Evil Twin Research Articles

Evil twins and WPA2 Enterprise: A coming security disaster?

WPA2 Enterprise is a suite of protocols for secure communication in a wireless local network and has become an essential component of virtually every enterprise. In many practical deployments of this technology, a device that authenticates with username and password is at risk of leaking credentials to fraudulent access points claiming to be the enterprise network (evil twins) that may be placed virtually anywhere. While this kind of vulnerability is well known to practitioners, we believe these issues deserve a fresh look because the current technological landscape has magnified the corresponding risks. Convergence of organizations toward single sign-on architectures in which a single set of credentials unlock access to all services of the organizations, coupled with the huge diffusion of wifi-enabled personal devices which often contain enterprise credentials and that connect to wifi networks automatically, have made attacks aimed at stealing network credentials particularly attractive to attackers and hard to detect. In this paper we intend to draw the attention of the research and technological community on this important yet, in our opinion, widely underestimated risk. We also suggest a direction for investigating practical solutions able to offer stronger security without requiring any overhaul of existing protocols.

Black Power in the Bluff City: African American Youth and Student Activism in Memphis, 1965–1975 by Shirletta J. Kinchen

Reviewed by: Black Power in the Bluff City: African American Youth and Student Activism in Memphis, 1965–1975 by Shirletta J. Kinchen Peniel E. Joseph Black Power in the Bluff City: African American Youth and Student Activism in Memphis, 1965–1975. By Shirletta J. Kinchen. (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2016. Pp. xii, 255. $49.95, ISBN 978-1-62190-187-7.) Historian Shirletta J. Kinchen's Black Power in the Bluff City: African American Youth and Student Activism in Memphis, 1965–1975 is an important contribution to the growing scholarship examining the Black Power movement's impact at the local and municipal level. Over the past two decades, a burgeoning field of historical studies has reimagined the breadth, depth, chronology, and geography of Black Power activism and, in the process, has forced scholars to reconsider narratives of the 1960s that posited the movement as the "'evil twin'" that destroyed civil rights (p. 9). On this score, Kinchen's superb book joins studies by Komozi Woodard, Winston A. Grady-Willis, and Yohuru Williams, among many others, that uncover previously hidden histories of Black Power–era radicalism by focusing on black political activism at the neighborhood level. In Memphis, Tennessee, after the April 4, 1968, assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. at the Lorraine Motel, Black Power developed at the local level through groups such as the Black Organizing Project (BOP) that stressed grassroots community organizing by appealing to young people dissatisfied with conventional civil rights groups such as the NAACP. Kinchen chronicles how young black activists in Memphis used the movement's rhetoric to initiate "a tactical change" away from civil rights in an ongoing effort to "redefine the struggle" (p. 51). The BOP sought to galvanize a local struggle, but one inspired by the national rhetoric of Black Power radical Stokely Carmichael and partly inspired by the programmatic vision of the Black Panthers, especially that group's focus on community control. [End Page 1061] Like the Black Lives Matter movement of today, the BOP served as a clearinghouse organization that attracted a number of youth groups, with membership spanning from high schools to local colleges. These groups included the Invaders, radical black activists in Memphis who approximated the swaggering image and politics of the Black Panthers. The Invaders initially broke into the national spotlight during the sanitation strike that drew King to the city and that featured violence, during a march, that authorities traced back to the group. Through antipoverty efforts such as the Neighborhood Organizing Project (NOP), Black Power activists tried to turn Memphis into a base of local and national political power in the wake of the King assassination. The project offered black history and art courses, civic lessons on politics, and outreach toward some of the city's poorest and most marginalized sectors of the black community. Plagued by controversy over the presence of the Invaders in the NOP, rumors that federal funds would be misused by black militants, and a lack of resources, the project never achieved its full potential. Black Power in the Bluff City's final two chapters shift focus from the city to the campus by examining the radicalization of black student groups at LeMoyne-Owen College and Memphis State University. Black students on both campuses, inspired by the national movement, organized Black Power groups that demonstrated, occupied buildings, confronted administrators over the racial climate on campus, pushed for black studies programs and departments, and called for more black students, faculty, and staff. While not achieving all of their demands, the students on both campuses paved the way for an increasing climate of racial justice in higher education and in the city. "Ultimately," Kinchen argues, "Black Power in Memphis in its different incarnations created a space for the youth and student activism that emerged in the period after the sit-in movement of the early 1960s" (p. 186). Black Power in the Bluff City reveals this argument and much more. Kinchen's invigorating local study of black youth activists in Memphis, the relationship between municipal politicians and the Invaders, and how the Black Organizing Project foundered on the shoals of a declining liberal appetite to transform urban centers is truly revelatory. This...

