Evidence Of Fear Research Articles

A configurative synthesis of evidence for fear in the criminal decision-making process

This paper reviews what previous research has found on the role of fear and other associated feelings in the criminal decision-making process, and the techniques that might plausibly amplify such emotions so as to reduce or disrupt intent. To this aim, we conduct a systematic review of the offender decision-making literature (23 studies), incorporating a qualitative synthesis of the role of fear in the criminal decision-making process. The results section is formed of six parts based on dominant themes identified in our eligible studies, namely evidence of fear in offender decision-making, the presumed sources of fear, variation in levels and/or the effect of fear across offenders, the specific role of fear across aspects of the crime process (before, during, after), the results of fear and offender fear management processes. We conclude with a discussion of the implication for crime prevention policies.

A configurative synthesis of evidence for fear in the criminal decision-making process

This paper reviews what previous research has found on the role of fear and other associated feelings in the criminal decision-making process, and the techniques that might plausibly amplify such emotions so as to reduce or disrupt intent. To this aim, we conduct a systematic review of the offender decision-making literature (23 studies), incorporating a qualitative synthesis of the role of fear in the criminal decision-making process. The results section is formed of six parts based on dominant themes identified in our eligible studies, namely evidence of fear in offender decision-making, the presumed sources of fear, variation in levels and/or the effect of fear across offenders, the specific role of fear across aspects of the crime process (before, during, after), the results of fear and offender fear management processes. We conclude with a discussion of the implication for crime prevention policies.

Responses of dairy heifers to the visual cliff formed by a herringbone milking pit: Evidence of fear of heights in cows (Bos taurus).

The ability of cows (Bos taurus) to perceive depth has never been experimentally investigated. If cows can perceive depth, the milking pit in commercial milking facilities may be fear provoking for dairy cows, as past research has shown that most land-dwelling species possess an instinctive fear of heights. In the current study, 12 dairy heifers (1-year-old cows) were exposed to a milking pit (depth-exposed group) and 13 heifers (control group) were exposed to a standard change in the environment while they moved through a milking facility over a 5-day treatment period. Heifers in the depth-exposed group showed a higher heart rate (p < .05) and stopped more often (p < .05) than did those in the control group; persistence of heart rate but not of behavioral responses on repeated exposures indicated that some habituation to the depth stimulus had occurred. Depth exposure had no effect on cortisol concentrations or on ease of handling. These results indicate that heifers responded differently to a change in depth than they did to a standard change in the environment and provide evidence of both depth perception and acute fear of heights in cows.

Defensive dental behaviour: illusion or reality?

Defensive medicine or defensive behaviour of physicians is considered a major problem in contemporary health care. It seems reasonable to assume that defensive behaviour also occurs in dental practice, although so far very little has been published in the dental literature on this subject. The main objective of this study was to investigate whether defensive behaviour occurs in dentistry. As a survey study 38 dentists were interviewed: 30 men and 8 women, mainly general dental practitioners with an average of 20.9 years in practice. The results of this pilot-study indicate that it is very likely that defensive behaviour occurs in dental practice, despite the fact that there is hardly any evidence of fear for malpractice claims and lawsuits among the respondents. The majority of the dentists interviewed stated that they carried out some treatments at their patient's request although they did not believe the treatment to be necessary from a professional point of view. A motive for deliberately refraining from treatment is lack of dental motivation by the patient and poor oral hygiene. According to some respondents patients are sometimes referred unnecessarily to specialists. Also 'difficult' patients run the risk of unwarranted referral to specialists, and, moreover referrals because of insurance reasons are mentioned. The financial situation of the patient and the defensive behaviour of dental practitioners seem to be closely connected.

Risk Perception is Affected by Experience

Use of safety devices concerns human factors and safety personnel both as a practical matter of reducing injuries and saving lives and as a basis for studying theories of human behavior. Many reasons are given for non-use of these devices. Seatbelt use provides a good model for examining generally what factors affect safety behaviors. Slovic, Fischoff, and Lichtenstein (1978) suggested that failure to use seatbelts resulted from fear extinction, in that the effort required to fasten the belt was not reinforced and ultimately habit strength was reduced. A test of this hypothesis provided evidence for fear as a factor. Professed seatbelt use was an increasing function of distance driven. In addition, other hazards examined generally showed the greater experience with a hazard the lower the perception of risk, supporting an extinction explanation.

