Evolution Of Order Research Articles

Study on the Morphological Analysis and Evolution of the Street Network in the Historic Urban Area of Changsha City from 1872–2023

This study focuses on the streets and spatial networks of the historic urban area in Changsha, the capital of Hunan Province, China, by mainly investigating the evolution of their geometric and topological characteristics. It draws on the theories and methods of urban morphology and space syntax, combines the digital historical maps at different times, and uses methods such as historical map spatial interpretation, geographic information system (GIS), sDNA tools, and urban morphological parameter analysis to explore and sort out the evolutionary process of the street and alley network in Changsha from the early modern period to the present. The paper constructs a parameter system for analyzing the street and alley network of historic urban areas from a geometric and topological perspective. It introduces the indicators of road density, road orientation, intersection density, and approaches such as closeness, betweenness, and intelligibility in space syntax into the parameter analysis framework of street and alley network morphology and spatial characteristics evolution. By comparing the changes in various parameters at different spatial scales, the process of the spatial order evolution of the street and alley network in the historic urban area is analyzed, and the evolutionary rules of the various periods’ morphological characteristics are extracted.

A semantic framework for condition monitoring in Industry 4.0 based on evolving knowledge bases

In Industry 4.0, factory assets and machines are equipped with sensors that collect data for effective condition monitoring. This is a difficult task since it requires the integration and processing of heterogeneous data from different sources, with different temporal resolutions and underlying meanings. Ontologies have emerged as a pertinent method to deal with data integration and to represent manufacturing knowledge in a machine-interpretable way through the construction of semantic models. Ontologies are used to structure knowledge in knowledge bases, which also contain instances and information about these data. Thus, a knowledge base provides a sort of virtual representation of the different elements involved in a manufacturing process. Moreover, the monitoring of industrial processes depends on the dynamic context of their execution. Under these circumstances, the semantic model must provide a way to represent this evolution in order to represent in which situation(s) a resource is in during the execution of its tasks to support decision making. This paper proposes a semantic framework to address the evolution of knowledge bases for condition monitoring in Industry 4.0. To this end, firstly we propose a semantic model (the COInd4 ontology) for the manufacturing domain that represents the resources and processes that are part of a factory, with special emphasis on the context of these resources and processes. Relevant situations that combine sensor observations with domain knowledge are also represented in the model. Secondly, an approach that uses stream reasoning to detect these situations that lead to potential failures is introduced. This approach enriches data collected from sensors with contextual information using the proposed semantic model. The use of stream reasoning facilitates the integration of data from different data sources, different temporal resolutions as well as the processing of these data in real time. This allows to derive high-level situations from lower-level context and sensor information. Detecting situations can trigger actions to adapt the process behavior, and in turn, this change in behavior can lead to the generation of new contexts leading to new situations. These situations can have different levels of severity, and can be nested in different ways. Dealing with the rich relations among situations requires an efficient approach to organize them. Therefore, we propose a method to build a lattice, ordering those situations depending on the constraints they rely on. This lattice represents a road-map of all the situations that can be reached from a given one, normal or abnormal. This helps in decision support, by allowing the identification of the actions that can be taken to correct the abnormality avoiding in this way the interruption of the manufacturing processes. Finally, an industrial application scenario for the proposed approach is described.

Non-thermal phonon dynamics and a quenched exciton condensate probed by surface-sensitive electron diffraction

Interactions among and between electrons and phonons steer the energy flow in photo-excited materials and govern the emergence of correlated phases. The strength of electron–phonon interactions, decay channels of strongly coupled modes and the evolution of three-dimensional order are revealed by electron or X-ray pulses tracking non-equilibrium structural dynamics. Despite such capabilities, the growing relevance of inherently anisotropic two-dimensional materials and functional heterostructures still calls for techniques with monolayer sensitivity and, specifically, access to out-of-plane phonon polarizations. Here, we resolve non-equilibrium phonon dynamics and quantify the excitonic contribution to the structural order parameter in 1T-TiSe2. To this end, we introduce ultrafast low-energy electron diffuse scattering and trace strongly momentum- and fluence-dependent phonon populations. Mediated by phonon–phonon scattering, a few-picosecond build-up near the zone boundary precedes a far slower generation of zone-centre acoustic modes. These weakly coupled phonons are shown to substantially delay overall equilibration in layered materials. Moreover, we record the surface structural response to a quench of the material’s widely investigated exciton condensate, identifying an approximate 30:70 ratio of excitonic versus Peierls contributions to the total lattice distortion in the charge density wave phase. The surface-sensitive approach complements the ultrafast structural toolbox and may further elucidate the impact of phonon scattering in numerous other phenomena within two-dimensional materials, such as the formation of interlayer excitons in twisted bilayers.

