Evidence Of Reciprocity Research Articles

Banking Sector Controls and Financial Development

Financial development has received considerable attention in past literature. This study brings to light financial deepening in an all new angle by introducing banking sector controls as its possible determinants and that, to be considered for the Mauritian experience. A VECM is initially formulated to capture the long run effect of the different banking policies used, followed by a dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) estimation to cater for unknown small sample properties of a VECM. Causality tests are applied to highlight the appropriateness of the different policies imposed following results of their direction of causality. The outcome of the different techniques used point out towards a positive and significant relationship of the different policies, formulated as an index by way of principal component analysis (PCA). Based on the DOLS estimator, the evidence on interest rate restraints points out to ambiguous long run effects on the different indicators for financial development. Cash reserve requirement proves to deepen the financial system while statutory liquidity requirement and directed credit programmes show a negative interaction with financial development. Mostly one-way short run causality seems to run from the individual controls to financial development but there is some evidence of reciprocity.

Editorial: Good Vibrations: More Evidence of Reciprocity?

Photomedicine and Laser SurgeryVol. 25, No. 6 Editorial: Good Vibrations: More Evidence of Reciprocity?Raymond J. LanzafameRaymond J. LanzafameSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:25 Dec 2007https://doi.org/10.1089/pho.2007.9981AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB Permissions & CitationsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail "Editorial: Good Vibrations: More Evidence of Reciprocity?." , 25(6), pp. 465–466FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byPhotobiomodulation in Light of Our Biological Clock's Inner Workings Luis Santana-Blank and Elizabeth Rodríguez-Santana1 March 2018 | Photomedicine and Laser Surgery, Vol. 36, No. 3Physiologic Rhythms Responding to Low-Level Electromagnetic and Mechanical Signals: The Joule Equivalence Principle Luis A. Santana-Blank and Elizabeth Rodríguez-Santana28 August 2008 | Photomedicine and Laser Surgery, Vol. 26, No. 4 Volume 25Issue 6Dec 2007 InformationMary Ann Liebert, Inc.To cite this article:Raymond J. Lanzafame.Editorial: Good Vibrations: More Evidence of Reciprocity?.Photomedicine and Laser Surgery.Dec 2007.465-466.http://doi.org/10.1089/pho.2007.9981Published in Volume: 25 Issue 6: December 25, 2007PDF download

Regulatory Transplantation Tolerance and “Stemness”: Evidence That Foxp3 May Play a Regulatory Role in SOCS-3 Gene Transcription

Immune self-tolerance is controlled by a subset of T lymphocytes that are regulatory (Treg) and epigenetically programmed to suppress autoreactive immune effector cells in vivo. Treg require expression of Foxp3, a transcription factor that not only represses the interleukin-2 gene promoter, but also sequesters key mediators of T-cell signal transduction by complexing with cytoplasmic NFAT and NFkappaB. We have discovered that expression of Foxp3 is linked to two stem cell-related factors, namely leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and axotrophin. Because both LIF and axotrophin each influence Foxp3, we now ask if reciprocal cross-talk occurs; for example, does Foxp3 in turn influence LIF and/or axotrophin? We compared the effect of wt-Foxp3 versus mutant DeltaE251-Foxp3, which lacks transcriptional activity, on transcript levels of axotrophin, LIF, and suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS-3; a feedback inhibitor of LIF) in the Jurkat human T-cell line. Unexpectedly, a 50-fold increase in SOCS-3 transcripts occurred in the DeltaE251-Foxp3 cells, coincident with a dramatic decrease in LIF transcription. This implies that, either directly or indirectly, transcription of SOCS-3 is negatively regulated by wt-Foxp3. Suppression of SOCS-3 by Foxp3 would support a model wherein Foxp3 promotes LIF signaling in Treg and is further evidence of reciprocity between Foxp3, LIF, and axotrophin.

Cooperation in the Cockpit: Evidence of Reciprocity and Trust Among Swiss Air Force Pilots

Cooperation between workers is important for firms. Cooperation can be maintained through positive or negative reciprocity between workers. In an environment where cooperation yields high efficiency gains negative reciprocity may, however, result in high costs for firms. Therefore positive reciprocity should be prevailing in these environments. To test this assumption we conduct experiments with Swiss Air Force pilots and a student reference group. We find that pilots' cooperation is based on stronger positive reciprocal behaviour. We conclude that Swiss Air Force pilots maintain team-work with high levels of positive reciprocity, regardless of the identity of their partner.

A General Model of Strategic Reciprocation

There remains a discrepancy between experimental conceptualizations of reciprocity and evidence of reciprocity in real-world negotiation interactions. This paper outlines these discrepancies and proposes a general model of reciprocity that gives a single account of the discrepancies found in research findings. Drawing on social interactionist theory and social identity theory, the model proposes that an individual's decision to reciprocate is governed by a contextual appraisal consisting of three strands: individual's attitudinal response to the situation, their evaluation of the other's likely objectives, and the situational constraints in which they find themselves. The strands constitute an individual's internal response to the situation, which combine to form their overall intention to and subsequent action to reciprocate or otherwise. The various components of the model, and the relationships among these components, is supported with research from a range of negotiation settings.

