Evidential Function Research Articles

Педагогическата компетентност на родителя – литературни прочити на лирически произведения за деца от Българското възраждане до 1944 г.

Abstract: The focus of this article is the pedagogical competence of the parent as reflected in children's literature, particularly in children's lyrics from the Bulgarian Renaissance to the end of World War II in 1944. The aim is to delineate at an intertextual level the image of the parent as a bearer and translator of values, pat¬terns of thinking and behaviour that are universal regardless of their contextual ex¬istence. The hypothesis is that transformations in the image, which are the result of cultural changes, give rise to modifications in the structure of parental peda¬gogical competence, while preserving basic elements in it, reflecting archetypal characteristics in the universal image of the parent. The analysis is made after a selection of lyrical texts by Bulgarian poets, in which they write on the themes of parenthood, the family world, motherhood, the family, the upbringing of children, patriarchal values, and traditions. The features of the artistic images, including that of the mother and the father, are highlighted, the linguistic and stylistic pecu¬liarities in the lyrical works are established. Quotations and examples are given from lyrical texts of children’s literature in Bulgaria, which serve an illustrative and evidential function. Keywords: parenting, pedagogical competence, children's literature, lyrical works.

On the co-optation of according to as an evidential in English

Abstract The use of according to + NP has rarely been the topic of any specialized research in relation to English evidentiality, although it would probably figure among the most frequent types of reportative evidentials found in written texts. One of the problems often associated with reportatives has related to the existence of the Reportative Exception (see, e.g. AnderBois 2014), referring to the fact that the speaker may not always subjectively endorse the proposition conveyed with the support of the evidential phrase. The present study reviews the history of according to + NP from Middle English onwards, after which it began to develop evidential functions, and shows how the tendency to reject the truth of the content of the proposition marked by according to + NP arose in specific contexts containing alternative information sources, comparison, or adversative clauses. It was shortly after the diachronic appearance of according to + NP in such contexts that the more periphrastic form, in accordance with + NP, began to renovate/renew the earlier, non-evidential meanings of according to + NP. The present study also attributes the development of according to + NP to a process of co-optation (e.g. Heine 2013) rather than grammaticalization.

Pronombre o adjetivo demostrativo o este… marcador del discurso: El uso del marcador del discurso este en el español de México

This paper aims to present observations on the pragmaticalized use as well as the concomitant functions of the demonstrative este in Mexican Spanish. Este seems to serve an additional range of functions in Mexican Spanish in particular, but also in other Hispanic American varieties, as it has turned into a quite productive discourse marker that can be considered, among other things, as a hesitation element, an outline signal, and probably also as an evidentiality marker. The specific functional domains (especially with regard to possible evidential functions) will be illustrated in more detail in the paper using oral language data from the speaker community of the southern Mexican city of Oaxaca de Juárez. The study also includes a sociolinguistically oriented quantitative analysis, the results of which will also be discussed in the context of language ideological attitudes towards este.

Evidentialität in autochthonen altgermanischen Schriftdenkmälern im Vergleich zur deutschen Gegenwartssprache

Abstract The paper presents a diachronically based concept of the evidential function in the language. It is argued for a specific discourse evidentiality of the oldest autochthonic German poetry which encoded not epistemic interpretations of outer sources of information, but rather a strong guarantee for the truth of reported events. The origins of this kind of evidentiality can be found both in ontogenesis of a given language, e. g. language acquisition, and in its phylogenesis.

Telling Details: Realism and the Evidential Paradigm: The Case of Manzoni

Taking as a point of departure the long-standing debate on the forms and function of description in realist writing, I reflect on the status accorded to details within literary descriptions in early nineteenth-century fiction. I argue that, in the movement towards realism, details—especially in character descriptions—acquire a new evidential function. They act as clues to be deciphered or symptoms to be interpreted by the reader within a system of signification that can be associated with the evidential paradigm, as defined by Carlo Ginzburg. The first section of the essay focuses on the changing function of details within literary descriptions between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and discusses, from different disciplinary perspectives, three examples of the epistemic shift that was brought about by the rise of the evidential paradigm. The second section of the essay takes Manzoni as a case study and focuses on the evidential function of details in I Promessi Sposi.