Quantifying the cooperative evolution of microphase segregation and nanostructural order in annealed polyurethanes of MDI‐BDO‐PTHF

AbstractHere, we quantify the relationship between microphase segregation and local structure development in thermoplastic polyurethanes. Samples were prepared with varying ratios of 4,4′‐methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and 1,4‐butanediol (BDO) to polytetrahydrofuran (PTHF) and annealed at temperatures between RT–140 °C for 20 h each. Distinct populations of smaller and larger ordered domains are distinguished by pair distribution function analysis. The intermediate‐range order of nanoscale hard domains in the paracrystalline state (form I) is directly extracted and characterized. The results suggest that form I of the MDI‐BDO:PTHF system presents a conformational and packing order similar to the form III structure, typically obtained from stretching/annealing, but with limited spatial coherence of 3–7 nm. Heating above of the hard segments is necessary to achieve a substantial structural response from the annealing treatment. Increasing promotes purification of the soft phase via microphase segregation, coalescence of the hard blocks, and growth of paracrystalline phase, while a minority fraction of longer‐range ordered domains left over from production remains relatively constant. We observe a composition‐dependent decrease in the average nearest‐neighbor distance that can be correlated with the greater number of CC, CN, and CO bonds with increased hard segment content. A non‐linear deviation in the trend is observed to correlate with sample densification. The mechanical and thermal behavior of the samples is intimately tied to the segregation state.

Charge-order melting in the one-dimensional Edwards model

We use infinite matrix-product-state techniques to study the time evolution of the charge-density-wave (CDW) order after a quench or a light pulse in a fundamental fermion-boson model. The motion of fermions in the model is linked to the creation of bosonic excitations, which counteracts the melting of the CDW order. For low-energy quenches corresponding to a change of the boson relaxation rate, we find behavior similar to that in an effective t−V model. When the boson energy is quenched instead or a light pulse is applied to the system, the transient dynamics are more complex, with the CDW order first quickly decreasing to an intermediate value while the density-wave-like order of the bosons rises. In the case of pulse irradiation, the subsequent time evolution of the CDW order depends strongly on the photon frequency. For frequencies slightly below the boson energy, we observe a temporary increase of the CDW order parameter. Our results reveal the complex physics of driven Mott insulators in low-dimensional systems with strong correlations. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Tracing the Evolution of Governance and Social Order from Ancient Manuscripts to Medieval Statecraft

Tracing the Evolution of Governance and Social Order from Ancient Manuscripts to Medieval Statecraft

Distinguishing pure and thermal states by Landauer’s principle in open systems

Starting from Polchinski’s thought experiment on how to distinguish between pure and thermal states, we construct a specific system to study the interaction between qubit and cavity quantum field theory (QFT) in order to provide a more operational point of view. Without imposing any restrictions on the initial states of qubit and cavity QFT, we compute the evolution of the system order by order by the perturbation method. We choose Landauer’s principle, an important bound in quantum computation and quantum measurement, as the basis for the determination of the thermal state. By backtracking the initial state form, we obtain the conditions that must be satisfied by the cavity QFT: the expectation value of the annihilation operator should be zero, and the expectation value of the particle number operator should satisfy the Bose–Einstein distribution. We also discuss the difference between the thermal state and a possible alternative to the thermal state: the canonical thermal pure quantum (CTPQ) state.

