Evidence Of Health Problems Research Articles

Monitoring and investigating the alpha emitter’s concentration in toothpaste and teeth, using CR-39 NTDs

ABSTRACT Toothpaste has importance in environmental and biological studies because of its daily usage by humans and its ability to transport radon gas to the teeth when this sample contains radiation like alpha particles; therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine and measure the concentration of radon concentration (alpha particles) emitters from the toothpaste samples with the impact of radioactivity in the toothpaste on the teeth and transfer this effect to the teeth of the volunteer, by using CR-39 NTDs and natural method (passive method) and PVC tube. The alpha emitter’s concentration in the toothpaste samples varies from 0.3557 to 0.7193 ppm and in teeth samples from 0.0089 ppm to 0.0161 ppm. The results showed that the radon concentration in toothpaste samples was lower than the global permissibility limiting of exposure to radon 200 Bq m−3 and the average annual effective dose in the studied samples was in the range of about (1.837 mSvy−1), which was below range (3–10 mSvy−1) reported by the ICRP (1993). Therefore, there is no evidence of health problems and human teeth in safe. A significant strong positive correlation was found (r = 1, p < 0.000) between the concentrations of alpha emitters in toothpaste and in teeth, depending on the volunteer’s age, the allergic reaction of the body to radiation because the concentrations of alpha emitters increase with an increase in age.

Determination The Infertility by Impacts of Alpha Emitters on Women Urine

This research describes of the results that have been obtained from alpha particles after carrying out the present study. The study was conducted on 30 urine samples taken from women, who were either infertile, had weak fertility or had uterus tumor. The age of those women ranged between (21 - 43) years. The results showed that the low level of alpha emitters and the higher level of alpha emitters, values calculated in 20 ml of female urine samples were 0.726 ppm in Sedakan and 0.065 ppm in Shorsh respectively. Thus, these areas don't represent a source of danger to human life. This denotes that there is no evidence of health problems. Significant difference found in participants’ laboratory outcomes between Erbil and Sulaymania. Significant correlations (p &lt; 0.001) found between participants’ demographic data and their laboratory outcomes.

Emergency Medical Teams' Responses during the West Japan Heavy Rain 2018: J-SPEED Data Analysis.

Rainfall-induced floods and landslides accounted for 20.7% of all disaster events in Japan from 1985 through 2018 and caused a variety of health problems, both directly and indirectly, including injuries, infectious diseases, exacerbation of pre-existing medical conditions, and psychological issues. More evidence of health problems caused by floods or heavy rain is needed to improve preparedness and preventive measures; however, collecting health data surrounding disaster events is a major challenge due to environmental hazards, logistical constraints, political and economic issues, difficulties in communication among stakeholders, and cultural barriers. In response to the West Japan Heavy Rain in July 2018, Emergency Medical Teams (EMTs) used Japan - Surveillance in Post-Extreme Emergencies and Disasters (J-SPEED) as a daily reporting template, collecting data on the number and type of patients they treated and sending it to an EMT coordination cell (EMTCC) during the response. The aim of the study was to conduct a descriptive epidemiology study using J-SPEED data to better understand the health problems during floods and heavy rain disasters. The number and types of health problems treated by EMTs in accordance with the J-SPEED (Ver 1.0) form were reported daily by 85 EMTs to an EMTCC, where data were compiled during the West Japan Heavy Rain from July 8 through September 11, 2018. Reported items in the J-SPEED form were analyzed by age, gender, area (prefecture), and time period. The analysis of J-SPEED data from the West Japan Heavy Rain 2018 revealed the characteristics of a total of 3,617 consultations with the highest number of consultations (2,579; 71.3%) occurring between Day 5 and Day 12 of the 65-day EMT response. During the response period, skin disease was the most frequently reported health event (17.3%), followed by wounds (14.3%), disaster stress-related symptoms (10.0%), conjunctivitis (6.3%), and acute respiratory infections (ARI; 5.4%). During the response period, skin disease was the most frequently reported health event, followed by wounds, stress, conjunctivitis, and ARIs. The health impacts of a natural disaster are determined by a variety of factors, and the current study's findings are highly context dependent; however, it is expected that as more data are gathered, the consistency of finding will increase.

FROM EMERGENT TO INNOVATIVE RISKS IN FRANCE: SPECIFICATION OR STANDARDIZATION OF THE OCCUPATIONAL RISKS OF NANOMATERIALS?