Прагматический потенциал цитации в новостном медиатексте

The citation in media discourse is ambivalent: on the one hand, it is an indicator of the objectivity of the text, on the other hand, the impact potential of the quotation itself is preserved, focused and enhanced under the influence of the context. The purpose of the article was to identify and describe the functional spectrum of a citation in a news brief message, the impact potential of which is minimal. Media acts containing quotes have been selected from news feeds. The linguopragmatic analysis showed that in addition to the already known factualizing, emotional, argumentative, suggestive and evidential functions, the quotation material increasingly performs a provocative function. It has been established that the quotation as a method of focusing on the opinion of an individual in the news text has expanded its pragmatic influence, and the quotation format is more common and deliberately used as a means of influence.

Communicative (inter-)action transcending the police investigative interview room

Police officers anticipate the evidential function and the absentaudience while interviewing and recording investigative interviews. Thisaudience consists of judges charged with taking procedural decisions based,among other things, on their reception of these written records. Qualitativestudies have revealed that interviewers use confrontational questions tocommunicate their doubt regarding the interviewee’s credibility to the audience,and that they formulate the questions in the written record more confrontationallythan in the actual interview for the same reason. However, so far, insufficientknowledge exists about the intended effect: Is the audience receptive to thepolice officer’s doubt when reading the written record? Our paper reportsan experiment testing the effects of this confrontational questioning style. Theresults show that there is, indeed, a communicative (inter-)action transcendingthe police investigative interview room: the audience is receptive to the policeofficer’s doubt transmitted via the questioning style reported in the writtenrecord

Funkcja dowodowa przesyłki niejawnie nadzorowanej.

n the article, the author presented some regulations by law which condition the execution of an offensive method of operational work, viz. a controlled delivery. He has referred to the recent amendments to the Code of Criminal Procedure which enable one to make use of this legal institution under the European Investigation Order. While elaborating on the essence of controlled delivery, he has underlined a series of advantages which result mainly from the evidential function assigned by the legislator thereto, due to which it becomes a very efficient tool for fighting against crime, and especially against organized crime. The author has shared an opinion that a sufficient legal basis for the use the materials collected during a special activity with controlled delivery in criminal proceeding is article 393 § 1 , sentence 1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Basing upon an analysis of controlled delivery, the author explicitly advocates the necessity of a close relationship between the results of operational work and criminal proceeding so as to reach the primary objective, namely, an efficient fight against crime.

The ‘general fact’ copula in Yolmo and the influence of Tamang

Abstract This paper examines the similarity of the Yolmo ‘general fact’ evidential and the ‘generic fact’ evidential in the Tamang dialect spoken in the valley of the Indrawati Khola. Yolmo òŋge is unlike any evidential attested in other Tibetic languages, but shares features with 1kha-pa in the local dialect of Tamang. Semantically, they both are used for situations that are generally known facts. Structurally, both are copulas with evidential functions that are formed using the lexical verb ‘come’. We argue that language contact between Tamang speakers of the Indrawati Khola area and Yolmo speakers in the Melamchi Valley led to the Yolmo language calquing the Tamang form. We illustrate these copulas and their relationship because grammaticalisation of copulas from a lexical verb ‘come’ is cross-linguistically uncommon.

Portraying the Pandemic: Analysis of Textual-Visual Frames in German News Coverage of COVID-19 on Twitter

ABSTRACT The novel coronavirus disease (SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19) resulted in a severe global pandemic in 2020. Amid the unprecedented health crisis, visuals play important roles in media framing and health crisis communication. This article provides one of the first analyses of textual-visual news concerning COVID-19 posted by two leading German newspapers on Twitter. Our objective is to integrate texts and visuals into framing analysis to better understand the multimodal news presentation of health crises. A quantitative content analysis of 2479 tweets examined nine news frames, among which politics and instructions, update information, economic impact and social impact presented more thematic salience. The semiotic signs of indexical, symbolic and iconic appeared in news visuals and served evidential, performative and illustrative functions. The results also detected recurrent news visuals in the color-clustered patterns. Notably, an alluvial diagram revealed the connections between textual frames and visual signs across three crisis phases. In recognizing the diverse roles of visuals in constructing mediated reality, this article demonstrates the value in the multimodal framing of health crises and suggests expanding our focus to risk cultures for future international comparative research.