John Adams and the Fear of American Oligarchy by Luke Mayville, and: John Adams's Republic: The One, the Few, and the Many by Richard Alan Ryerson

Reviewed by: John Adams and the Fear of American Oligarchy by Luke Mayville, and: John Adams's Republic: The One, the Few, and the Many by Richard Alan Ryerson R. B. Bernstein (bio) John Adams and the Fear of American Oligarchy luke mayville Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016 232 pp. John Adams's Republic: The One, the Few, and the Many richard alan ryerson Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016 576 pp. Political thought and argument define a key genre of American literature during the life of John Adams (1735–1826). The two fine books [End Page 233] under review assist readers in transcending the time separating Adams from us, and in making his political thought accessible and worthy of study. Students of political thought adopt one of two approaches, as different as matter and antimatter. The first, associated with Leo Strauss, sees political thought as an unchanging argument going back to Plato and Aristotle and extending to our time. The second, associated with Quentin Skinner and J. G. A. Pocock and dubbed "the Cambridge school," emphasizes historical context—framing a political theorist's work in the contexts of its time and place, identifying the problems that then seemed pressing and understanding the solutions offered for those problems. We can draw on both approaches, recognizing enduring issues and problems while also recognizing historical peculiarities molding how political philosophers grappled with those issues and problems. These two excellent books show the value of such a nuanced and synthetic approach that recognizes enduring issues and problems while also heeding contexts shaping a political thinker's work. In the process, they give new weight, significance, and relevance to one of the Revolutionary era's most important political thinkers, John Adams. Too many scholars foreground Adams's character and personality at the expense of his thought; they also condemn him for his alleged lack of originality that entrapped him in his era's conventional political wisdom. By contrast, in a splendid article in the William and Mary Quarterly in 1968, Stephen G. Kurtz argued that Adams was intent on recovering, synthesizing, and passing on the past's amassed wisdom, enterprises ruling out originality or creativity. Though too many scholars have missed Kurtz's sound point, Luke Mayville and Richard Alan Ryerson do not. They call us to reconsider Adams then and now, the significance of his political thought in his time, and its continuing or rediscovered relevance in ours. Mayville, a postdoctoral fellow at Columbia University, focuses on recovering a central element of Adams's thought—his preoccupation with aristocracy and its evil twin, oligarchy. For Adams, classical political thought defined the most perceptive approach to understanding political thought and behavior and to devising political institutions; for Mayville, classical political thought is the jumping-off point for understanding Adams. Classical political thought posited three pure forms of government—monarchy, rule by one leader; aristocracy, rule by an elite few; and democracy, rule by the many. At their best, commitment to the [End Page 234] public interest undergirded these pure forms—but each form risked decaying into a corrupt form of government whose leaders would seek to secure their own interest at the polity's expense. Monarchy would decay into tyranny; aristocracy into oligarchy; and democracy into anarchy or ochlocracy (mob rule), either of which would be fertile ground for tyranny. Adams therefore sought to create a compound form of government blending elements of the pure forms—a republic comprising monarchic, aristocratic, and democratic elements. Classical political thought thus defines the context for Mayville's thoughtful and sensitive analysis of Adams's writings and of the scholarship devoted to him. Mayville shows us an Adams who makes sense in Straussian and Skinnerian terms as a political thinker seeking to solve enduring political problems within his historical context. To Adams, the American Revolution presented an exceptional opportunity for American constitution makers to apply the past's lessons. Adams taught that aristocracy and oligarchy are rooted in human nature, in what he called "the passion for distinction" actuating ambitious people. Therefore, Adams concluded, in constructing a constitutional system you must devise an institution for would-be aristocrats—a legislature's upper house—and then hedge it...

