the evolution of the Mesoscale Convective Complex (MCC) and its atmospheric conditions during Extreme rainfall event in Hyderabad, on 13th October 2020. This extreme weather event was a mesoscale event embedded in a synoptic-scale system. During the second week of October 2020, a depression formed over the west-central Bay of Bengal (BoB) and travelled north-westwards through peninsular India, causing heavy rains in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states of India on October 13-14. On October 13, many parts of Hyderabad and Cyberabad received more than 300 mm of rain within 24 hrs. Satellite imagery suggests that this mesoscale system constituted a unique set of structured convection those reported in MCC. This MCC has a cloud shield with a continuous low IR temperature of less than - 33 °C over an area of more than 100000 km2 and a cloud shield with a continuous low IR temperature of less than -54 °C over an area of more than 50000 km2 over Hyderabad with a life cycle of about 9 hours. This MCC featured multi cellular characteristics, showing that there was significant low-level moisture in its environment, as well as a mix of vigorous updrafts, implying significant rainfall rates over Hyderabad. The synoptic features suggest that with high precipitable water, the long axis of low-level moisture convergence at 0850 hPa and large horizontal vorticity at 0925 hPa were oriented parallel to the system's mean wind flow. In this case, a clusters of thunderstorms arose in the area of moisture convergence which prolonged the duration of extremely heavy rainfall. The high rain rate, relatively sluggish storm motion, and prolonged back-building over the same locations for several hours are likely to blame for the heavy rainfall accumulations that were observed. The hydrological conditions compounded the effects of the torrential rain, resulting in a natural hazard.

Abstract 7397: Application of state transition theory for predicting responses of acute myeloid leukemia to chemotherapy

Abstract Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is aggressive cancer that initiates in the bone marrow (BM) and circulates in the peripheral blood (PB). The AML initiation and progressions are complex disease evolution associated with gene mutations and chromosomal abnormalities that change expression profiles of downstream genes characterizing functional networks of leukemic cells. We previously reported the application of the state-transition theory to characterize AML disease progression by modeling transcriptome changes during AML progression as a dynamic system that undergoes state-transition in an AML state-space characterized by an AML potential. Here, we investigate the impact of treatment on transcriptome state-transition and examine the hypothesis that treatment dynamically alters the AML potential. We use the Cbfb-MYH11 (CM) knock-in AML mouse model and a ”5+3” chemotherapy regimen to model the impact of current standard of care for newly diagnosed AML. CM leukemic mice were treated with a combination of cytarabine (Ara-C; 50mg/kg/day; 5 days) and Daunorubicin (DNR; 1.5mg/kg/day; 3 days) after detection of overt leukemia, defined by > 20% leukemia blast (cKit+) detected by flow cytometry in the PB. Time-series samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) (n=174) were collected weekly before, during, and following “5+3” chemotherapy and subjected to RNA sequencing. All samples were mapped to the AML state-space constructed based on time-sequential RNA-seq collected over the course of CM AML development. Based on the state-transition model, all 10 treated AML mice achieved partial response to chemotherapy with a mean time to relapse (return to leukemia state) of 5 weeks confirming the anti-leukemia effects of treatment by the blast percentages (ckit%). We used the state-transition treatment model to study the dynamics of chemotherapy on the AML potential using state-space trajectories before, during, and after “5+3” chemotherapy. Dynamic changes of concentrations of Ara-C and DNR in the CM mouse model during ”5+3” chemotherapy were modeled by drug doses, half-life, and Heaviside step function. The drug effects were introduced to the AML potential as anti-leukemic treatment forces. Several treatment protocols were examined to find combinations of drug doses and timing that showed the longest survival rates. The model predicted that sequential doses reducing 50% of the original “5+3” chemotherapy dose would produce the longest survival rate. The model suggests that controlling the state-space trajectories in the healthy state with reduced doses will provide the most effective outcomes from “5+3” chemotherapy. Citation Format: Lisa Uechi, Yu-Hsuan Fu, David E. Frankhouser, Lianjun Zhang, Ying-Chieh Chen, Denis O'Meally, Sergio Branciamore, Jihyun Irizarry, Bin Zhang, Guido Marcucci, Ya-Huei Kuo, Russell C. Rockne. Application of state transition theory for predicting responses of acute myeloid leukemia to chemotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 7397.