Functions of Turkish evidentials in early child-caregiver interactions: a growth curve analysis of longitudinal data - CORRIGENDUM.

Functions of Turkish evidentials in early child-caregiver interactions: a growth curve analysis of longitudinal data - CORRIGENDUM.

Cognitive factive verbs across languages

In the last few years, the traditional analysis of know as a factive verb has been lively debated by linguists and philosophers of language: several scholars have pointed out that know may be used non-factively in ordinary language. The aim of the present study is to expand this inquiry to other cognitive factive verbs than know, such as discover, realize, etc., and to investigate cross-linguistically the question of whether know and other cognitive factive verbs may occur in non-factive contexts, that is, in contexts where it is clear that the embedded proposition is false. Moreover, we investigate whether so-called evidential uses of cognitive factive verbs are acceptable across languages. We administered an online survey to native speakers of nine different languages (English, French, German, Greek, Italian, Portuguese, Serbian, Spanish, and Swedish), and we found considerable cross-linguistic variation in the acceptability of the use of know and other cognitive factive verbs in non-factive contexts. For Italian and English, we put forward the claim that non-factive uses of cognitive factives instantiate a case of polysemy resulting from a process of semantic change that moves along a three-step pattern: from a factive sense to a more general non-factive sense to a non-factive sense characterized by an evidential function.

The Syntactic Role of Arabic Language on Accusative Adjunct in The Book Nashā'iḥul-‘Ibād: An Overview to The Grammar Role and Reference

<p>This research explains the categories and syntactic roles of Arabic in the book <em>Nashâ? Iħul-ʕIbâd</em> by Syekh Nawawi Al-Bantani based on the theory of roles and references grammar. This research is a descriptive qualitative with a purposive sampling method of presenting data that is separated from 112 data. The research method used in this study is the Agih method with basic techniques for direct elements using advanced techniques in the form of markup reading techniques on lingual element in Arabic grammar. The theory for determining the accusative adjunct markers of Arabic used is Valin's (1993) role and reference grammar theory using Kroeger's (2005) definition to look for core and peripheral elements in sentences. This research has found that the word categories of accusative adjunct can be the noun 'ism', the determiner 'muhaddad', the adjective 'naʕt', the adverb 'dharf', and the negation 'nafi', while the phrase category is the nominal phrase 'al-ʕibarah. al-ismiyyah ', the adverbial phrase 'al-ʕibarah adh-dharfiyyah ', and the adjective phrase' al-ʕibarah an-naʕʈiyyah '. In terms of the role of grammar syntax role and reference, adjunct can have any function as a clause modifier with evidential functions, as a core modifier with a function of manner, place, location, cause, and quantity, and also as a nucleus modifier with a affirmating function.</p>

Germination, early development, and creativity in the acquisition of the Yucatec Maya deictic system.

The Yucatec Maya language has a highly complex deictic system with interesting typological differences that in addition to demonstratives and locative adverbs also includes ostensive evidentials and modal adverbs. Given that deictic words are among the first that children produce, the aim of this study is to identify the early acquisition that Yucatec Mayan children follow to map out each deictic form. Deictic words taken from spontaneous, longitudinal, transversal corpora and Gaskins's (1990) field work annotations were labeled and analyzed. The results show that children begin by uttering protoforms mapped with prototypical functions of locative and modal adverbs, but the functions of both demonstratives and ostensive evidentials are expressed mostly with the same protoform, which is similar to the deictic organizations of other languages. When children become productive, they overextend functions, which demonstrates a reanalysis of the system before acquisition is complete.