Gateway independent user-side wi-fi Evil Twin Attack detection using virtual wireless clients

Complimentary open Wi-Fi networks offered by most coffee shops, fast food restaurants and airports are inherently insecure. An attacker can easily deceive a wireless client (WC) by setting up a rogue access point (RAP) impersonating the legitimate access point (LAP), which is usually referred as Evil Twin Attack (ETA). To pass a victim's wireless data through to the Internet, an attacker may use the same LAP's gateway, or use a different gateway, such as broadband cellular connection. Most of the existing ETA detection techniques assume that the attacker will use a specific wireless network gateway to pass victim's wireless data. In this paper, we present a real-time client-side detection scheme to detect ETA regardless of the attacker's gateway selection. The proposed ETA detection system considers both ETA scenarios in parallel by creating two Virtual Wireless Clients (VWCs). The first VWC monitors multiple Wi-Fi channels in a random order looking for specific data packets sent by a server on the Internet. Meanwhile, the second VWC warns the WC when the wireless network uses two different gateways by switching from one AP to another in the middle of a secure connection. The effectiveness of the proposed detection method has been mathematically modeled, prototyped and evaluated in real-life environment with a detection rate close to 100%.

BLOATED BUSKINS: SENECA AND THE SATIRIC IDEA OF TRAGEDY

If satire is epic's ‘evil twin’, then tragedy is satire's ugly sister. Both epic and tragedy soar aloft in the stratosphere of the generic hierarchy, viewed humbly and from a distance by satire's pedestrian muse, who at the same time scoffs at their overblown irrelevance. Many of the same criticisms, often framed as back-handed compliments, are cast at both genres by their poor relation, but there are also distinctions. Epic, even if cloistered in an ivory tower, is constructed as sharing the impossible purity of that ivory, the better for its lofty and noble themes to be befouled, debased and perverted in the distorting mirror held up by its evil twin. Tragedy, however, is itself a perversion, ethically and aesthetically, a mishmash of vice and excess which is a natural target for satire, the self-appointed social policeman, but which also bears an uncomfortable resemblance to satire's own nature. Much work has been done in recent years on satire's engagement with and tendentious construction of tragedy, but very little on tragedy's reciprocal engagement with satire. The latter will be the focus of this article, approached from two, closely-related angles.

Considerations on Visible Light Communication security by applying the Risk Matrix methodology for risk assessment.

Visible Light Communications (VLC) is a cutting edge technology for data communication that is being considered to be implemented in a wide range of applications such as Inter-vehicle communication or Local Area Network (LAN) communication. As a novel technology, some aspects of the implementation of VLC have not been deeply considered or tested. Among these aspects, security and its implementation may become an obstacle for VLCs broad usage. In this article, we have used the well-known Risk Matrix methodology to determine the relative risk that several common attacks have in a VLC network. Four examples: a War Driving, a Queensland alike Denial of Service, a Preshared Key Cracking, and an Evil Twin attack, illustrate the utilization of the methodology over a VLC implementation. The used attacks also covered the different areas delimited by the attack taxonomy used in this work. By defining and determining which attacks present a greater risk, the results of this work provide a lead into which areas should be invested to increase the safety of VLC networks.