Militancy and Black Women's Competitive Behavior in Competitive versus Noncompetitive Conditions

Fifty high militant and 50 low militant black women were assigned to one of five experimental conditions: noncompetitive, competition with black male confederates, competition with black female confederates, competition with white male confederates or competition with white female confederates. Subjects in competitive conditions worked for longer periods of time, produced more words from an anagram, and felt more self-confident than subjects in the noncompetitive condition. Subjects worked for longer periods of time with male confederates than with female confederates. High militants, in comparison to low militants, produced significantly more words on the anagram task, indicated a great number of pride, anger, and/or revenge responses and endorsed more masculinity items relative to femininity items on the Bem Sex-Role Inventory as being self-descriptive. Contrary to prediction, high militant black women competing with black men showed little evidence of fear of success.

Choosing to be a managerial woman: An examination of individual variables and career choice

This study examined individual difference variables of female MBA students measured toward the end of their academic careers. Data from these subjects as well as from male MBAs and from male and female MA candidates in elementary education were ordered in a 2×2 female/male, traditional role/nontraditional role matrix of analysis (N=151). Female MBA candidates were found to differ significantly from the other subjects on several dimensions. Female managers-to-be saw themselves as more self-assured, more creative, and higher in initiative than did the others. There was no evidence of fear of identity or of sex-role inappropriateness, which had been suggested in earlier literature dealing with women entering nontraditional careers.

'Fear of Success' Imagery as a Reaction to Sex-role Inappropriate Behavior

Cue effects on TAT imagery, often considered evidence of fear of success, were examined. The cue generally used to assess this motive (Horner, 1968) was modified to depict success in an occupation traditionally considered appropriate for females (ballet). This new cue and Horner's original "medical student"cue produced very different results in fear of success imagery, the modified cue eliciting significantly less of this imagery from females and more from males. A substantial portion of what has been interpreted as "fear of success" imagery appears to involve anxiety about engaging in achievement activities that have traditionally been considered inappropriate to one's sex-role. The implications of this finding for female achievement conflict are discussed.

GABA blockade, dopamine and schizophrenia: experimental studies in the cat.

The effects of blocking putative GABA inhibition on dopamine cells of origin in ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra have been examined in freely moving cats with chronically implanted cannulas and recording electrodes. Instillation of the GABA blocking agent bicuculline in ventral tegmental area induces arousal, searching, slinking, hiding, evidence of fear, catatonic stance, staring and sniffing behaviors which were accompanied by spike activity from nucleus accumbens in several animals. Similar amounts of bicuculline placed in substantia nigra did not induce fear but were followed by ipsilateral grooming, circling and hyperesthesia, with EEG spiking in caudate nucleus and medial and lateral geniculate nuclei in several animals. The relationship of these findings to dopamine induced stereotypies in mesolimbic and nigrostriatal systems and to evidence of dopamine excess or hypersensitivity in limbic striatum in patients with schizophrenic disorders is considered.

THE ENIGMA OF JAPANESE FRIENDLINESS

e HESE NIPS ARE FUNNY PEOPLE. One of 'em says to me: 'B-29 comes flying over-drops bomb on my house-Pfft, all gone-Some airplane, that B-29!' Thus our GI driver, our first informant about the Japanese after our arrival at the airport, expressed his bewilderment. The capacity for an objective account of the American part in the war, with no resentment toward the Americans, puzzles all recent visitors to Japan. After spending the month of March there, meeting with officials, professors, teachers, school children, and common people, the impression remained unchanged that the Americans were welcome. There was no evidence of fear, none of hostility. This is the universal impression, and it is puzzling. There are plenty of reasons to hate the Americans. We have not only bombed out the cities, but we are now occupying all the best hotels and office spaces which remain intact-upwards of ioo buildings in devastated Tokyo alone. Most of the vehicles on the streets are jeeps and American trucks -constant reminders of the presence of the conquerors. The Americans have abundant food and money, while the native Japanese are struggling for survival, with shortages of food, housing, and clothing, attended by low incomes, black markets, and inflation. A proud people like the Japanese must resent all this. What is the answer? Why do they give the impression of accepting the Americans as honored guests? One conjecture is that this is just a game which the Japanese are playing. They have appraised the situation in order to determine where to lay their bets. Their one chance is to have a friendly America. They have resolved to be sporting losers, to accept our presence and our orders without defiance, and so in the end to win us over. There may be an element of truth in this conjecture, but it proposes too calculating and external a control of conduct to be effective throughout the