Strong stabilization of damped nonlinear Schrödinger equation with saturation on unbounded domains

We consider the damped nonlinear Schrödinger equation with saturation: i.e., the complex evolution equation contains in its left hand side, besides the potential term V(x)u, a nonlinear term of the form iμu(t,x)/|u(t,x)| for a given parameter μ>0 (arising in optical applications on non-Kerr-like fibers). In the right hand side we assume a given forcing term f(t,x). The important new difficulty, in contrast to previous results in the literature, comes from the fact that the spatial domain is assumed to be unbounded. We start by proving the existence and uniqueness of weak and strong solutions according the regularity of the data of the problem. The existence of solutions with a lower regularity is also obtained by working with a sequence of spaces verifying the Radon-Nikodým property. Concerning the asymptotic behavior for large times we prove a strong stabilization result. For instance, in the one dimensional case we prove that there is extinction in finite time of the solutions under the mere assumption that the L∞-norm of the forcing term f(t,x) becomes less than μ after a finite time. This presents some analogies with the so called feedback bang-bang controls v (here v=−iμu/|u|+f).

Dynamic evolution of the T1 phase and its effect on continuous dynamic recrystallization in Al–Cu–Li alloys

The T1 phase is the highest density and most prominent strengthening effect precipitate in Al–Cu–Li alloys, and it undergoes a complex dynamic evolution during hot deformation, which has significant effects on microstructure development and hot working. This study comprehensively characterizes and analyzes the dynamic evolution of the T1 phase at 400 °C/0.01 s−1 and its influence on continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX). The results indicate that the T1 phase successively undergoes coarsening, fracture, dissolution, dynamic precipitation, recoarsening, and spheroidization during deformation. A shear-coupled diffusion mechanism is proposed to explain the ultrafast coarsening rate of the T1 phase in early deformation. During the dynamic precipitation of the T1 phase, an anomalous inhomogeneous size and spatial distribution of the T1 phase are observed, and a high number density of fine T1 phases form in the matrix (with a denser, thinner and shorter size at the dislocation wall). The dynamically precipitated T1 phase is affected by the octahedral slip system during the coarsening process and exhibits a selective ripening phenomenon. The T1 phase formed by aging increases the inhomogeneity of the deformation and induces many substructures intragranularly, decreasing the percentage of CDRX grains but increasing the CDRX potential. Conversely, the dynamically precipitated T1 phase and its evolution accelerate CDRX development by promoting the transformation of LAGBs to HAGBs. In addition, the effects of dynamically evolving precipitates on the dislocations and formation modes of LAGBs at various deformation stages are elucidated. The results can provide valuable insights into the regulation of microstructure, and the development of high-performance Al–Cu–Li alloys, and also offer a theoretical and experimental basis for microstructure modeling.

Continuous evolution of compact protein degradation tags regulated by selective molecular glues.

Conditional protein degradation tags (degrons) are usually >100 amino acids long or are triggered by small molecules with substantial off-target effects, thwarting their use as specific modulators of endogenous protein levels. We developed a phage-assisted continuous evolution platform for molecular glue complexes (MG-PACE) and evolved a 36-amino acid zinc finger (ZF) degron (SD40) that binds the ubiquitin ligase substrate receptor cereblon in complex with PT-179, an orthogonal thalidomide derivative. Endogenous proteins tagged in-frame with SD40 using prime editing are degraded by otherwise inert PT-179. Cryo-electron microscopy structures of SD40 in complex with ligand-bound cereblon revealed mechanistic insights into the molecular basis of SD40's activity and specificity. Our efforts establish a system for continuous evolution of molecular glue complexes and provide ZF tags that overcome shortcomings associated with existing degrons.

