Everyday Lifestyle Research Articles

European Code against Cancer: 12 ways to reduce your cancer risk

Recently, the Word Health Organization/International Agency for Research on Cancer published the 4th edition of European Code against Cancer with 12 personal advices on how to diminish the risk of development of cancer. A proportion of advices refers to risk factors which are connected to our everyday lifestyle; another admonishes to comply with the services offered by the health care system. In Hungary, the European Code has not received adequate publicity so far. As common risk factors play a major role in the development of chronic non-communicable diseases, the advice may contribute to the prevention of both cardiovascular diseases and cancer.

Inflammatory diseases modelling in zebrafish.

The ingest of diets with high content of fats and carbohydrates, low or no physical exercise and a stressful routine are part of the everyday lifestyle of most people in the western world. These conditions are triggers for different diseases with complex interactions between the host genetics, the metabolism, the immune system and the microbiota, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), obesity and diabetes. The incidence of these disorders is growing worldwide; therefore, new strategies for its study are needed. Nowadays, the majority of researches are in use of murine models for understand the genetics, physiopathology and interaction between cells and signaling pathways to find therapeutic solutions to these diseases. The zebrafish, a little tropical water fish, shares 70% of our genes and conserves anatomic and physiological characteristics, as well as metabolical pathways, with mammals, and is rising as a new complementary model for the study of metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Its high fecundity, fast development, transparency, versatility and low cost of maintenance makes the zebrafish an interesting option for new researches. In this review, we offer a discussion of the existing genetic and induced zebrafish models of two important Western diseases that have a strong inflammatory component, the IBD and the obesity.

Lag Time of Heat Conduction in Conditions of Growing Greenery Cover on Flattop-Concrete Roof of Single-Room House with Lightweight-Concrete Walls as Constructed on Narrow Space in Bangkok

Growing greenery cover on flattop-concrete roof of single-room house with lightweight-concrete walls for lagging heat conduction was experimented during 10 August-30 November 2014 at Kasetsart University on narrow space between the College of Environment and car park buildings in dense-populated city of Bangkok, Thailand in emphasizing on minimum room size of 2.5 m width, 2.5 m length, and 2.5 m height as declared by Building Control Act 1990. The methods of study were conducted by installing air thermometers at one meter above ground in northerly, southerly, easterly, westerly and above roof directions by alternating closing and opening the door and window. The research results found the maximum room temperature ranging 34.5-35.5 oC and minimum 26.5-27.7 oC for both closing door and window, then decreasing almost being equal from degree of opening door and window as well as in conditions of long duration, high intensity, and often frequency of rainfall. Using Pudsaon or Cape Jusmine (Gardenia jusminoides J.Ellis) as grown in growing pot containing coconut flake was feasible because of its characteristics of more consuming phreatophyte with high rate of using water for evapotranspiration process that can absorb surrounding heat through converting process the to become latent heat flux. In consequence, room temperature lowered down to 24.5 oC and following by decreasing lag time from 2 hours to 0.5 hours, and also different lag time from 1-2 hours to 0.5-1.5 hours which were indicated better comfortable living. Closing both door and window or either one could not be conditioned for everyday lifestyle of people in dense and populated Bangkok city. In addition, construction of single-room house with flattop-concrete roof and lightweight-concrete walls were surely eligible to protect heat transferring from hot air outside into room rather than from room to outside, except opening both door and window at the same time

THE EVOLUTION OF MOUNTAIN FARMS IN THE NORTH CAUCASIAN REGION IN THE 2ND HALF OF THE 19th - EARLY 20th CENTURIES

The long process of joining the peoples of Central and Eastern Caucasus to the Russian Empire ended in 1859 after the capture in Gunib village of Imam Shamil, the leader of the People’s Liberation Movement. Adyghe people of the Northwest Caucasus in spring 1864, having lost independence and having joined Russia, were involved in the advanced capitalist relations characterized by a number of specific features. The article considers the problems of engaging mountain farms of the North Caucasian region in progressive capitalist relations. It identifies the main and specific features of capitalist relations in Russia which were characterized by in-depth development of capitalism and in-width development of capitalist production. The article considers the mechanisms and stages of economic conquest of the provinces of Russia in the post-reform period, gives characteristics of the complex Caucasian realities with profound social contradictions, diversity of everyday lifestyles and customs of the local population. The author analyzes implementation of the peasant reform in the Northern Caucasus, where the mechanism of liberating dependent classes was almost the same as in Russia. In conclusion, the article identifies the consequences of this reform for Adygeyanpeasantry.