The Subsurface Structure of the Kīlauea Caldera Before Its 2018 Collapse Inferred From Ground Magnetic, SP, and Temperatures Anomalies

AbstractThe 2018 crisis of Kīlauea volcano stands as a major event in its evolution with a large down‐rift effusive eruption that drained a shallow magma reservoir at the summit. The characterization of such active magmatic systems and associated hazardous events remains a necessity and a challenge. The summit area is hydrothermally active and strongly altered as indicated by geological mapping. A unique data set of geophysical measurements was collected around Halemaʻumaʻu crater before its collapse. Magnetic data are interpreted here in combination with geological information, temperature anomalies at the surface, self‐potential measurements, and a model of electrical conductivity. 3D forward modeling shows that the main magnetic dipole‐like anomaly observed around the crater is not only caused by the crater topography but suggests the presence of an important volume of weakly magnetic material beneath the crater, which may be caused by higher temperature and/or hydrothermal alteration. 3D inversion of the data allows us to explore the first order geometry of the magnetic structures. We complement this inversion with 2D forward modeling in order to refine the geometry of major structures. This study shows the presence of major geological structures in the 2018 collapsed area that may have been associated with mechanical weaknesses and could have played a role in the geometry of the collapse. Therefore, mapping magnetic anomalies and monitoring their temporal evolution are of great interest for constraining the nature and mechanical properties of the underlying formations and their temporal evolution in order to help predict future behavior.

Tailoring short-range order and dislocation evolution in Cr–Co–Ni medium-entropy alloys: A molecular dynamics study

The research community has recently been captivated by the atomic-scale short-range order observed in high- and medium-entropy alloys. However, significant challenges persist in improving the mechanical performance through manipulation of the short-range order. Herein, molecular dynamics simulations are employed to establish the correlation between this ordering and the chemical composition for the Cr–Co–Ni medium-entropy alloys. It is demonstrated that atomic-scale clustering can be tailored through adjusting the chemical composition. Particularly, it can be promoted by decreasing the content of elements that do not participate in the clusters. The short-range ordering plays a significant role in affecting the dislocation evolution and tensile properties. Reducing the tendency to form Cr–Co clusters yields enhanced strengthening due to the increased local unstable stacking fault energy. Increasing the tendency to form Ni–Ni clusters instead results in enhanced strain hardening due to the high sessile dislocation density impeding the movement of dislocations. These findings unveil the crucial role of chemical composition on short-range ordering and have significant implications on the design of high-performance high- and medium-entropy alloys.

Elastic precursor softening in proper ferroelastic materials: A molecular dynamics study

Precursor elastic effects are investigated in a displacive anharmonic spring model and shown to extend greatly into the paraelastic phase. Weak precursor effects can be detected near 2Ttr, where Ttr is the ferroelastic transition temperature. The precursor effects become strong at T<1.7Ttr. Two effects were identified in our two-dimensional model: the symmetry-breaking strain e3 (ɛxy) leads to softening of the elastic modulus C33, while the nonsymmetry-breaking strain e1+e2 (ɛxx+ɛyy) leads to hardening of C11. The strain e3 is proportional to the order parameter and scales as |e1+e2| ∼e32. The temperature evolutions of the elastic moduli are surprisingly well described by power laws and Vogel-Fulcher equations. The power-law exponents are ∼−0.5 for ΔC33 and ∼−1 for ΔC11, Δ(C11+C12) and Δ(C11−C12). The Vogel-Fulcher temperatures are very similar, while the Vogel-Fulcher energies differ between the excess elastic moduli. The origin of the precursor effect is the evolution of short-range order in the paraelastic phase which gives rise to a characteristic local nanostructure. In the case of the symmetry-breaking strain, this microstructure resembles dynamical twinning patterns corresponding to the ferroelastic nanostructure, which weakens the material. In the case of the nonsymmetry-breaking strain, we find density fluctuations which make the material harder. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Mild solutions to a class of nonlinear second order evolution equations

The purpose of this paper is to study the existence of mild solutions to a class of second order nonlinear evolution equations of the form \begin{equation*} \begin{cases} u''(t)+A(u'(t))+B(u(t))\ni f(t), &t\in(0,T),\\ u(0)=u_0, \quad u'(0)=g(u') \end{cases} \end{equation*} where $A\colon D(A)\subseteq X\rightarrow 2^{X}$ is an $m$-accretive operator on a Banach space $X,$ $B: X\rightarrow X$ is a lipschitz mapping, $g\colon C([0,T];X)\to X$ is a function and $f\in L^1(0,T,X)$. We obtain sufficient conditions for this problem to have at least a mild solution.