Pricier drug causes more pain in study participants

The placebo effect, in which people’s expectations lead them to experience the benefits of a treatment despite not receiving an active drug, has an evil twin: the nocebo effect. Scientists don’t know as much about this less pleasant effect, in which people’s negative expectations cause them to experience adverse side effects, mostly because of the ethical challenges of inducing bad outcomes on purpose. Yet both effects have the power to disrupt a treatment’s outcome or skew the results of clinical drug trials. In these psychological phenomena, many factors can influence a patient’s expectations, including a drug’s price tag. Through tests of people’s behavior and neurological activity, researchers at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf now show that more expensive drugs have stronger nocebo effects (Science 2017, DOI: 10.1126/science.aan1221). In the study, healthy participants were told they were involved in a test of two versions of a topical cream to treat eczema

Nora Unchained and “Margo Rising”

From 1983 to 2003 Francine Pascal’s hugely successful book series Sweet Valley High dominated the young adult publishing market. For the first decade of its life, Sweet Valley’s narrative form was as conventional as the politics it portrayed, but in 1993, with the publication of its one hundredth book, something changed. In this peculiar novel, SVH #100, The Evil Twin, as well as its 1995 sequel, SVH Magna Edition #6, Return of the Evil Twin, the franchise veered from its generic conventions and tried something new—or, more accurately, tried something equally cliched and formulaic but imported from a different genre, i.e., horror. This essay argues that the shift from romance to horror illuminates the troubling cultural and political assumptions that underpin the teenage romance and, as a consequence, threatens—and briefly manages—to subvert them.

Detection & Analysis of Evil Twin Attack in Wireless Network

Due to increasing demand of wireless internet access open Wi-Fi internet service is available at public places and secured Wi-Fi internet service is available at private/commercial places. Device can connect to any wireless access point by identifying only two identifier - the network name and MAC address of access point. The widespread use of wireless network gives rise of various security threat among which is Evil Twin Attack. The presence of such security threat in network causes significant loss of information. In this paper, we discussed Evil twin Attack and its effect in wireless network. We also discussed various solutions proposed by researcher. We present a very simple solution by considering certain ways of evil twin attack to detect Evil Twin Access Point to prevent attack. We have used RTT and number hops between client and server based technique and de-authentication detection between client and legitimate access point based technique.

This girl’s life: An autoethnography

This essay seeks to add to a growing awareness of transgender lives and narratives in management and organisational studies. It presents an often visceral and emotive autoethnographical account of the experience of being a non-binary transsexual in the United Kingdom to question whether it is possible to think gender without invoking the heterosexual matrix and being held to account by it. It also asks what may need to be done so that the abject and marginalised in society may have liveable lives rather than an otherwise unliveable life resulting from that matrix. It argues that transgender is often conflated in management research theoretically as queer or queer’s evil twin where the latter concept reduces trans lives to rigid, polarised positions in the matrix and stereotypes. The essay concludes by asking an open question, how we may organise so as to make lives liveable?

Detection of Rogue Access Point to Prevent Evil Twin Attack in Wireless Network

Detection of Rogue Access Point to Prevent Evil Twin Attack in Wireless Network

Mitigating Evil Twin Attacks in Wireless 802.11 Networks at Jordan

Mitigating Evil Twin Attacks in Wireless 802.11 Networks at Jordan

Secure Device Pairing Methods: An Overview

The procedure of setting up a secure communication channel among unfamiliar human-operated devices is called “Secure Device Pairing”. Secure binding of electronic devices is a challenging task because there are no security measures and commonly trusted infrastructure. It opens up the doors for many security threats and attacks e.g. man in middle and evil twin attacks. In order to mitigate these attacks different techniques have been proposed; some level of user participation is required in decreasing attacks in the device pairing process. A comparative and comprehensive evaluation of prominent secure device pairing methods is described here. The main motive of this research is to summarize the cryptographic protocols used in pairing process and compare the existing methods to secure the pairing devices. That will help in selecting best method according to the situation, as the most popular or easy method, instead they choose different methods in different circumstances.