THE EVOLUTION OF MOUNTAIN FARMS IN THE NORTH CAUCASIAN REGION IN THE 2ND HALF OF THE 19th - EARLY 20th CENTURIES

The long process of joining the peoples of Central and Eastern Caucasus to the Russian Empire ended in 1859 after the capture in Gunib village of Imam Shamil, the leader of the People’s Liberation Movement. Adyghe people of the Northwest Caucasus in spring 1864, having lost independence and having joined Russia, were involved in the advanced capitalist relations characterized by a number of specific features. The article considers the problems of engaging mountain farms of the North Caucasian region in progressive capitalist relations. It identifies the main and specific features of capitalist relations in Russia which were characterized by in-depth development of capitalism and in-width development of capitalist production. The article considers the mechanisms and stages of economic conquest of the provinces of Russia in the post-reform period, gives characteristics of the complex Caucasian realities with profound social contradictions, diversity of everyday lifestyles and customs of the local population. The author analyzes implementation of the peasant reform in the Northern Caucasus, where the mechanism of liberating dependent classes was almost the same as in Russia. In conclusion, the article identifies the consequences of this reform for Adygeyanpeasantry.

Making the invisible visible: how students make use of carbon footprint calculator in environmental education

Problems concerning carbon dioxide emissions and other climate change-related issues are on the global political agenda and constantly debated in media. Such issues are important for individuals to enable active participation in society. This study has a particular interest in the use of carbon footprint calculators (tools for calculating carbon dioxide emissions of human activities) in the context of learning about environmental issues and climate change. More specifically, it contributes with insights into how such tools foster different modes of reasoning about the environment. The empirical data consist of video recordings of 15 Swedish upper secondary students’ classroom discussions. The study derived from one specific half-day-lesson with activities related to the use of a carbon footprint calculator. In the first part of the lesson, the students worked individually with the tool for calculating their carbon footprint, and in the second part of the lesson, the students discussed their carbon footprints in groups. The focus of the analysis is on the group discussion and on what modes of reasoning and arguing about the environment that are made possible through the students’ use of the calculator. The study investigates the students’ accounts in relation to how they discuss and compare their carbon footprints. That is, how the students in their discussions explain and justify actions in their everyday lifestyle. The findings indicate that the carbon footprint calculator supports different modes of reasoning and arguing about the environmental impact of actions in students’ everyday lifestyle. The carbon footprint calculator offers students a new arena for developing an understanding of climate change and its relationships to human activities. The results shed light on the ways in which students are able to quantify, analyse and compare carbon dioxide emissions both on an individual level but also at a systemic level (across countries) after having used the carbon footprint calculator. The tool thus mediates features of the environment that students otherwise could not perceive; it makes the invisible visible.

GCC (Global Corporate Challenge) as a model of employee motivation towards physical activity

