Evidence Of Mean Reversion Research Articles

STOCHASTIC CONVERGENCE ACROSS U.S. STATES

Unit root tests suggest that shocks to relative income across U.S. states are permanent, which contradicts the stochastic convergence hypothesis. We suggest that this finding is due to the well-known low-power problem of unit root tests in the presence of high persistence (i.e., low speed of convergence) and small samples. First, interval estimates of the largest autoregressive root for the relative income in the 48 U.S. contiguous states are quite wide, including many alternatives that are persistent but stable. Second, interval estimates of the half-life of relative income shocks that are robust to high persistence and small samples suggest that in most cases shocks die out within zero to ten years. Third, estimation of a fractionally integrated model for the relative income process suggests strong evidence of mean reversion in the data. These findings provide ample support for the stochastic convergence hypothesis.

Long Memory in US Real Output Per Capita

This paper analyses the long memory properties of quarterly real output per capita in the US (1948Q1-2008Q3) using non-parametric, semi-parametric and parametric techniques. The results vary substantially depending on the methodology employed. Evidence of mean reversion is obtained in a parametric context if the underlying disturbances are weakly autocorrelated. We also examine the possibility of a structural break in the data and the results indicate that there is a slight reduction in the degree of persistence after the break that is found to occur in the second quarter of 1978.

Housing market dynamics: Evidence of mean reversion and downward rigidity

House prices often exhibit serial correlation and mean reversion. Using two large panel datasets, this paper analyzes the price dynamics in two significantly different types of markets, cyclical (or volatile) and non-cyclical (or tame), by applying an autoregressive mean reversion (ARMR) model. Our results show that cyclical markets have larger AR coefficients than non-cyclical markets. As a result, house prices in cyclical markets tend to have larger price cycles. We also find that the upward periods have larger AR coefficients than the downward periods. This demonstrates that house prices are likely to overshoot the equilibrium in appreciating markets while experiencing downward rigidity during periods of decline. The model developed in this paper can produce a forecast with rich house price dynamics across markets. Our results can also be used to determine how house prices in overvalued markets will ultimately adjust.

Long Memory in US Real Output per Capita

This paper analyses the long memory properties of quarterly real output per capita in the US (1948Q1 - 2008Q3) using non-parametric, semi-parametric and parametric techniques. The results vary substantially depending on the methodology employed. Evidence of mean reversion is obtained in a parametric context if the underlying disturbances are weakly autocorrelated. We also examine the possibility of a structural break in the data and the results indicate that there is a slight reduction in the degree of persistence after the break that is found to occur in the second quarter of 1978.

Unit roots and structural breaks in PNG macroeconomic time series

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the time series properties of 26 macroeconomic variables in Papua New Guinea (PNG) over the period 1970‐2006.Design/methodology/approachBoth unit root and stationarity tests without a structural break and the Lagrange Multiplier (LM) unit root test with one and two structural breaks developed by Lee and Strazicich are applied to each of the 26 macroeconomic variables in PNG. Compared to popular ADF‐type endogenous unit root tests such as those proposed by Zivot and Andrews and Lumsdaine and Papell, the LM unit root test with one and two structural breaks has the advantage that it is unaffected by breaks under the null.FindingsThe unit root and stationarity tests without structural breaks find at best mixed evidence of mean reversion and/or trend reversion for most variables. This result is likely to reflect the failure of these tests to allow for structural breaks, given the power to find stationarity declines if the data contain a structural break that is ignored. When the LM unit root test with one and two structural breaks is applied, it is found that at least 23 of the 26 macroeconomic variables are trend stationary.Originality/valueThe time series properties of macroeconomic variables have important implications for several macroeconomic theories. There are, however, few studies of the time series properties of macroeconomic variables in developing countries and no comprehensive studies for any of the Pacific Island countries. This paper begins to fill this gap as the first to provide a systematic examination of the time series properties of macroeconomic variables in Paua New Guinea.

Mean Reversion in US and International Short Rates

In this paper we extend the CKLS one factor short rate model to include extreme value nonlinear mean reversion. Similarly to a recent stock market study, we include the smallest short rate during the previous year in the mean equation. We investigate the US and five other major markets (Canada, Germany, Japan, Switzerland, and the UK). There is extreme value mean reversion in the US short rate. For Japan there is both linear and nonlinear mean reversion. For the remaining short rates there is no evidence of mean reversion.

Real GDP growth rates across countries: long memory and mean shifts

This article deals with the analysis of the long memory property in the growth rates of the real GDP series across various countries, allowing for a mean break at an unknown period of time. We use a procedure suggested by Hsu and Kuan (1998, 2000) and the results show that the mean break takes place at 1933 for the UK, at 1944 for the US and at 1946 for Germany and Japan. The order of integration seems to be around zero for Germany and Japan; it is slightly positive for the UK, and negative for the US. Thus, we only obtain some evidence of mean reversion in the real GDP series for the case of the US.