Kepler main-sequence solar-like stars: surface rotation and magnetic-activity evolution

While the mission’s primary goal was focused on exoplanet detection and characterization, Kepler made and continues to make extraordinary advances in stellar physics. Stellar rotation and magnetic activity are no exceptions. Kepler allowed for these properties to be determined for tens of thousands of stars from the main sequence up to the red giant branch. From photometry, this can be achieved by investigating the brightness fluctuations due to active regions, which cause surface inhomogeneities, or through asteroseismology as oscillation modes are sensitive to rotation and magnetic fields. This review summarizes the rotation and magnetic activity properties of the single main-sequence solar-like stars within the Kepler field. We contextualize the Kepler sample by comparing it to known transitions in the stellar rotation and magnetic-activity evolution, such as the convergence to the rotation sequence (from the saturated to the unsaturated regime of magnetic activity) and the Vaughan-Preston gap. While reviewing the publicly available data, we also uncover one interesting finding related to the intermediate-rotation gap seen in Kepler and other surveys. We find evidence for this rotation gap in previous ground-based data for the X-ray luminosity. Understanding the complex evolution and interplay between rotation and magnetic activity in solar-like stars is crucial, as it sheds light on fundamental processes governing stellar evolution, including the evolution of our own Sun.

The Saavedra Lamas Peace: How a Norm Complex Evolved and Crystallized to Eliminate War in the Americas

Abstracts After the Napoleonic Wars interstate war regularly occurred throughout the Western Hemisphere—until in matter of decades it disappeared. After the 1930s even low-level militarized interstate conflict became less frequent, shorter, and less severe over time. What explains the change in this specific region and historical jucture? We argue that leaders in the Americas identified territorial disputes and foreign intervention as interrelated problems that frequently caused the interstate war. In response, they developed a unique regional norm-complex that bundled together the norms of territorial integrity and non-intervention with the principle of peaceful conflict resolution. This norm complex emerged via Latin American entrepreneurship shortly after independence, cascaded with Pan-Americanism, and crystallized around the signature of the Saavedra Lamas Treaty in the early 1930s. We explain how, why, and when norm complexes develop. We then investigate the evolution and effects of the Latin American norm complex via statistics and within-case counterfactuals. We conclude that interstate war disappeared from the Americas with the acceptance and codification of this norm-complex.

Paleogene mid-crustal intrusions in the Ruby Mountains–East Humboldt Range metamorphic core complex, northeastern Nevada, USA