The poverty game and the pension game: The role of reciprocity

We examine the force of the reciprocity norm in gift giving experiments in which mutual gift giving is efficient but gifts are individually costly. Our main result is that we find almost no evidence for reciprocity. Gifts supplied are unrelated to gifts received. This applies equally to the Poverty Game (player 1 gives to player 2, player 2 gives to player 1) and the Pension Game (player 2 gives to player 1, player 3 gives to player 2, player 4 gives to player 3, etc.). Nevertheless, we do find substantial levels of gift giving. Furthermore, these levels are higher in the Pension Game than in the Poverty Game. PsycINFO classification: 3020; 3040

Testing Alternative Models of Reciprocity Against Interaction During the Cold War

Three models of reciprocity–simple, trend, and comparative–are applied to events data which describe interaction between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. The comparative reciprocity model–which predicts that change in each actor's behavior will be based on prior differences in the rivals' actions–received the greatest, although limited, support. There was little agreement in the results of the three reciprocity models for specific years. Overall, while there is some evidence of reciprocity when using either the simple reciprocity or the comparative reciprocity model, reciprocity does not appear to have been a robust process in U.S.-Soviet interaction. It tended to occur most often at times of high tension and conflict.

Role of nonverbal behaviors in modifying expectancies during initial encounters

Patterns of nonverbal influence and information processing are examined in terms of assimilation and accommodation within the expectancy violations framework. Persons may assimilate observed behavior to fit with their preexisting knowledge structure about another or modify the knowledge structure to accommodate new information. Subjects were designated as perceivers or targets and engaged in a five‐minute interaction. Perceivers were led to believe that their interaction partner was either friendly or unfriendly or perceivers were given no information about the partner's level of friendliness. There was slight evidence of reciprocity as well as accommodation of preinteraction expectancies for unfriendly‐expectancy perceivers as revealed by post‐interaction ratings of target's attraction that were correlated with the unfriendly‐condition target's display of involvement behaviors.

The role of the Philadelphia translocation in chronic myelocytic leukemia.

textabstractDuring the last two decades evidence for a close association between the presence of specific chromosomal abnormalities and the occurrence of several types of cancers and leukemias has accumulated. The Philadelphia (Ph 1) translocation, present in about 90% of the patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), is one of the most typical and best documented examples of such an aberration. Usually this translocation involves chromosome 9 and 22: t(9;22)(q34;q11). The translocation products are designated 9q+ and 22q-. Variant translocations involving an array of translocation sites different from 9 have been described as well, but chromosome 22 is always involved. So far, no clear indications were found for the possible role played by this highly specific chromosomal aberration in the etiology of CML. Moreover, results concerning the exact nature of the Ph1 translocation, obtained by different investigators using different techniques, appeared to be contradictory. In this thesis the application of somatic cell hybridization and gene segregation analyses to these questions has been described. Rodent cells (fibroblasts) were fused with human Ph1 positive leucocytes and, subsequently, hybrid cell 1 ines were isolated. These hybrids appeared to segregate human chromosomes, including the Ph1 translocation products. The segregation of genes, previously assigned to the regions of the chromosomal breakpoints, was studied together with the segregation of the relevant human (translocation) chromosomes. Several genes on chromosome 22 were found to be translocated to the 9q+ chromosome which confirmed, on a molecular level, the translocation of chromosome 22 materia] to chromosome 9. Another gene on chromosome 22 (immunoglobulin A 1 ight chain) stayed on the Ph1 chromosome (22q-). One gene on chromosome 9 (c-abl) appeared to be translocated to 22q-. This latter result provided unequivocal evidence for reciprocity of the Ph 1 translocation. No apparent differences in chromosomal breakpoints could be revealed in the different CML patients used for analysis and no evidence was found for loss of chromosomal material {genes) as a result of the Ph 1 translocation. The clonal origin of the Ph 1 translocation in CML was confirmed using a chromosome 9 encoded polymorphic enzyme (AKI).

Direct connections of the hippocampus with the retrosplenial cortex in rats

Connections of the retrosplenial cortex with the hippocampus in rats were investigated by the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). If a crystal of HRP was introduced into the dorsocaudal part of the retrosplenial cortex, HRP-labeled cells were found in the rostral pole of hippocampal area CA3 and in the presubiculum. After iontophoretic injection of HRP into the rostral pole of the hippocampus, HRP-labeled cells were found in layers V and VI of the retrosplenial cortex and in the presubiculum. The results are evidence of reciprocity of direct connections between the rostral pole of the hippocampus and the retrosplenial cortex, and also of the existence of direct efferents of the dorsal subiculum to the rostral pole of the hippocampus.

Recovery cycles of visual cortical primary responses during pharmacological and electrical intervention on monoaminergic systems of the rat brain

1. High-frequency (500 Hz) electrical stimulation of serotoninergic (5-HTE) or noradrenergic (NAE) brain systems (the nuclei raphe or locus coeruleus respectively) shortens the duration and reduces the depth of the phase of relative areactivity in recovery cycles of primary visual cortical responses in rats. 2. Potentiation of the activity of 5-HTE or NAE systems with the aid of drugs has a similar effect. 3. Combined (pharmacological and electrical) action on the activity of the monoaminergic systems is accompanied by changes in recovery cycles of primary responses, evidence of reciprocity of functional relations between the 5-HTE and NAE systems of the brain.

Selective Attention in Hearing and Vision

Two experiments employed dichotic listening and a visual analogue of dichotic listening. Detection of signals on a nonattended channel deteriorated for both modalities as the signal rate increased. However, deterioration in the primary task, vocal shadowing, was greater for auditory presentations. A third study showed that modality differences disappeared when shadowing difficulties were equated. In addition, it was argued from experiments 1 and 2 that increasing signal rate led to an increase in the selectivity of attention. At the point where shadowing began to deteriorate there was evidence of reciprocity or trading relations between primary and secondary tasks.