The Introductive Baka/Bāki in Rural Palestinian Arabic

Abstract The article explores the structure and use of the existential verb baka in Rural Palestinian Arabic for the introduction of orientation sections and fragments in narrative discourse. In clause-initial position the existential verb presents a non-inflecting form, either the 3MSG perfect baka or the MSG active participle bāki. We argue that the noninflectability of baka and bāki is indicative of their syntactic detached-ness from the following unit and is explained by their discourse-disjunctive function. We show that the existential baka/bāki serves to introduce both narrative-initial and narrative-embedded orientation. It may initiate utterances containing simple nominals or whole clauses. The distribution of the specific patterns is determined, inter alia, by the genre of the narrative told. Finally, we propose that the preference of the participle bāki over baka in folktales and in less committed instances of personal narratives may be related to the evidential function of the active participle in the dialects under examination.

Evidentiality of court judgments in the People’s Republic of China: A semiotic perspective

Abstract Human cognition affects the result of symbolic activity. Evidentiality is a linguistic concept which encodes the source of information and expresses the attitude and confidence of speaker. This paper collects 31 judgments from the Supreme People’s Court (SPC) and local people’s courts in the People’s Republic of China (P.R.C) as the research corpus, and analyzes the evidentiality in four aspects: information source, lingual form, evidential function and speaker’s attitude of the information. It is found in this study that: 1) The information sources are divided into four types as cultural belief, sensory experience, verbal rumor and inferential hypothesis; 2) Lingual form consists of three categories: vocabulary, phrase and compound sentence; 3) Evidentiality in court judgments performs four functions: support with citation, induction with description, paraphrase with less responsibility and summarization with reasoning; 4) The reliability of evidentiality presents a two-tier structure based on different information sources. From the perspective of Peirce’s semiotics, the paper analyzes the judicial practice of court judgments with actual data and proposes some suggestions.

The use of hyperlinking as evidential practice in Danish online hate speech

Abstract Using data from readers’ comments to news articles from a national Danish newspaper, the article addresses the nature and function of hyperlinks as evidential practice in relation to xenophobic hate speech. Hyperlinks refer to the use of URL addresses to link to websites; hate speech is understood broadly as stigmatising discourse. Adopting a discursive approach to evidentiality that accounts for a range of phenomena including source of knowledge, participant roles, epistemic stance and interactional force, hate speech related hyperlinks and their evidential functions were identified. While not prevalent in number, hyperlinks serve to legitimise negative stances towards minority groups but also support counter speech targeting prejudicial views. Links can be used as part of processes of metaphorical shift and sarcasm as well as to provoke hate speech in comment threads. As URL addresses are frequently textual, they can have evidential functions independent of the material that they link to.