Abstract Middle Eocene to early Oligocene intrusions, widespread in the Ruby Mountains–East Humboldt Range metamorphic core complex, Nevada, USA, provide insights into a major Paleogene magmatic episode and its relation to tectonism in the northeastern Great Basin. These intrusions, well-exposed in upper Lamoille Canyon, range in composition from gabbro to leucomonzogranite. They form small plutons, sheets, and dikes that intrude the metamorphic and granitic infrastructure of the core complex. Two types of Paleogene monzogranite were recognized. The first is exemplified by two of the larger intrusive bodies, the Snow Lake Peak and Castle Lake intrusions, which occur as sheet-like bodies near and at the structural base of metamorphosed Neoproterozoic and Cambrian Prospect Mountain Quartzite where it is inverted above Cambrian and Ordovician marble of Verdi Peak in the Lamoille Canyon nappe. Swarms of dikes are associated with these intrusions. U-Pb (zircon) ages range ca. 40–33 Ma and typically display relatively simple and minor inheritance. The rocks have the lowest εHf (zircon) and εNd (whole rock) of any of the middle Cenozoic granites. The second type of monzogranite, Overlook type, typically occurs as thin, isolated dikes and leucosome-like bodies in Late Cretaceous granites of the infrastructure, with no obvious relationship to the large monzogranite bodies. Overlook-type monzogranite displays complex zircon inheritance, yields igneous ages ca. 37–32 Ma, and has εHf (zircon) and εNd (whole rock) identical to those of Late Cretaceous granites in the core complex. These isotopic and field data indicate that Overlook-type monzogranite formed in situ through anatexis of host Cretaceous granites. A pervasive thermal event was required to stimulate this crustal melting. Gabbros from Lamoille Canyon and quartz diorite dated from 32 km away signal mantle-derived magmatism ca. 39–37 Ma (U-Pb, zircon) was a driver of crustal melting and hybridization. Eocene 40Ar/39Ar apparent ages on hornblende and biotite are consistent with syn- to post-magmatic extensional exhumation and decompression. Thus, the core complex provides a window into trans-crustal magmatism and insight into how such magmatism affected the Nevadaplano orogenic plateau. This Paleogene thermal pulse, which may relate to removal of the Farallon slab by delamination of mantle lithosphere, involved partial melting of the upper mantle and transfer of magma and heat to the Nevadaplano crust. Lower-crustal melting of Archean(?) to Paleoproterozoic rocks resulted in Snow Lake Peak–type magmas, and middle-crustal melting of granite in the infrastructure yielded Overlook-type magmas. This crustal magmatism, as exemplified by the intrusions in the core complex, likely played a role in destabilizing the Nevadaplano and its later collapse during middle Miocene extension. The Paleogene intrusions and associated structural features also provide insight into the evolution of the core complex through either the buoyant upwelling of a melt-rich diapir (gneiss-dome model) or buoyant upwelling of the melt-rich middle crust synchronous with a west-rooted mylonitic shear zone (extensional shear-zone model). We favor a hybrid that incorporates both models.

Dependency on host vitamin B12 has shaped Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex evolution

Human and animal tuberculosis is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex (MTBC), which has evolved a genomic decay of cobalamin (vitamin B12) biosynthetic genes. Accordingly, and in sharp contrast to environmental, opportunistic and ancestor mycobacteria; we demonstrate that M. tuberculosis (Mtb), M. africanum, and animal-adapted lineages, lack endogenous production of cobalamin, yet they retain the capacity for exogenous uptake. A B12 anemic model in immunocompromised and immunocompetent mice, demonstrates improved survival, and lower bacteria in organs, in B12 anemic animals infected with Mtb relative to non-anemic controls. Conversely, no differences were observed between mice groups infected with M. canettii, an ancestor mycobacterium which retains cobalamin biosynthesis. Interrogation of the B12 transcriptome in three MTBC strains defined L-methionine synthesis by metE and metH genes as a key phenotype. Expression of metE is repressed by a cobalamin riboswitch, while MetH requires the cobalamin cofactor. Thus, deletion of metE predominantly attenuates Mtb in anemic mice; although inactivation of metH exclusively causes attenuation in non-anemic controls. Here, we show how sub-physiological levels of B12 in the host antagonizes Mtb virulence, and describe a yet unknown mechanism of host-pathogen cross-talk with implications for B12 anemic populations.

Miocene evolution of the External Rif Zone (Morocco): Comparison with similar and lateral southern Mediterranean Tethyan margins