Habits such as poor diet, not enough exercising and poor sleeping, are becoming a part of everyday lifestyle of the working population, but also the population in general. Chronic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes type 2, heart diseases, anxiety, locomotor system diseases, and so on, are more and more common. Governments, businesses and individuals have realized the problem and they are starting to create organizations that use workplace for the promotion of a healthy lifestyle. One such organization is the GCC (Global Corporate Challenge), which is in comprehensive and holistic way presented in this master thesis as a model of encouraging employees to do physical activity, and start changing bad habits such as bad nutrition and insufficient sleep. The aim of this master thesis is to analyze theoretical research, results of empirical research and to explore GCC organization websites, to explain the method of functioning of the program, its models and effects of its practical application. GCC is a global corporate organization that includes 1.5 million employees and 4.700 organizations from 185 countries. The program lasts four months (111 days), and works by encouraging employees who are participants of the program, to create a minimum of 10.000 steps per day. Divided into teams of seven, each employee receives a pedometer, which measures the number of steps. The teams compete on a virtual trip around the world, by entering in a world map each individual number of steps, which are summarized and transmitted to kilometers / miles. The winner is the team that covers most distance and win most locations. In addition to steps and the distance, pedometer measures overall activity through modern 3D sensor, heart rate and calculates the number of burned calories. The entire program is conducted online, through the GCC website and through the GCC applications for smart phones, applications can be easily downloaded from the GCC website, and they are helping about monitoring, controlling and measuring progress in activities. GCC me application checks the condition before starting the program, GCC nutrition control diet, GCC sleep controls sleep, GCC sprint is support after the end of the basic program, and in the following year this application is helping employees to maintain new healthy habits and monitor their progress. Based on researches about GCC program, it can be concluded that GCC, as the model of encouraging employees to change their bad habits related to physical inactivity, poor nutrition and inadequate sleep, GCC had a positive effect in all three segments, and this leads to less absenteeism due to illness of employees, stress was reduced and productivity at work has increased.

THE CONCEPT OF PILGRIMAGE IN THE CULTURE OF LATGALE

<p>The aim of the paper is to characterize pilgrimage as a significant concept in Latgalian culture by emphasizing pilgrimage’s dialectic comprehension and most essential manifestations in culture. The study use a linguistically culturological approach and reviews pilgrimage as a global and multilevel structure, that consists of conceptual, emotively evaluated, historical and etymological layers (Степанов 2001: 84). For this purpose there were used mainly such written sources as vocabularies, periodicals and fiction, that refer to pilgrimage.</p><p>While gathering various interpretations of sacredness and journeys, paper deals with four main comprehensions of pilgrimage in Latgale: firstly, pilgrimage as a religious activity, that means walking to a sacred place along with the prayers, secondly, pilgrimage as a social campaign for the affirmation of ideological efforts, thirdly, pilgrimage as an individual and sensitive search for the eternal values and, lastly, pilgrimage as a type of a religious tourism in contemporary post-modern society.</p><p>The beginning of Catholic pilgrimage tradition in Latgale usually tends to be associated with Aglona, when Dominicans or the so called White Fathers Order began their activities in the region in 1699. Today, within the Rēzekne–Aglona diocese of the Roman Catholic Church, there are several sites, which have been officially acknowledged as sacred on the basis of the corresponding features they possess. Primarily, it’s the altarpiece of the Virgin miracle-worker and other relics, that are special for the Christianity and where pilgrims may pray for health or any other mercy. Secondly, in the territory of the sacred place there may be located objects of nature, that bring health and blessing, for example, sacred spring.</p><p>The appreciation of religious pilgrimage in Latgalian culture has been also affected by the historical context. From 1918 to 1940 pilgrimage activity experienced especially strong prosperity, but it changed during the Soviet-era, when pilgrimage subject in mass media was forbidden and lost its official support, but it still continued to proceed. Organized pilgrimages to Aglona recurred only in 1989 along with the so called Third Latvian National Awakening.</p><p>Pilgrimage in Latgalian culture appears also as a social campaign for the affirmation of ideological efforts, where comprehension of sacredness from the scope of the Christian Religion transfers into secular every-day lifestyle and subjects to ideological dogmas of era. Such interpretation of pilgrimage especially activates during 1920s–1930s, as well as in 1940s and 1990s. The aspiration for such pilgrimage usually is a place, person or monument, but all pilgrimages that are distinctive to the affirmation of ideological efforts possess fragmentation feature. With the alterations within the ideological emphasis the idea of the ideological pilgrimage either disappears either transforms into ceremonial procession or simple memorial tribute.</p><p>Comprehension of the pilgrimage as an individual and sensitive search for the eternal values is more related to the individualized pilgrim’s motive, that is connected to emotional experience, namely, search for the deprecated and irreversible values. This motive is especially noticeable within the exiled Latgalians’ literature, where such personages as motherland, home, mother and mother’s tomb are united and related to the Virgin’s archetype. The pilgrimage process, that Latgalian exiled writers live through in their imagination, shows, that it is one of the most essential values, that is evaluated during the immense influence of foreign countries, that helps to preserve Latgalian identity at times while far away from home.</p><p>One of the most popular type of tourism today is religious tourism. In Latgale it began in the 20th century through periodicals of 1920s–1930s. Now it is an integral part of the global tourism industry, including both national and international projects.</p><p>Meaning diversification in the contextual semantics of the pilgrimage shows its deep roots in the Latgalian culture and how it merges universal, national, ethnic and denominational characteristic marks in cultural traditions.</p>