Placebos, CAM and Healing: P+X+Y

Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com listening; being present; sharing decisions; and having the intention to heal [3,6,7]. Central to concepts of caring and healing is a sense of connection: to other people, as in a health care or CAM consultation, but also to nature and to spirituality. In addition, people who give or receive healing often mention ‘something else’, an indefinable, metaphysical quality that helps healing happen. Arthur Frank sees healing as ‘the rest’; “the possibility of becoming whole that remains even when nothing remains for curative medicine to do” [8]. The positivist science that underpins modern biomedicine is dismissive of most forms of CAM, and of healing. It insists on the use of placebo-controlled, randomised controlled trials (RCTs) as the only means of ‘proving’ whether a CAM intervention works or not, in spite of the fact that RCTs deliberately factor out all of the contextual factors that may be particularly critical to the efficacy of CAM interventions [9]. Not surprisingly then, in RCTs many CAM interventions do not produce an effect that is deemed satisfactory by biomedical science, and we are therefore told that they ‘do not work’, or that any effect they produce is ‘just a placebo effect’. In this article we explore the interrelationships between placebo effects, the specific effects of interventions, and caring and healing, and suggest that we need to combine the best of each to maximise benefits for our patients. Just a placebo effect The dismissal of CAM interventions as ‘just a placebo’ is interesting. The placebo effect, which has been investigated extensively [10-12] is not completely understood, but clearly involves a multitude of different factors. These include the manner of the interaction between the giver and receiver of health care, the context (both physical and cultural) in which the intervention is used, and the beliefs and expectations of both the therapist and their client [13]. It is also apparent that placebo effects, and their ‘evil twin’ nocebo effects, can be hugely important when it comes to the relief or worsening of symptoms like pain and depression. It has been calculated that 75% or more of the relief of pain and depression achieved with biomedicine can be attributed to the placebo effect (ibid). In other words, most of the value that conventional doctors provide in the treatment of many common conditions is ‘just a placebo effect’. Furthermore, Greville-Harris and colleagues have published evidence to suggest that nocebo effects are even more powerful than placebo effects, and that medical practitioners often unwittingly activate a strong nocebo effect during their well-meant clinical encounters [14]. So, if much biomedicine is ‘just a placebo’, and conventional doctors are often making their patients worse because of their lack of understanding of the nature and power of caring and human interactions, why be troubled by the fact that some CAM interventions may be ‘just a placebo’? Perhaps medical science should celebrate the ability of CAM practitioners to induce a powerful placebo effect, and seek to understand how both CAM and biomedical practitioners can induce placebo. The specific effect within CAM interventions

An interview with comic book writer Fred Van Lente

Fred Van Lente is the writer of the award-winning Action Philosophers comic book series and co-founder, with artist Ryan Dunlavey, of Evil Twin Comics. His credits include Conan, Magnus: Robot Fighter, Resurrectionists: Near Death Experience, Alpha Flight and The Incredible Hercules (with co-author Greg Pak), Marvel Zombies, The Silencers, Cowboys & Aliens (with co-author Andrew Foley), Archer and Armstrong, Amazing Spider-Man, Incredible Hulk: Season One, X-Men Noir, and Ivar, Timewalker. This interview explores the trajectory and evolution of his career in comics to date, collaboration as a key element of making comics, narrative franchises and ‘change’, comics history, and Jack Kirby.

Going to War on the Back of a Turtle: Creation Stories and the Laws of War in John Norton’s Journal