The Miocene evolution of the External Rif Zone (NW Africa Plate) was determined through multidisciplinary analysis of fourteen successions. The updated stratigraphic framework shows how Miocene sediments rest on the Cretaceous–Paleogene terrains through unconformity surfaces, whereas it rests with sedimentary continuity in two sectors. After recognition of lithofacies and three unconformities located near the Oligocene–Aquitanian, Aquitanian–Burdigalian and Serravallian–Tortonian boundaries, the Miocene sedimentary record was divided into three stratigraphic intervals representing deep to shallow marine deposits as Aquitanian–Burdigalian, Langhian and Upper Serravallian–Missinian. The two oldest unconformites are restricted to the central sector, while the upper one is generalized and probably related to the nappe tectonics registered in all sectors of the External Rif. Data from analysis of tectofacies, petrology, mineralogy, meaning and implications of unconformities, and subsidence indicate that: (i) mass flow deposits (turbidites, slumps, olistostromes) are common in all successions but more frequent during the Lower Miocene; (ii) petrology of the detrital components of the arenites indicates recycled orogen-derived sediments, with quartz coming from erosion of metamorphic rocks of the Atlas orogen and/or the African craton; (iii) mineralogy of mudstones suggests a complex erosional evolution of local emerged areas derived from a mixture of contributions coming from the erosion of Upper Jurassic to Paleogene suites, and especially from kaolinite-rich Albian–Cenomanian to Paleogene successions with absence of a clear unroofing. The conjunction of all these clues reinforces the idea of a synsedimentary tectonics affecting the margin/basin system during the Miocene. A thickness analysis of the studied sedimentary successions allows proposing the evolution of the orogenic front and main depozones (foredeep, bulges, wedge-top and intramontane sub-basins) integrated in a complex foreland system migrating from north to south with the Atlas-Mesetas area acting as foreland during Miocene. The orogenic front moved from the Internal Intrarif to Mesorif and later to Internal Prerif. The main wedge-top basin also migrated from the Internal Intrarif to External Intrarif. The foredeep migrated from the Mesorif to the Internal Prerif, while the main forebulge was located in the External Prerif and a secondary bulge developed in the External Intrarif. Intramontane basins developed behind the orogenic front in relative extensional conditions moving from the Internal Intrarif to External Intrarif. The reconstructed Miocene evolution was inserted into a 2D paleogeographic-geodynamic evolutionary model using GPlates software, and then compared to those reported in other external margins of the western Tethys (Betic Chain, Tunisian Tell, Sicilian Maghrebids and Apennines), revealing important similarities and local differences.

Link prediction by continuous spatiotemporal representation via neural differential equations

With the continuous advancement of data science and machine learning, temporal link prediction has emerged as a crucial aspect of dynamic network analysis, providing significant research and application potential across various domains. While deep learning techniques have achieved remarkable results in temporal link prediction, most existing studies have focused on discrete model frameworks. These frameworks face limitations in capturing deep structural features and effectively aggregating temporal information. To address these limitations, we draw inspiration from neural differential equations to propose a Continuous Temporal Graph Neural Differential Equation (CTGNDE) network model for temporal link prediction. Specifically, we design a spatial graph Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) to capture the spatial correlations inherent in complex spatiotemporal information. Then we employ Neural Controlled Differential Equation (Neural CDE) to learn complex evolution patterns and effectively aggregate temporal information. Finally, we characterize completely continuous and more accurate hidden state trajectories by coupling spatial and temporal messages. Experiments conducted on 10 real-world network datasets validated the superior performance of the CTGNDE model over the state-of-the-art baselines.

Detrital zircons and heavy minerals from the Palu Formation, Sulawesi, Indonesia: constraints on exhumation of the Palu Metamorphic Complex and drainage evolution

The Palu Formation, previously known as the Celebes Molasse in the Palu area, is understudied and was previously considered to be associated with the Pliocene collision between an Australian-derived microcontinent (Banggai Sula) and the eastern margin of Sundaland (West Sulawesi). Here, we present sedimentological, heavy mineral and zircon geochronological data to provide insights into sediment provenance and to elucidate Neogene tectonic activity in Sulawesi. These analyses suggest that the Pleistocene Palu Formation comprises synorogenic alluvial fan to braided river deposits that record the rapid uplift of metamorphic and granitoid rocks in the Neck and west Central Sulawesi. The Palu Formation is characterized by predominant granitoid and metamorphic clasts and heavy mineral assemblages dominated by pyroxene, amphibole and garnet. Detrital zircons record youngest grain ages of c. 2.5 and 3.0 Ma with a significant Pliocene age population and subsidiary Eocene, Cretaceous, Jurassic and Late Triassic age peaks. Rapid uplift and erosion associated with mountain building shaped the topography and influenced the evolution of Palu River networks. Supplementary material : Complete location, heavy mineral and detrital zircon geochronology datasets are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.7033388 Thematic collection: This article is part of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonics, landscape and climate change collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/topic/collections/mesozoic-and-cenozoic-tectonics-landscape-and-climate-change