Understanding Military Culture: A Guide for Professional School Counselors

School counselors must be knowledgeable about military culture in order to help military students and their families in a culturally competent manner. This article explores the nature of this unique culture, which is often unfamiliar to educators, including its language, hierarchy, sense of rules and regulations, self-expectations and self-sacrifice. Specific suggestions, such as professional development, self-examination and cultural immersion experiences, are provided so that professional school counselors can increase their multicultural competence when working with this population. Finally, a case study illustrates the challenges associated with this culture and implications for school counselors in regard to increasing cultural competence when working with military families are discussed.Keywords: military, school counselors, families, culture, cultural competenceThe professional school counselor is called to be a culturally competent practitioner (Holcomb-McCoy & Chen-Hayes, 2011). The American School Counselor Association (ASCA) position statement on cultural diversity emphasizes that school counselors should work for the success of all students from all cultures (ASCA, 2009). Overall, school counselors should work to develop their self-awareness, knowledge and skills when it comes to working with students from diverse cultures (Remley & Herlihy, 2014).While other cultures have been explored in-depth in the professional school counseling literature (Bradley, Johnson, Rawls, & Dodson-Sims, 2005; Byrd & Hays, 2012; Smith-Adcock, Daniels, Lee, Villalba, & Indelicato, 2006; Yeh, 2001), military culture has not. Military culture is often unfamiliar to educators (Atuel, Esqueda, & Jacobson, 2011) who encounter military students and their families regularly. Every school district in the United States has a child who is in some way connected with the military, and 80% of all military children attend public schools (Military Child Education Coalition, 2014). Therefore, it is essential for school counselors to be knowledgeable in navigating military culture in order to support military students and their family members in their schools (Luby, 2012; U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 2014).Overall, military culture is a unique one (Luby, 2012) that presents distinctive challenges for its service members and their family members (Brown & Lettieri, 2008; Gooddale, Abb, & Moyer, 2012). While the military itself can be viewed as a profession, the military extends into the service members' personal realms as well, affecting everyday lifestyle as well as the lifestyle of family members (Cozza & Lemer, 2013).Visible and Invisible Aspects of CultureWhile strategies for working with military children and their families during deployments have been investigated in the professional literature (Allen & Staley, 2007; Cole, 2012; Robertson, 2007), this article explores military culture in order to help increase the school counselor's knowledge and awareness. McAuliffe (2013), citing the metaphor of an iceberg, encouraged counselors to explore both the visible (above water) and invisible (below water) aspects of culture. Culture that is most easily observed by outsiders, like the tip of an iceberg above water, is considered surface culture (McAuliffe, 2013). Culture which is not observed by outsiders, like the larger part of the iceberg under the water, is considered either shallow culture or deep culture (McAuliffe, 2013). Shallow and deep culture correspond to more intense emotional experiences that may require extensive counseling services and support from the school counselor (The Iceberg Concept of Culture, n.d.; McAuliffe, 2013).The present author seeks to inform the school counselor about the nature of surface, shallow and deep cultural aspects of the military and provide implications for school counselor practice. In order to fully describe the nature of military culture and its meaning for military students and their family members, this article begins with an exploration of the surface-level aspects of military culture (language, hierarchy, sense of rules and regulations) and then progressively explores the more emotionally intense shallow and deep aspects of military culture (self-expectations and self-sacrifice). …

Life Balance of Russian Students (by the Example of Students of the Finance Department of Plekhanov Russian University of Economics)