The process by which occupational risks in industry and manufacturing emerge has been established as a subject of research in sociology. This often-contentious process draws on toxicological findings that may or may not be accepted as established, and on epidemiological observations of pathologies. Logically enough, there has been little interest in the toxicological risks of innovative industrial technologies, due to a lack of specific cases. With the development of new technologies such as nanomaterials, the question of risks has been formally raised but has not been addressed in terms of clear toxicological results or epidemiological observations. My goal in this article is to introduce the notion of “innovative risk” to refer to a process of making risks a subject of research and discussion before evidence of health problems has been established. By examining how French labor administrations and occupational medicine organizations monitor such risks in companies and research laboratories, I will demonstrate a tension between, on the one hand, the acknowledged specificity of these risks, and, on the other hand, the standardization of actual oversight. This tension calls into question the ability of research on industrial occupational risks to approach and analyze innovative risks.

Determine the Contaminations of Radon in the Drinking Water Using NTDs (CR-39) and RAD7 Detectors

This presented study was performed to determine the contaminations of radon in twenty-five drinking tap water samples in Penang/Malaysia. The concentration of 222Rn, specific activity of 226Ra, radon emanation factor, equilibrium radon concentration, annual effective dose and mass exhalation rate were measured in drinking water samples available under study by using two methods, passive method (NTDs (CR-39) and active method (RAD7 monitoring). Also, the pH and electrical conductivity of the samples were measured. The results showed that the maximum concentration of radon was found in sample 7 to be 98.154 Bq m−3 and the minimum concentration of radon was found in sample 4 to be 39.715 Bq m−3 with an average of 66.521 Bq m−3. The maximum concentration of radium was found in sample 7 to be 1266.036 × 10−3 Bq kg−1, and the minimum concentration of radium was found in sample 4 to be 530.729 × 10−3 Bq kg−1 with an average (899.999 × 10−3 Bq kg−1). The results obtained from the passive technique (CR-39) and active technique (RAD7) were in good agreement together (66.521, 63.533) Bq m−3, because the passive method and active method are simple and reliable analytical methods. An average annual effective dose (0.770 mSvy−1) was found to be below the value (3–10 mSvy−1) that was reported by the ICRP (1993), therefore, there is no evidence of health problems. Significant strong positive correlations found (r = 1, Pearson Correlation, p < 0.000) in concentrations of radon, radium and annual effective dose. All the results obtained were within the international levels as given by UNSCEAR (United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation).

Investigation of distribution of radioactivity with effects of heavy metals in toothpastes from Penang markets.

This study was carried out to determine the concentration of 222Rn, 226Ra, and 238U in 25 different toothpastes available in the local market in Penang, Malaysia, using a CR-39 detector. The results showed the maximum concentration of radon/ radium/uranium to be 4197.644 Bq.m-3, 54.369 Bq.Kgm-1, and 0.044 ppm in Colgate4; the annual effective dose was found (0.402 mSvy-1) in S07. The average concentration of radon (42%, 3.224 KBq.m-3) was higher than the concentration of 214Po, 218Po in POS (32%, 2.415 KBq.m-3) and POW (26%, 1.979 KBq.m-3). Also the values of pH of samples ranged from 4.21 (highly acidic) in S04 to 9.97 (highly basic) in S07, with an average of 6.33 which tended towards an acidic behavior; a low or high pH for a long period of time can cause harmful side-effects and enamel erosion. Concentrations of heavy metals varied from the maximum value 56.156ppm in the Ca elements in the Colgate 4 sample to a minimum value of -0.858ppm in the Cd elements in Colgate 6 (Ca 56.156 ppm > Cd 51.572 ppm > Zn 41.039 ppm > Mg 11.682 ppm > Pb 11.009 ppm]. Monitoring the accumulation of these metals in toothpaste samples is very important: the average annual effective dose (0.3118 mSvy-1) was below the range (3-10 mSvy-1) reported by ICRP (1993), and therefore there is no evidence of health problems. Significant strong positive correlations were found (r = 1, Pearson correlation, p < 0.000) in concentration of radon, radium, uranium, annual effective dose, pH, and electrical conductivity.