Revisiting the Petrogenesis of Pyroclastic Glass Bead Deposits at the Apollo 15 and 17 Sites

Abstract The Apollo 15 low-titanium and Apollo 17 high-titanium pyroclastic glass beads are among the most primitive magmatically derived samples obtained from the Moon. Two key samples, the low-Ti Apollo 15426 green glass clod and the high-Ti Apollo 74220 orange glass are morphologically distinct, where the Apollo 15 beads are larger (~107 μm along maximum axis) and more fractured, and the Apollo 17 are smaller (~42 μm) and less fractured. In this study, holohyaline beads as well as crystallized beads were examined from both samples using petrography, electron microprobe analysis, and laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Crystallized beads show compositional variability in major, minor, and trace elements and enable examination of magmatic mineral fractionation processes during cooling of both deposits. The Apollo 15426 beads experienced variable olivine crystallization, whereas the Apollo 74220 beads experienced both olivine and ilmenite crystallization. Holohyaline beads from both deposits show more limited major, minor, and trace element variability than their crystallized counterparts. Trace element abundance data for individual holohyaline beads show that in Apollo 74220, they are tightly clustered at ~30× Carbonaceous Ivuna chondrite [CI] with negative Eu anomalies and subchondritic Nb/Ta, interpreted to reflect the presence of late-stage magma ocean cumulates overturned into an otherwise primitive mantle source. Incompatible trace element abundances for holohyaline beads in 15426 are supra-chondritic from ~8× CI, to >80× CI, with pronounced relative depletions in Sr and Eu for the most incompatible element enriched beads, which represent a distinct bead group within the deposit. Apollo 15426 beads have elevated Ni and Co abundances at the edges of the beads compared to their centers. These data are interpreted to reflect a more complex magmatic evolution of the 15426 deposit, beginning with (i) initial magma generation, storage, and assimilation within shallower low- and high-Ca pyroxene bearing magma ocean cumulates (15B,C); (ii) mobilization of the earlier magmas by more recently generated primitive magmas (15A); (iii) eruption and crystallization of some beads (15D,E); and (iv) later jumbling of the deposit, possible impact contamination and addition of exotic basaltic bead components (J Group). In contrast, the 74220 data show no discernable difference between Ni and Co abundances at the edges and centers supporting prior observations for limited melt fractionation and an absence of meteoritic components. Both deposits are likely to have been formed in the presence of a transient atmosphere. Using 74220 melt compositions from this study, post-entrapment crystallization abundances range from 266 to 1130 μg/g for H2O, 36 to 68 μg/g for F, 441 to 832 μg/g for S, and 0 to 2.31 μg/g for Cl, consistent with prior studies and suggesting up to ~0.1 wt % H2O in the melt, with considerably less in the source. The role that late-stage magma ocean cumulates rich in ilmenite and high-Ca pyroxene might play in modifying this volatile element estimate, however, casts remaining doubt on the volatile element abundance and evolution of the primitive Moon.