Variation of first pop-in loads in nanoindentation to detect chemical short-range ordering in the equiatomic Cr-Co-Ni medium-entropy alloy

The variations of the first pop-in load in nanoindentation with annealing temperature and time have been investigated both by experiment and theoretical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for the equiatomic Cr-Co-Ni medium-entropy alloy (MEA). Regardless of the loading rates, the first pop-in load tends to increase with the increase in electrical resistivity consistently by experiment and MD simulations. The trend in the variation of pop-in load with annealing temperature/time coincides with what is observed in the variation of electrical resistivity in our previous study, indicating that the first pop-in load in nanoindentation can thus be used to qualitatively detect the evolution of short-range ordering (SRO) in the Cr-Co-Ni MEA, and that the peak temperature for SRO for the equiatomic Cr-Co-Ni MEA is 673 K. MD simulations indicate that the first pop-in corresponds to the nucleation of partial dislocation loops beneath the indenter for both annealing conditions and that the increased first pop-in load in nanoindentation is attributed to the higher energy barrier for the nucleation of dislocation loops due to the higher degree of SRO.

Convergence of a double step scheme for a class of second order Clarke subdifferential inclusions

In this paper we deal with a second order evolution inclusion involving a multivalued term generated by a Clarke subdifferential of a locally Lipschitz potential. For this problem we construct a double step time-semidiscrete approximation, known as the Rothe scheme. We study a sequence of solutions of the semidiscrete approximate problems and provide its weak convergence to a limit element that is a solution of the original problem.

Graphitization: Microstructural and microtextural transformations of residual char from international coal combustion ash

Natural graphite is a critical raw material and its substitution in some applications will contribute to reduce its supply risk. Coal ash, which is still produced in high amounts, contains a carbonaceous solid residue (char) that may be a substitute of natural graphite. For this purpose, char may be graphitized and used in electrocatalysis reactions, however char properties depend on coal rank, composition and combustion conditions that affect the graphitization process. Research on industrial coal char graphitization is limited, resulting in restricted comprehension of the contributing factors. In order to provide novel insights, industrial residual chars (derived from Poland, Portugal, Romania and South Africa) subjected to high-temperature treatments (carbonization at 1000 °C followed by treatment at 2600 °C under environmental pressure) were examined regarding their microstructural and microtextural transformations. The samples were studied by focussing on its heterogeneity, namely its specific properties and interactions, including elemental composition, optical character, and structure. Furthermore, the evolution of structural order of selected char morphotypes in samples derived from coal of similar rank was assessed using Raman microspectroscopy.The results highlighted a set of aspects that could have influenced the transformations experienced by the different chars during high temperature treatments (graphitization). It was found that Hydrogen might play a role in the graphitization ability of isotropic chars derived from low rank coal. The prior preferential orientation of the Basic Structural Units (BSU) contributes to achieve a higher graphitization degree, but it can be enhanced or hindered by other factors, e.g., hydrogen content. Raman microspectroscopy showed that char morphotypes from the same group underwent different transformations during graphitization, indicating that morphotypes or sections with unfused optical character may be more prone to graphitization. However, the existence of disordered domains and specific microtextures, such as polyhedral pores identified under TEM, likely hindered further graphitization. Further research on this topic is needed.