Students have to optimize their life balance in order to get pleasure from life. Unfortunately, not all young people can cope with this difficult but important process efficiently. From the perspective of personal satisfaction and public recognition in studies, at work, and in everyday life students sometimes feel life imbalance which has a strong negative impact on their personal and professional development. The article reveals the peculiarities of students’ life balance formation under conditions of their intensive activity in studies, at work, and in everyday life. In studies the students’ balance between their personal assessment of acquired knowledge, the nature of teaching, material rewards, etc. and public recognition by other students, professors, university administration, etc. is defined. At work the students’ balance between their personal satisfaction from the obtaining financial independence, acquiring professional skills, benefiting family, etc. and public recognition of these students by colleagues, administration, family, classmates, professors, etc. is revealed. In everyday life the students’ balance between their personal satisfaction from the creating comfortable living conditions, formation of the basics of modern everyday lifestyle, etc. and their public recognition by hostel administration, roommates, friends, relatives, etc. is described.

Charisma and Communion

Abstract In the context of reflections on modernity, an increasingly widespread belief seems to be emerging: the subject at which it is necessary to direct our attention, to which to throw a lifeline as it were, is the concrete and real human being, alone and at the same time besieged by increasingly tight and numerous systemic schemes. Are the “human subject” and his social context only undergoing a deep transformation, or are they actually in danger? This “new” knowledge involves all the humanistic and social sciences, such as philosophy, anthropology, psychology, economics, political science, and theology, in a sort of fusion and pact for mankind. Great spiritualities include life experiences and ideas that reverberate on everyday life, lifestyles, and culture. From the very beginning, Chiara Lubich’s spirituality, is based on two fundamental concepts: unity and forsaken Jesus, has been perceived as a new way to know God, but also as an idea that is able to renew human life, as well as to penetrate social and cultural realities.

Problems with Traditional Music and Its Current Appeal in Central Thailand

Traditional music is a rich part of local culture that reveals much about everyday life in Central Thai society. This qualitative research examines traditional music in five central provinces of Thailand. By using survey, interview, observation and focus group discussion, the investigation assesses the problems with traditional music and the reason for its appeal in local communities. The results show that traditional music in Central Thailand is in decline thanks to the influence of Western culture that is altering audience preferences. Additionally, there are few young people interested in continuing the art and there is a lack of government support in maintaining the traditions. The traditional music retains appeal in its link to the everyday lifestyle of Central Thai society, yet requires modernization in order to survive in the face of global challenges.

Climate Change and Everyday Life: Repertoires children use to negotiate a socio-scientific issue

There are only a few studies about how primary school students engage in socio-scientific discussions. This study aims to add to this field of research by focusing on how 9–10-year-olds in Sweden and England handle climate change as a complex environmental socio-scientific issue (SSI), within the context of their own lives and in relation to society at large. It focuses on how different interpretative repertoires were used by the students in discussions to legitimise or question their everyday lifestyles. They discussed four possible options that a government might consider to help reduce carbon dioxide production. Six main repertoires were identified: Everyday life, Self-Interest, Environment, Science and Technology, Society and Justice. The Everyday life repertoire was used when students related their discussion to their everyday lifestyles. Science and technology-related solutions were offered to maintain or improve things, but these were sometimes rather unrealistic. Arguments related to environment and health frequently appeared to have a superior status compared to the others. Findings also highlighted how conflicts between the students were actually productive by bringing in several perspectives to negotiate the solutions. These primary school students were, therefore, able to discuss and negotiate a complex real-world SSI. Students positioned themselves as active contributors to society, using their life experiences and limited knowledge to understand the problems that affected their everyday lives. Honing these skills within a school science community of practice could facilitate primary students' engagement with SSIs and empower them as citizens.