Makroökonomische Nachrichten und die Reaktion des 15-Sekunden-DAX: Eine Ereignisstudie zur Wirkung der ZEW-Konjunkturprognose / Announcement of Business Cycle Forecasts and the Reaction of the German Stock Market

Summary We study the response of the German stock market index DAX to the announcement of macroeconomic business cycle forecasts. Returns are computed using high-frequency data observed for 15-second intervals. Publications of macroeconomic US indicators at 2:30 p.m. (CET) have temporary and opening of the New York Stock Exchange at 3:30 p.m. (CET) have permanent effects on the volatility of the German DAX. Moreover, the intraday volatility of the DAX index has a U-shaped form, which has also been identified for other international stock markets. Major reactions of both returns and volatility occur within the first 15 to 60 seconds after the announcement, revealing a high efficiency of the German capital market. Unanticipated shocks cause asymmetric stock market returns: “good” news lead to more pronounced reactions than “bad” news. Moreover, there is evidence of mean reversion and calm-before-thestorm effects. Finally, serial correlation of returns is found to be a potentially spurious result of non-anticipated announcements of macroeconomic news.

Announcement of Business Cycle Forecasts and the Reaction of the German Stock Market

Summary: We study the response of the German stock market index DAX to the announcement of macroeconomic business cycle forecasts. Returns are computed using highfrequency data observed for 15-second intervals. Results reveal immediate stock market reactions. Major reactions involving both returns and volatility occur within the initial 15 to 60 seconds after the announcement. Unanticipated shocks cause asymmetric stock market returns: ‘good’ news leads to more pronounced reactions than ‘bad’ news. Moreover, there is evidence of mean reversion and calm-before-the-storm effects. Finally, serial correlation of returns is found to be a potentially spurious result of non-anticipated announcements of macroeconomic news.

Testing the stabilization hypothesis in the UK short-term interest rates: Evidence from a GARCH-X model

The objective of this paper is to examine the validity of one of the recurring arguments made against futures markets that they give rise to price instability. The paper concentrates on the impact of futures trading on the spot market volatility of short-term interest rates. The analytical framework employed is based on a new statistical approach aiming to reconcile the traditional models of short-term interest rates and the conditional volatility processes. More specifically, this class of models aims to capture the dynamics of short-term interest rate volatility by allowing volatility to depend on both scale effects and information shocks. Using a GARCH-X and asymmetric GARCH-X model four main conclusions emerge from the present study. First, the empirical results suggest that there is an indisputable change in the nature of volatility with evidence of mean reversion after the onset of futures trading. Second, the information flow into the market has improved as a result of futures trading. Third, a stabilization effect has been detected running from the futures market to the cash market by lowering volatility levels and decreasing the risk in the spot market. Finally, trying to capture the leverage effect the findings suggest that positive shocks have a greater impact on volatility than negative shocks.

Do firm sizes and profit rates converge? Evidence on Gibrat's Law and the persistence of profits in the long run

Three panel unit root tests are applied to a 31-year firm size, growth and profit rate data set for 96 large, quoted UK firms. All tests reject the unit root null for log size if the Augmented Dickey Fuller autoregressions exclude a linear time trend. If a linear trend is included, the results are more ambiguous and appear to differ systematically between tests. The view that firm growth is either random or near-random does not receive unequivocal support in all tests. There is however strong and consistent evidence of mean-reversion in profit rates.

Hysteresis and non-linearities in unemployment rates

This study tests whether there is evidence of mean reversion in unemployment rates using the recently developed unit root test of Kapetanios et al. (2003). In this framework, the null hypothesis of a unit root process is tested against the alternative of a globally stationary exponential smooth transition autoregressive process. Applying the test to monthly data for Australia, Canada, Finland, Sweden and the USA, it is concluded that unemployment hysteresis finds less support when non-linearities are allowed for compared to the benchmark of using a standard Augmented Dickey–Fuller test.

Mean reversion versus random walk in G7 stock prices evidence from multiple trend break unit root tests

This paper provides evidence on the random walk hypothesis in G7 stock price indices using unit root tests which allow for one and two structural breaks in the trend. Of the seven countries we find, at best, evidence of mean reversion in the stock price index of Japan. Thus, overall, our results support the random walk hypothesis. We also consider the implications of the identified structural breaks for movement in stock prices over time. Our main conclusion from this exercise is that the second break in stock prices has had a detrimental effect on movements in stock prices in the G7 countries.