Green conversion of waste alkaline battery material to zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 and its iodine capture mechanism

Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) exhibits excellent performance in capturing iodine. However, the solvent-based procedures and raw materials for ZIF-8 synthesis often lead to secondary pollution. We developed a solvent-minimizing method for preparing ZIF-8 via ball milling of raw material obtained from spent alkaline batteries, and studied its iodine-capture performance and structural changes. Exposure of the ZIF-8 to iodine vapor for 60 min demonstrated that it exhibited industrially competitive iodine-capture performance (the adsorbed amount reaches to 1123 mg g−1 within 60 min). Spectroscopic studies showed that ZIF-8 underwent a structural transformation upon iodine loading. Iodine molecules were adsorbed onto the surface of ZIF-8 and also formed C–I bond with the methyl groups on the imidazole rings, reducing iodine release. This work represents a comprehensive revelation of long-range order and short-range order evolution of ZIF-8 during iodine vapor adsorption over time. Moreover, this green synthesis of ZIF-8 is of lower cost and generates fewer harmful by-products than existing methods, and the produced ZIF-8 effectively entraps toxic iodine vapor. Thus, this synthesis enables a sustainable and circular material flow for beneficial utilization of waste materials.

Higher order evolution inequalities involving Leray–Hardy potential singular on the boundary

We consider a higher order (in time) evolution inequality posed in the half ball, under Dirichlet type boundary conditions. The involved elliptic operator is the sum of a Laplace differential operator and a Leray–Hardy potential with a singularity located at the boundary. Using a unified approach, we establish a sharp nonexistence result for the evolution inequalities and hence for the corresponding elliptic inequalities. We also investigate the influence of a nonlinear memory term on the existence of solutions to the Dirichlet problem, without imposing any restrictions on the sign of solutions.

Development and Validation of a 3-D Analytical Fluidic Model in Cartesian Coordinates for a Magnetic Refrigeration Application

This paper focuses on the development and validation of a three-dimensional (3-D) analytical model based on the formal resolution of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in Cartesian coordinates. This analytical fluidic model calculates the evolution of the fluid flow velocity for various pressure gradient shapes (i.e., square, trapezoidal, ramp, triangle, sinusoidal signals, etc.), with or without mean value, using Fourier series. The model can consider square and rectangular channels of any dimensions in terms of height, width, and depth. It allows for the study of different types of fluid flow and geometries. The introduction highlights the significance of analytical modeling, particularly in the context of Magnetic Refrigeration (MR) technologies. The model assumptions and governing equations are presented. The results obtained from the analytical model are validated and show good convergence with those obtained using the COMSOL Multiphysics® software. The comparison demonstrates a high level of agreement between the two models. The analytical model performs well in terms of computation time and accuracy. It will be coupled with an analytical thermic model and used to optimize Active Magnetic Regenerative Refrigeration (AMRR) cycles. The ultimate objective is to determine an optimal pressure gradient evolution in order to maximize heat exchange in a regenerator channel.

Evolution of the Spin Order in Hall Ferromagnets under the Strong Mixing of Landau Levels and at the Filling Factors 1 ≤ ν ≤ 2

An unconventional behavior of the spin order in strongly correlated two-dimensional electron systems based on MgZnO/ZnO heterostructures has been detected in the quantum limit at the filling factors 1 ≤ ν ≤ 2. Under the variation of the filling factor and the orientation of a magnetic field, inelastic light scattering spectra exhibit characteristic transformations of collective spin excitations, which indicate qualitatively different rearrangements of the spin configuration in the system: smooth depolarization at 1 < ν < 3/2 with the formation of spin textures and sharp ferromagnetic instability at a certain filling factor in the range 3/2 < ν ≤ 2. Comparison with the magnetotransport experiments reported in [J. Falson, D. Maryenko, B. Friess, et al., Nature Phys. 11, 347 (2015)] shows that the disappearance of spin textures under the variation of the field tilt angle correlates with the appearance of an incompressible state at ν = 3/2.

Online Professional Development Course Helps Secondary Educators Increase Their Confidence in Teaching Evolution to Religious Audiences

Students with religious beliefs often find it difficult to accept the theory of evolution. It is important that educators feel comfortable addressing student questions on the compatibility of evolution and religion. We designed an online professional development course that taught the foundational principles of both evolution and religion in order to assist secular and non-secular educators in helping their students overcome religious barriers to evolution. This course increased the confidence of science educators to help students resolve perceived conflict between evolution and religion. Utilizing a reconciliation model will help religious educators drive science acceptance.

Structural evolution of short-range order in CrCoNi and MnCoNi medium-entropy alloys

Structural evolution of short-range order in CrCoNi and MnCoNi medium-entropy alloys