Popular Culture: Power and Position in Popular TV Fiction

Research by Jiang & Leung (2012) has shown that television fiction (TV fiction) has often been identified as a platform where realities are portrayed. These realities include, but are not limited to, the lifestyles and everyday narrative appeals. In Malaysia, a majority of Malay TV fiction emphasize Malay identities and everyday lifestyles. Such emphases are most clearly expressed in the scripted talk that the characters act out. Despite the importance of the talk, however, a comprehensive and precise understanding of what the talk entails remains scarce in Malaysia. Based on Conversation Analysis (CA) (Hutchby & Wooffitt, 2008) of 20 relevant scripted talks, we attempt to show that Malay TV fiction constitutes struggles for power and position. For example, we show that power over arguments involves Malays competing for the position of the “dominant knower.” “A dominant knower” wins conversation by employing reasons related to religion, society, and culture over logical bases to settle their disagreements. This study contributes to our awareness on the nature of power and position in the popular culture scene.

10.5937/timsact8-6427 = Swimming as physical activity and recreation for women

The present study reviews all data that establish swimming as an everyday lifestyle and recreational activity for women, since it promotes wellness, well-being and longevity. Swimming as a natural, physical activity is one of the most effective ways of exercise, since it affects and work outs the whole body. It is the most suitable sport for all age groups, because it combines beneficial results, for both body and soul and is also a low-risk-injury physical exercise. Aim of this study is to record the effect of recreational swimming in physical condition indexes and in quality of life in women. In particular to record the benefits, since studies have shown that swimming can help in prevention and treatment of chronic diseases and improves quality of life, of well-being and longevity. Results of all studies showed that swimming, as a great natural recreational activity has multiple beneficial effects on the female body that are not limited to the physical characteristics but are extended to the mental ones. Challenges for the application and development fields of this particular method of exercise, are the quality of service provided and the staffing of departments and programs in multiple carriers, private or public. Researchers and writers agree that there are great prospects for growth for women through partnerships, with programs and systematic research in the field of recreational swimming.

The effect of sports vision exercises on the visual skills of university students

Vision is one of the most important special senses and is the primary source of external information. The role of vision in our everyday lifestyles is immense and adequate visual skills are needed for simple tasks which include reading and writing, that are especially important for students. Stress is an important factor which most students deal with, and along with other external factors, could adversely affect the ability to effectively perform many visual skills. This study aims to determine if sports vision exercises could improve visual skills and thereby enhance motor and cognitive performance. A 169 second year physiology students (18-22 years of age) participated in the study. The students were divided into control (n=78) and experimental groups (n=91) and pre and post sports vision tests were conducted. This included testing visual skills such as visual acuity, eye dominance, focusing, tracking, vergence, sequencing, eye-hand coordination, visualization and reflex. The results showed a significant improvement in the sequencing and eye-hand coordination tests in the experimental group, whilst a non-significant improvement (control group) was observed in the visual acuity, visualization, tracking, vergence and reflex tests. The improvements (except for focusing) were greater in the experimental group than in the control group. The study clearly showed that correct sports vision training can improve certain visual skills and lead to an enhancement of motor and cognitive learning and performance. Sports vision exercises are therefore an efficient method of improving certain visual skills and possibly minimizing any defects caused by stress.

Manga, Wuxia and (New) Religious Syncretisms: The Orientalization of the Western Imaginary, from Osamu Tezuka to Contemporary Oriental Disciplines

A new interest in various forms of spirituality and religiosity is emerging in some subcultures of contemporary society. This tendency can be seen as an indicator of an Orientalization process that affects everyday life and lifestyles, and it can be read as a symptom of a crisis in the paradigm of Western Modernity, which is changing the relationship between culture and nature, the central role played by the rational positivist paradigm, and ideas of body, space and time.Oriental disciplines and martial arts are a significant case study for the purpose of analyzing the ongoing Orientalization process. These highly ritualized practices have become part of many people’s daily life and have affected their way of dressing, as well as the way they arrange furniture at home and the way they make decisions that involve their diet and body care. These practices may also affect people’s identities by changing their values, ethics and morality.To explore the Orientalization process, I first introduce some features of the diffusion of the “mythical Orients” in the Western imaginary since the sixties. In particular, I focus on some media products (for example, mangas and wuxia movies) that played an important role in arousing interest in Other cultures. In this stage I will refer to some media theories, in particular to Gerbner's cultivation theory and to the medial socialization effect.In a second step I focus on the imaginary embodied in some Oriental disciplines and martial arts. I refer to some results of a research that I am conducting in some martial arts gyms, starting from my experience as an instructor. In that context I performed an ethnographic study, gathering several in-depth interviews with masters, beginners, fighters, experts and therapists, and analysing the interactions within some online communities (virtual ethnography). This last method allowed me to come back to the first step, and to focus on how some features of the media imaginary are mediated through the interactions within the virtual communities.