Coupling dynamics of capsule interior defects and its impact on hydrodynamic instabilities at ablation fronts for inertial confinement fusion implosions

The micrometer-scale internal defect in the capsule is one of the most important factors that limit implosion performance in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments, which creates instability seeds as shocks propagate through the capsule shell. Here, we report the generation mechanism of vortex pairs resulting from the interaction of shock waves with multiple bubbles, as well as the origin of more intricate perturbation waves than those observed in the case of single defects. Based on the subsequent evolution of hydrodynamic instability, it is evident that the vortex pairs induce the emergence of low-density (light-bubble case) or high-density (referred to as heavy-bubble case) jets on the ablative front. The presence of multiple side-by-side defects can rapidly amplify the dimensions of the jet. These jets could be responsible for the “meteor shower” observed in implosion experiments. Converging disturbed waves between vertically aligned defects lead to a more complex nonlinear flow field evolution compared to the scenario with a single defect. A systematic study of localized perturbation growth as a function of defect placement is presented. We investigate the dependence of circulation in the flow field on the locations of the defects. The scanning results of defect scenes with different sizes revealed the reason why the depth of fluid penetration is affected by the position and size, and found that the effects of the position and size on the perturbation expansion width can be equivalent to a certain extent. The extension of the perturbation width when the defect is off-axis limits the degree of penetration of the perturbation depth. The results contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of physical processes, such as the seeding mechanism, shell integrity, and mass injection into the central region, which may be applied to inform the development of more effective strategies to mitigate implosion degradation in ICF implosion experiments.

Geomorphology and Age Constraints of Seamounts in the Cabo Verde Archipelago, and Their Relationship to Island Ages and Geodynamic Evolution

AbstractThe Cabo Verde Archipelago is related to a mantle plume located close to the rotational pole of the African Plate. It consists of islands and seamounts arranged in a horseshoe‐shaped pattern open to the west, thus forming two volcanic chains, each with a weak east‐west age progression. High‐resolution swath bathymetry of 12 Cabo Verde seamounts is used here to assign each seamount to its pre‐shield, shield or post‐shield evolutionary stage, respectively. The eastern seamounts exhibit degraded and partially eroded morphologies, and are mainly in their post‐shield stage. A new 40Ar‐39Ar date for Senghor Seamount at 14.872 ± 0.027 Ma supports old ages for the eastern seamounts. The western seamounts generally exhibit younger volcanic‐edifice‐construction morphologies, showing fresh effusive and explosive volcanics, including rarely observed deep‐water explosive volcanism in the Charles Darwin Volcanic Field. Furthermore, the two previously unknown seamounts Sodade and Tavares in the westernmost termini of both volcanic chains exhibit pristine volcanic morphologies, in agreement with present‐day volcanism and seismic activity recorded from the western seamounts. The islands and seamounts rest on three submarine platforms to the east, northwest and southwest, respectively. Taken together, the seamount and island data suggest a shift in igneous activity from the eastern to the other platforms at about 8–6 Ma. However, the complex evolution pattern for both volcanic chains includes the simultaneous occurrence of pre‐shield or shield edifices at any time, followed by erosional and rejuvenation stages. The new seamount data still demonstrate ongoing westward submarine‐growth in both volcanic chains.

The Dimorphos ejecta plume properties revealed by LICIACube.

The Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) had an impact with Dimorphos (a satellite of the asteroid Didymos) on 26 September 20221. Ground-based observations showed that the Didymos system brightened by a factor of 8.3 after the impact because of ejecta, returning to the pre-impact brightness 23.7 days afterwards2. Hubble Space Telescope observations made from 15 minutes after impact to 18.5 days after, with a spatial resolution of 2.1 kilometres per pixel, showed a complex evolution of the ejecta3, consistent with other asteroid impact events. The momentum enhancement factor, determined using the measured binary period change4, ranges between 2.2 and 4.9, depending on the assumptions about the mass and density of Dimorphos5. Here we report observations from the LUKE and LEIA instruments on the LICIACube cube satellite, which was deployed 15 days in advance of the impact of DART. Data were taken from 71 seconds before the impact until 320 seconds afterwards. The ejecta plume was a cone with an aperture angle of 140 ± 4degrees. The inner region of the plume was blue, becoming redder with increasing distance from Dimorphos. The ejecta plume exhibited a complex and inhomogeneous structure, characterized by filaments, dust grains and single or clustered boulders. The ejecta velocities ranged from a few tens ofmetres per second to about 500 metres per second.