Efficacy of subcutaneous VHF implants and remote telemetry monitoring to assess survival rates in harbor seals

A long-term study to compare harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) survival rates between 2 study areas was conducted in Alaska, in Glacier Bay (GB) and Prince William Sound (PWS). Very-high-frequency (VHF) transmitters with 3.5- to 5-year batteries were subcutaneously implanted into 277 harbor seals; 122 in PWS from 2003 to 2005, and 155 in GB from 2004 to 2006. The presence of radiotagged seals was remotely monitored using VHF dataloggers, which transmitted data via the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) system. The GOES site is administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service; data were accessible to researchers via telnet. Initial data-logging was plagued with ambient electronic interference (“noise”); subsequent equipment revisions substantially reduced the noise and resulted in 8,129 total “seal-days” (≥ 1 detection calendar day−1 seal−1) of telemetry detections (X̄ = 29 days/seal ±3.4 SE; maximum 424 days spanning 4.15 years). Although 84% of radiotagged seals were detected at least once during the year they were radiotagged, the proportion of tagged seals detected in subsequent years dropped to 59%, 28%, 0.9%, and 3% in the 1st through the 4th year, respectively. Tag failure and tag rejection, including 1 tag rejected 11.75 months after implantation surgery, were documented. There was almost no evidence of health problems at the time of implanting the tags in the harbor seals. Survey effort outside the study areas did not detect evidence of high emigration rates. Although subcutaneously implanted transmitters could be radiotracked during and after molt and the long battery life provided multiyear data on a subset of individual seals, this method of subcutaneously implanting radiotags was not effective for assessing the long-term survival rate of free-ranging harbor seals.

Assessment of environmental health risks is feasible by secondary use of administrative registers

National register systems include detailed individual-level information. In the Nordic countries, these data sources include personal identification number, which can be used for linkages between registers. A case study on the effects of possible hazardous waste on the former and current residents of Myllypuro in Helsinki, Finland, is presented to assess if the utilisation of pre-collected official health register information is feasible in environmental health research. National register information was used as the primary data source, since large-scale health examination studies are seldom feasible and the use of surveys may result in biased information. The exposure data were based on residence information from the Central Population Register and the outcome data came from three national population and health registers. No evidence of health problems was found. The use of administrative register data was feasible, since the main prerequisites of epidemiological studies – the enumeration of exposed population without selection bias, the tracking of exposed population without loss to follow-up and the formation of different exposure measures – were reached. The small size of study sample and the rarity of several outcome measures impeded the analysis and the evaluation of clinical and public health aspects of the main findings.

Radionuclide content of human samples in the Ramsar area of Iran

As part of a survey to determine public exposure to natural radiation and to estimate radionuclide levels in the diet and human tissues, the radionuclide content of different biological samples of residents in Ramsar, a high level background radiation area (HLBRA) in Iran, has been measured. The main route of 210Po and 210Pb intake in the human body is ingestion via foodstuffs. The absorption of 210Po into the blood from the digestive system was estimated to be 30–40%. The highest concentrations of 210Po and 210Pb in the body were accumulated in the skeleton and hair. The average 226Ra in ashed bone samples was 30.02 fci. A surprisingly high 210Po content was found in human hair, with levels of 0.182 P cig-1 and 0.161 P cig-1 in nine males and six females, respectively. The calculated annual radiation doses of 210Po in the bone, liver and kidneys was 2.5–4.5 mrad.a-1 and in other soft tissues 0.4–0.8 mrad.a-1. The mean concentration of 210Po in 100 ml of urine was 2.00 (±0.86 SE) mBq and for control samples was 0.86 (±0.03 SE) mBq. It is concluded that the 210Po concentration in residents is significantly elevated in proportion to background levels but so far there is no evidence of health problems arising from this.

&lt;SUP align=left&gt;210&lt;/SUP&gt;Po concentration in urine of residents in a high level background radiation area in Iran

As part of an epidemiological survey to determine public exposure to natural radiation and to estimate radionuclide levels in the diet of residents in a high level background radiation area at Ramsar in Iran, 210Po concentrations were determined in 24-hour urine samples by means of a liquid scintillation counting technique. The maximum and minimum mean concentrations of 210Po in 100 ml of urine were 2.61 (±0.09 SE) and 1.52 (±0.08 SE) mBq, respectively, with an overall mean of 2.00 (±0.86 SE) mBq in 45 samples; the mean 210Po concentration in 100 ml of 20 control samples from local residents in areas where background radiation has been determined as normal was 0.86 (±0.03 SE) mBq. We conclude that the urinary 210Po concentration in residents is elevated in proportion to the background levels, but so far there is no evidence of health problems.