Our mobile as an everyday lifestyle object - How has it changed our daily life and what are the challenges for the future?

Der Autor hat zu diesem Thema ein Projekt unternommen und das Ergebnis am 23. März 2012 am Tag der offenen Tür des Centers for Telecommunication Research (CTR) des King’s College, London [Eylert: 2012] vorgetragen. Im Zentrum des Beitrags steht die Rolle, die die mobilen Medien im Kontext sozialer Netze spielen. Während sich in den Anfängen der Mobilkommunikation der Begriff „Service“ bestenfalls auf die Telefonie allein bezog, hat sich der Begriff im Laufe der Zeit in der Telekommunikation entwickelt und stark verändert. Damit einhergehend veränderte sich auch der Einfluss der technologischen Entwicklung auf die Gesellschaft und umgekehrt. Besonders deutlich wird das am Beispiel der Nutzung von Facebook über Smartphones.

Private 1968 and the margins: The Vicolo Cassini’s community in Macerata, Italy

The collective memory of the Italian 1968 has been defined as a ‘possessive memory’, shaped by its most influential protagonists from the main urban centres, who also became its most influential historians. The ‘marginal’ areas of the Italian movement, which was characterised by its length and breadth in geography and society, have for long time been left aside. Furthermore, persistent ‘dark sides’ and historiographical gaps still remain to be explored. One of these is the ‘private side’ of 1968, in particular, with regard to the ‘family’ and its alternative everyday lifestyles, strikingly within a movement whose main historical characteristic has been defined as ‘the emergence of subjectivity in the public sphere’. This article addresses these two main neglected aspects of the Italian 1968, the geographical margins and the ‘private side’ of the family and alternative lifestyles, by concentrating on a provincial area of the Marche region (Macerata), in Central Italy. Exploring memories and raw material through oral history and micro-historical focus, it concentrates on a group of militants attempting to set up an alternative ‘hippy’ community and to experience alternative lifestyles. By looking at their collective memory and experience of 1968 in contention as well as in dialogue with codified histories and master-narratives, it will be shown that dominant categories and the codified historiography of the Italian movement either do not apply or have a different meaning. In doing so, I will argue that memory can shed light on the relevance of ‘place’, as well as on the relationship between the ‘global’ and the ‘local’, in the historical understanding of the essence and legacy of 1968.

Greening due to environmental education? Environmental knowledge, attitudes, consumer behavior and everyday pro-environmental activities of Hungarian high school and university students

Environmental education is assumed to have a significant influence on the environmental awareness, everyday lifestyles and consumer behavior of students. Several higher education institutions have recently recognized the importance of integrating sustainability issues into education to make this impact focused and explicit. This paper explores the relationship strength between environmental education and environmental knowledge, attitudes and reported actual behavior of university and high school students, providing a comparative questionnaire survey analysis which is unique in the literature. The results show a strong correlation between the intensity of environmental education and the environmental knowledge of students. This is partly due to the environmental education itself and partly due to the higher intrinsic motivation of committed students who voluntarily participate in environmental education, primarily at university level. The focus of the environmental education appears to be important in shaping attitudes about sustainable consumption. Addressing the issue of consumerism in environmental education clearly increases awareness of the need for consumption-related lifestyle changes. Based on Multidimensional Scaling methodology, the interdependence of several influencing variables is explored and illustrated graphically. Respondents are classified into five clusters – hedonist, techno-optimist, active environmentalist, familiar and careless – according to their environmental knowledge, attitudes, consumer behavior and everyday environmental awareness. Consistencies and inconsistencies in behavior are then identified in order to promote the creation of more effective educational instruments for supporting sustainable consumption and lifestyles.