개정 형사소송법 하에서 실질적 진정성립 및 특신상태 요소의 증거법적 기능에 관한 전망

2020년 개정 형사소송법은 수사기관 작성 피의자신문조서의 증거능력 인정요건을 적법한 절차와 방식 및 내용인정으로 단일화하였다. 따라서 실질적 진정성립과 특신상태가 피의자신문조서에 대한 증거법적 평가 과정에 직접적으로 기능하기는 어렵게 되었다. 그러나 피의자신문조서의 증거능력과 증명력 평가에 적용되는 판단기준이 다양하고, 각 판단기준 간에 중첩되는 부분도 있어 실질적 진정성립과 특신상태가 피의자신문조서에 대한 증거법적 평가 과정에 간접적으로 기능할 여지는 있을 것으로 생각되었다. 이에 본연구는 피의자신문조서의 증거능력과 증명력에 관한 학설과 판례를 종합적으로 고찰하여, 개정 형사소송법 하에서 실질적 진정성립과 특신상태가 어떠한 증거법적 기능을 할지 전망해 보고자 하였다.<BR> 관련 학설과 판례를 고찰한바, 적법한 절차와 방식, 실질적 진정성립, 특신상태, 임의성 등 증거능력 인정요건의 판단기준이 되는 하위 구성요소가 다양하고 하나의 하위 구성요소가 둘 이상의 증거법칙과 연관되는 경우가 있다는 점, 증거능력 인정요건 중 진정성립, 특신상태 등은 증명력의 문제와 엄격히 구별되지 못하고 있다는 점 등을 확인할 수 있었다. 이와 같은 검토 결과 등을 토대로 본연구는 실질적 진정성립과 특신상태가 피의자신문조서에 대한 증거법적 평가 과정에 간접적으로 기능할 여지를 △ 법률상 다른 요건의 이름으로 기능할 가능성, △ 증명력 평가의 기준으로 기능할 가능성, △ 조사자 증언의 요건인 특신상태를 매개로 기능할 가능성, △ 탄핵증거 사용에 관한 절충점으로 기능할 가능성, △ 공판 내외 진술증거의 적정화 장치로 기능할 가능성 등으로 나누어 전망해 보았다. 아울러 두 가지 요건이 법률상 다른 요건의 이름을 기능할 경우 위반 효과가 미치는 범위, 증거동의의 허용 여부, 탄핵증거로의 사용 가능성 등에 있어 차이가 있을 수 있음을 전망하였다.<BR> 본연구에서의 전망은 대부분 현행 형사소송법 하에서도 존재하는 기능을 재확인한 것에 불과하지만, 개정 형사소송법의 시행을 앞둔 시점에서 두 가지 요건의 의미와 기능을 미리 음미해봄으로써 ‘실질적 진정성립과 특신상태는 더 이상 법률상 요건이 아니므로 수사와 재판에서의 고려사항이 아니다.’라는 인식에 신중을 기해야 함을 지적하고자 하였다.

Presupposition, assertion and the encoding of evidentiality in political discourse

The way linguistic messages are “packaged” in political discourse often reflects evidentially-based criteria and, notably, the intention of the politician to make his epistemic commitment more or less manifest in relation to the type of content proffered to the receiver. The present paper analyzes the evidential function of presupposition and assertion (apud Masia 2017) in a corpus of English, French and Italian political speeches, with the aim of highlighting how these units of information structure are strategically resorted to by politicians to modulate their commitment to more or less challengeable types of content. Data show that more challengeable content types (i. e. attacks and self-praises) are likely to be encoded as presupposition, which reduces the speaker’s commitment to their truth; in contrast, less challengeable content types (i. e. neutral/informative and stance-taking) are more likely to be asserted, with the speaker showing stronger commitment to their truth.

Incorporating knowledge uncertainty into species distribution modelling

Monitoring progress towards global goals and biodiversity targets require reliable descriptions of species distributions over time and space. Current gaps in accessible information on species distributions urges the need for integrating all available data and knowledge sources, and intensifying cooperations to more effectively support global environmental governance. For many areas and species groups, experts can constitute a valuable source of information to fill the gaps by offering their knowledge on species-environment interactions. However, expert knowledge is always subject to uncertainty, and incorporating that into species distribution mapping poses a challenge. We propose the use of the dempster–shafer theory of evidence (DST) as a novel approach in this field to extract expert knowledge, to incorporate the associated uncertainty into the procedure, and to produce reliable species distribution maps. We applied DST to model the distribution of two species of eagle in Spain. We invited experts to fill in an online questionnaire and express their beliefs on the habitat of the species by assigning probability values for given environmental variables, along with their confidence in expressing the beliefs. We then calculated evidential functions, and combined them using Dempster’s rules of combination to map the species distribution based on the experts’ knowledge. We evaluated the performances of our proposed approach using the atlas of Spanish breeding birds as an independent test dataset, and further compared the results with the outcome of an ensemble of conventional SDMs. Purely based on expert knowledge, the DST approach yielded similar results as the data driven SDMs ensemble. Our proposed approach offers a strong and practical alternative for species distribution modelling when species occurrence data are not accessible, or reliable, or both. The particular strengths of the proposed approach are that it explicitly accounts for and aggregates knowledge uncertainty, and it capitalizes on the range of data sources usually considered by an expert.