A VRC13-like bNAb response is associated with complex escape pathways in HIV-1 envelope.

The rational design of HIV-1 immunogens to trigger the development of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) requires understanding the viral evolutionary pathways influencing this process. An acute HIV-1-infected individual exhibiting >50% plasma neutralization breadth developed neutralizing antibody specificities against the CD4-binding site (CD4bs) and V1V2 regions of Env gp120. Comparison of pseudoviruses derived from early and late autologous env sequences demonstrated the development of >2 log resistance to VRC13 but not to other CD4bs-specific bNAbs. Mapping studies indicated that the V3 and CD4-binding loops of Env gp120 contributed significantly to developing resistance to the autologous neutralizing response and that the CD4-binding loop (CD4BL) specifically was responsible for the developing resistance to VRC13. Tracking viral evolution during the development of this cross-neutralizing CD4bs response identified amino acid substitutions arising at only 4 of 11 known VRC13 contact sites (K282, T283, K421, and V471). However, each of these mutations was external to the V3 and CD4BL regions conferring resistance to VRC13 and was transient in nature. Rather, complete resistance to VRC13 was achieved through the cooperative expression of a cluster of single amino acid changes within and immediately adjacent to the CD4BL, including a T359I substitution, exchange of a potential N-linked glycosylation (PNLG) site to residue S362 from N363, and a P369L substitution. Collectively, our data characterize complex HIV-1 env evolution in an individual developing resistance to a VRC13-like neutralizing antibody response and identify novel VRC13-associated escape mutations that may be important to inducing VRC13-like bNAbs for lineage-based immunogens.IMPORTANCEThe pursuit of eliciting broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) through vaccination and their use as therapeutics remains a significant focus in the effort to eradicate HIV-1. Key to our understanding of this approach is a more extensive understanding of bNAb contact sites and susceptible escape mutations in HIV-1 envelope (env). We identified a broad neutralizer exhibiting VRC13-like responses, a non-germline restricted class of CD4-binding site antibody distinct from the well-studied VRC01-class. Through longitudinal envelope sequencing and Env-pseudotyped neutralization assays, we characterized a complex escape pathway requiring the cooperative evolution of four amino acid changes to confer complete resistance to VRC13. This suggests that VRC13-class bNAbs may be refractory to rapid escape and attractive for therapeutic applications. Furthermore, the identification of longitudinal viral changes concomitant with the development of neutralization breadth may help identify the viral intermediates needed for the maturation of VRC13-like responses and the design of lineage-based immunogens.

Hybridization constrains the evolution of mimicry complexes in woodpeckers

The evolution of interspecific mimicry does not always result in perfect resemblance between mimics and models. Differences between members of a mimicry complex can be explained by genetic or developmental constraints. Alternatively, imperfect mimicry might be the outcome of a tradeoff between multiple selective pressures. In this study, we explored the evolutionary conflict between mimicry and hybridization in woodpeckers. Based on the selective tradeoff hypothesis, we expected that mimicry complexes will start to evolve once the constraint of maladaptive hybridization is relaxed. Hence, we predicted limited overlap in the divergence times between hybridizing species pairs and members of a mimicry complex. This prediction was supported by clear tipping point in the probability of hybridization and mimicry at ca 9 million years of divergence. Around this timepoint, the probability of hybridization approaches zero while the probability of belonging to a mimicry complex increases. This finding is only correlational and remains to be confirmed in other taxonomic groups. Nonetheless, our results suggest a selective tradeoff between evolving interspecific mimicry and avoiding maladaptive hybridization in woodpeckers.