LONG MEMORY AND PERSISTENCE IN DOLLAR-BASED REAL EXCHANGE RATES

A common view among recent studies on purchasing power parity is that the post-Bretton Woods period is far too short to reveal any significant parity reversion in individual series of real exchange rates. The answer depends on the statistical techniques being used. This study uses alternative econometric time-series technique, which does not require long sample sizes, and reports strong evidence of mean reversion in dollar-based real exchange rates. Further analysis of the estimated impulse responses indicates that the persistence in real exchange rate changes is difficult to detect because the short and long run dynamics interact in such a way that the impulse response weights exhibit a rapid decay.

Dynamics of Growth and Profitability in Banking

Dynamic panel and cross-sectional regressions are used to estimate growth and profit equations for a sample of commercial, savings, and co-operative banks from five major European Union countries during the mid-1990s. Methodologically, the paper unifies the growth and profit strands in the previous empirical literature. The growth regressions reveal little or no evidence of mean-reversion in bank sizes. Profit is an important prerequisite for future growth. Banks that maintain a high capital-assets ratio tend to grow slowly, and growth is linked to macroeconomic conditions. Otherwise, there are few systematic influences on bank growth. The persistence of profit appears higher for savings and co-operative banks than for commercial banks. Banks that maintain high capital-assets or liquidity ratios tend to record relatively low profitability. There is some evidence of a positive association between concentration and profitability, but little evidence of a link between bank-level x-inefficiency and profitability.

Quasi-maximum likelihood estimates of Kiwi short-term interest rate

This paper examines various short-term interest rate models in New Zealand. We estimate ten stochastic models of short-term interest rates using Quasi-maximum Likelihood Estimation. All models examined allow the conditional mean (drift) and conditional variance (diffusion) to be functions of the current short rate. We find no evidence of mean reversion but strong evidence of the need for the volatility of interest rate changes to be highly sensitive to the level of the Kiwi short rate. Specifically, we find the conditional volatility of the Kiwi short rate is monotonically increasing with a convex shape. We also find that the dependence of the conditional volatility of the Kiwi short rate on the level of the interest rate is significantly higher than is generally assumed by the traditional models. Finally, we find that the AS model outperforms all remaining nine models, the CKLS beats seven models, except for the CEV model, whereas the CEV beats the GBM, Dothan, and the CIR VR.

Mean reversion of size‐sorted portfolios and parametric contrarian strategies

Evidence of mean reversion in U.S. stock prices during the post‐World War II era is mixed. I find that using the standard portfolio formation method to construct size‐sorted portfolios is inadequate for detecting mean reversion. Using alternative portfolio formation methods and additional cross‐sectional power gained from size‐sorted portfolios during the period 1963 to 1998, I find strong evidence of mean reversion in portfolio prices. My findings imply a significantly positive speed of reversion with a half‐life of approximately three and a half years. Parametric contrarian investment strategies that exploit mean reversion outperform buy‐and‐hold and standard contrarian strategies.

Mean-Reversion Across MENA Stock Markets: Implications for Derivative Pricing

This paper investigates the mean reversion patterns in MENA stock markets. Following Fama and French (1988) and Lo and Mackinlay (1988) and using recent stock market data between 1995 and 2000 on Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, and Turkey we find evidence of mean reversion in Turkey with mixed results for the remaining MENA stock markets. The paper then introduces a non-parametric model to estimate the reverting mean and speed of reversion. The highest reverting mean is noted for Turkey, followed by Egypt, then Morocco, with Jordan ranking last. Monte Carlo simulations show consistent increases in the volatility of MENA stock returns as the speed of reversion slows. Our results have an important bearing on the pricing of equity derivatives in MENA and are useful for investors employing tactical asset allocation strategies.

The behaviour of relative prices in the European Union: A sectoral analysis

Using multivariate unit root test methods, this paper investigates the Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) hypothesis at the sectoral level across six European countries over the last 17 years. Evidence of mean reversion towards PPP is found for the relative prices of some sectors and countries. Mean reversion in relative prices is explained by cross-country and cross-sectoral characteristics such as the distance between countries, nominal exchange rate volatility, differences in GDP per capita, non-tariff barriers, research and development, advertising, industrial concentration and tradeability of the products.

Intraday and Interday Basis Dynamics: Evidence from the FTSE 100 Index Futures Market

We examine the intraday and interday dynamics of both the level of and changes in the FTSE (Financial Times-Stock Exchange) 100 index futures mispricing. Like numerous previous studies we find significant evidence of mean reversion and hence predictability in mispricing changes measured over high (minute-by-minute) and low (daily) frequencies. Contrary to other studies we show explicitly that for high-frequency data, this predictability is due not to microstructure effects but to arbitrage activity. Using a threshold autoregressive model that is consistent with arbitrage behavior, we show that such models imply first-order autocorrelation in mispricing changes similar in magnitude to that actually observed. For low-frequency data, we show that predictability is driven neither by arbitrage activity nor by microstructure effects. Rather, it is a statistical illusion that is the result of overdifferencing a trend-stationary series.