In the middle of his Journal (1810-16), John Norton breaks away from an account of his career as a Mohawk war chief to tell the story of the world's creation. The story seems out of place in a narrative that is otherwise occupied with diplomacy and warfare. Norton tells of an ancient mother, her fall and rescue by a turtle who rises from the deep to catch her, and finally the victory of her good grandson, Teharonghyawago, over his evil twin, Tawiskaron. Yet near the end Norton makes a surprising connection between the creation story and the military exploits in the rest of the Journal. The triumph of the good twin, he writes, illustrates an ethic of warfare that has guided the people in all of their conflicts, from ancient times to their present alliance with Great Britain. Teharonghyawago always assisted [the people] in their wars, when they were undertaken with he concludes (88). In Norton's retelling, this famous creation story, sometimes known as the earth-diver story, becomes a parable of war, a source of moral principles that explain and justify collective acts of violence. (1) It also becomes, in its concluding wisdom about the rights of war, an argument about the relationship between native and Western law. In using the phrase just Norton referenced a well-known formula from the European laws of war requiring that nations possess a valid casus belli, or cause of war, before engaging in hostilities. (2) Norton wrote his Journal at a time when many Western jurists, surveying the very wars in which Mohawks had fought, were expounding anew on the need for a cause for war. (3) Norton's creation story comes in a form radically different from most European writings on the topic, found usually in academic treatises or diplomatic conventions. Yet for all its dissimilarity, it reaches some of the same conclusions as European scholars, implying a hidden identity between indigenous and Western traditions. Norton's story hints that the Six Nations of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Confederacy may have answers to some of the most intractable problems of European diplomacy. In this essay, I consider the many creation stories retold in Norton's Journal, a magisterial account of Six Nations mythology and military history. I argue that throughout the book Norton portrays Six Nations stories as a source of ethical and legal norms that intersect at crucial points with the European laws of war. These intersections--seen, for example, in a common embrace of cause--support the broader claim, found throughout the Journal, that Native American nations are entitled to recognition from Western diplomats, not simply as dependent nations, but as equals under international law. For Six Nations leaders in Norton's era, there was an important link between the laws of war and diplomatic recognition. Norton wrote his Journal to support an appeal to the British Crown for land rights on behalf of the Six Nations of the Grand River. He composed most of it after 1810 and in 1816 deposited an unfinished copy with supporters in Great Britain, with hopes they would oversee its printing and distribution. (4) The book, which remained in manuscript until its publication by the Champlain Society in 1970, was part of a largely failed campaign to interest philanthropists and government leaders in the Mohawk cause, with the aim of creating a metropolitan base of support for the tribe. One of the many obstacles standing in Norton's way was the allegation of cruelties exercised by the fighting in the service of the British Crown (303). From the beginning of the American Revolution, propaganda on both the American and British sides had portrayed Indians as war criminals. (5) In the Declaration of Independence (1776), Thomas Jefferson had written that the Crown's Indian allies, among them Six Nations warriors, were merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions (431). …

Southern insights into Orient and Western Orientalisms

Orientalism? This is not another critique of Edward Said’s Orientalism. We know that there is still some space for further discussion on this matter and that there are still people wanting to engage with it, but this is not our concern here. Nevertheless, the term has become inescapable for people like us, researching into and teaching on Arab and Islamic contexts and topics – and even more so when our strategic location is constantly under surveillance in times of Islamophobia and Islamophilia, wary eyes asking if we are with Muslims or against them, or, in a more sophisticated way, with good Muslims or their evil twins, bad Muslims (Mamdani 2004). Strangely, and dangerously, our position regarding Islam – as a monolithic and petrified religion – is presumed to be part of our own academic identity. Said’s book or – as he wrote among other, very insightful things – his metabook – is timeless, both for good and for the wrong reasons. Here, however, we will be using the word ‘Orientalism’ in a narrow sense, referring to the production of humanities and social and cultural sciences on Arab and Islamic contexts and topics and, simply, discarding the nihilistic upshot of some post-Orientalist debates, assuming the political dimension of our researches and outputs. After all, and as Mitchell, appropriately out, Said’s main (and often misunderstood) simple question addressed in Orientalism was ‘How does one know the things that exist?’ and ‘To what extent are the “things that exist” constituted by the knower?’ (Mitchell 2003, referring to Said, 1978: 5). And even if he was neither the first to address this nor, for sure, the last, we need to state it for the sake of transparency and, ultimately and paradoxically, for the sake of science.

A client-side detection mechanism for evil twins

In this paper, we propose a client-based solution to detect “evil twin” attacks in wireless local area networks (WLANs). An evil twin is a kind of rogue Wi-Fi access point (AP) which has the same SSID name as a legitimate one and is set up by an attacker. After a victim associates his device with an evil twin, an attacker can eavesdrop sensitive data forwarded through the evil twin. Most existing detection solutions are administrator-based, which are used by wireless network administrators to verify whether a given AP is in an authorized list or not. Such administrator-based solutions are limited, hardly maintained, and difficult to protect users 24–7. Hence, we propose a client-based detection mechanism, called evil twin detector, to detect this type of attacks. An evil twin detector changes its wireless network interface card (WNIC) to monitor mode to capture wireless TCP/IP packets. Through analyzing captured packets, our detector allows client users to easily and precisely detect an evil twin, thus avoids threats created by evil twins. Our method does not need to know any authorized AP list, and does not rely on data training or machine learning technique. Finally, we implement a detecting system on Windows 7.

The Principle of the Malevolent Hiding Hand; or, the Planning Fallacy Writ Large

We identify and document a new principle of economic behavior: the principle of the Malevolent Hiding Hand. In a famous discussion, Albert Hirschman celebrated the Hiding Hand, which he saw as a benevolent mechanism by which unrealistically optimistic planners embark on unexpectedly challenging plans, only to be rescued by human ingenuity, which they could not anticipate, but which ultimately led to success, principally in the form of unexpectedly high net benefits. Studying eleven projects, Hirschman suggested that the Hiding Hand is a general phenomenon. But the Benevolent Hiding Hand has an evil twin, the Malevolent Hiding Hand, which blinds excessively optimistic planners not only to unexpectedly high costs but also to unexpectedly low net benefits. Studying a much larger sample than Hirschman did, we find that the Malevolent Hiding Hand is common and that the phenomenon that Hirschman identified is rare. This sobering finding suggests that Hirschman’s phenomenon is a special case; it attests to the pervasiveness of the planning fallacy, writ very large. One implication involves the continuing need to de-bias decisions and decision support tools like cost-benefit analysis; another is that accountability for decision makers, planners, and forecasters is required for such de-biasing to be effective and lasting.

Commuting mode choice in transit oriented development: Disentangling the effects of competitive neighbourhoods, travel attitudes, and self-selection

This research identifies the commuting mode choice behaviour of 3537 adults living in different types of transit oriented development (TOD) in Brisbane by disentangling the effects of their “evil twin” transit adjacent developments (TADs), and by also controlling for residential self-selection, travel attitudes and preferences, and socio-demographic effects. A TwoStep cluster analysis was conducted to identify the natural groupings of respondents’ living environment based on six built environment indicators. The analysis resulted in five types of neighbourhoods: urban TODs, activity centre TODs, potential TODs, TADs, and traditional suburbs. HABITAT survey data were used to derive the commute mode choice behaviour of people living in these neighbourhoods. In addition, statements reflecting both respondents’ travel attitudes and living preferences were also collected as part of the survey. Factor analyses were conducted based on these statements and these derived factors were then used to control for residential self-selection. Four binary logistic regression models were estimated, one for each of the travel modes used (e.g. public transport, active transport, less sustainable transport such as the car/taxi, and other), to differentiate between the commuting behaviour of people living in the five types of neighbourhoods. The findings verify that urban TODs enhance the use of public transport and reduce car usage. No significant difference was found in the commuting behaviour between respondents living in traditional suburbs and TADs. The results confirm the hypothesis that TADs are the “evil twin” of TODs. The data indicates that TADs and the mode choices of residents in these neighbourhoods is a missed transport policy opportunity. Further policy efforts are required for a successive transition of TADs into TODs in order to realise the full benefits of these. TOD policy should also be integrated with context specific TOD design principles.