Eveready Battery Research Articles

A lead (II) selective PVC membrane potentiometric sensor based on a tetraazamacrocyclic ligand

A polymeric membrane based Pb(II) selective potentiometric sensor was developed by using 1,3,7,9-tetraaza-2,8-dithia-4,10-dimethyl-6,12-diphenylcyclododeca-4,6,10,12-tetraene (TDDDCT) as an electroactive material along with anion excluder sodium tetraphenylborate (NaTPB) and plasticizer dioctylphthalate (DOP). The best performance in terms of slope, concentration range and response time was exhibited by the membrane having TDDDCT:PVC:DOP:NaTPB in the ratio 3:32:62:3 (w/w%). Potentiometric results show that the developed sensor works well in the concentration range 5.0 × 10−7–1.0 × 10−1 M with a near Nernstian slope of 29.5 (±0.5) mV decade−1. The detection limit is down to 2.5 × 10−7 M. The working pH range of this sensor is 2.8–7.0 and it works well in partially nonaqueous medium up to 25 % (v/v) methanol and ethanol. It exhibits a fast response time of 10 s. Selectivity coefficient values of various interfering ions were determined by the fixed interference method (FIM). The sensor reveals good selectivity for Pb(II) ions over other metal ions investigated. The developed sensor is used in the determination of lead in ‘Eveready battery waste’ and as an indicator electrode in the potentiometric titration of Pb(II) against EDTA.

A comparative study of Pb 2+ selective sensors based on derivatized tetrapyrazole and calix[4]arene receptors

Two neutral ionophores, 2,12-dimethyl-7,17-diphenyltetrapyrazole ( I) and 5,11-dibromo-25,27-dipropoxycalix[4]arene ( II) have been explored for preparing PVC based membrane sensors selective to Pb 2+. The addition of sodium tetraphenylborate and various plasticizers viz. DOS, TEHP, DBP, DOP and TBP has been found to substantially improve the performance (working concentration range, slope and response time) of the sensors. The best performance was obtained with the sensor having a membrane of composition (w/w) of ( I) (1%):PVC (33%):TBP (65%):NaTPB (1%). The sensor exhibits Nernstian response in the concentration range 2.5 × 10 −6 to 5.0 × 10 −2 M Pb 2+, performs satisfactorily over wide pH range (1.6–6.0) with a fast response time (∼10 s). The sensor was found to work satisfactorily in partially non-aqueous media up to 25% (v/v) content of acetone, methanol or ethanol and could be used over a period of 5 months. Potentiometric selectivity coefficients as determined by match potential method (MPM) indicate excellent selectivity for Pb 2+ ions. The sensors could be used successfully in the estimation of lead in Eveready battery waste and also as an indicator electrode in potentiometric titration.

Developing in harmony

Discusses a recent practical experience of reconfiguring a logistics system in Europe. Begins by outlining the changing market boundaries and asserts that, whilst the trend is towards global manufacturing and a simplification of the supply chain and standardization of products, conflicts are arising with customers who want more tailor‐made products. In the light of this changing environment and new challenges, the paper looks at the company Energizer, the European arm of Eveready Battery. Suggests a number of recommendations for re‐engineering the supply chain of the company and outlines how this has affected the organisational structure.

Old dogs: new tricks, old tricks, or no tricks.

tively referred to as “old dogs.” In some instances, the designation may be a term of endearment: in others, a term of derision. Virtually every chairperson must face the dilemma of dealing with these senior staff members. His or her decision will be based primarily on how productive the senior radiologist is. I have had the unique opportunity to practice radiology over the past 27 years in both full-time academic practice as well as in private practice at a large teaching hospital. These experiences have allowed me the opportunity to observe many senior radiologists and how they fit into their respective departments. Senior radiologists generally fall into three categories. In the first category is the individual who continues to carry a full clinical or teaching load. These radiologists seem ageless. remain full of vigor, and perform at the same level of practice that they did in their younger years. In an academic environment, these individuals are generally popular with the residents and junior faculty and are often sought out for their opinions and experience. In private practice, they frequently perform the lion’s share of general diagnostic radiology. These ageless individuals, like the Energizer (Eveready Battery, St. Louis, MO) rabbit, just keep “going and going and going.” Unfortunately. this group is the smallest ofthe three. The second group of senior radiologists is the exact opposite of the first. In the academic setting, these individuals are generally tenured full professors. They know that they have nothing to gain by doing further research or by writing papers. They feel that they have paid their dues and are. therefore, entitled to rest on their laurels and have a smaller teaching and service load. In private practice, these individuals characteristically read fewer films, take longer lunch breaks, and, in some instances. may have more vacation time. This group of radiologists, fortunately, is also in the minority. Most senior radiologists are found in the last group. They recognize that their priorities. and perhaps their abilities, have changed over the years. Nonetheless, these radiologists have adapted to these changes. Let us now look at the specific ways this adaptation occurs in both academia and private practice. In academia, most senior radiologists are tenured full professors. They are no longer concerned with the publish-or-perish doctrine that still exists in many academic institutions. These radiologists may realize that they no longer have the physical stamina often required for basic research, or they may no longer have the desire. However, they fully recognize the necessity for research to be performed by other members of the fitculty. They understand the three basic requirements of their profession (research. service, and teaching) and are willing to shill their emphasis from research to service and teaching. Furthermore. these radiologists add two further qualities to their profession by guiding (“mentoring”) junior faculty, residents. and fellows and by setting the example.

A microfabricated solid-state secondary Li battery

A thin-film solid-state Li/TiS 2 microbattery has been developed at Eveready Battery Company (EBC). It is fabricated using sputtering for deposition of the contacts, TiS 2 cathode, and glassy electrolyte. High vacuum evaporation is used to deposit a LiI layer and Li anode. The outstanding secondary performance with thousands of deep discharges, the capability of current density, as high as several mA/cm 2, and the long term stability both on-shelf and during cycling make the EBC Microbattery superior to any other microbattery reported to date.

Greener batteries cooperation between industry and the EPA

Cooperation between the Eveready Battery Company and the Environmental Protection Agency has already led to significant improvements for the environment. Eveready Battery Company, Inc. and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have for many years worked successfully in partnership for the benefit of the environment. This article examines an example of successful cooperation and partnership between Eveready and the EPA. In the early 1980's, the environmental community began to focus its attention on the mercury in household batteries. Studies had been performed in the US, Japan and the United Kingdom regarding the potential environmental harm resulting from the disposal of household batteries containing mercury.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Development and performance of a rechargeable thin-film solid-state microbattery

A thin-film solid-state Li/TiS 2 microbattery has been developed at Eveready Battery Company (EBC). It is fabricated using sputtering for deposition of the metal contacts, TiS 2 cathode, and oxide/sulfide glassy electrolyte. High vacuum evaporation is used to deposit a LiI layer and Li anode. EBC Microbatteries range from 8 to 12 μm in thickness and have a capacity between 35 and 100 μAh/cm 2, depending on the amount of anode and cathode deposited. The microbattery open-circuit voltage is approximately 2.5 V. EBC Microbatteries routinely go more than 1000 cycles between 1.4 and 2.8 V, with greater than 90% cathode utilization, at current densities as high as 300 μA/cm 2. Several EBC Microbatteries have gone over 10 000 cycles at 100 μA/cm 2 with greater than 90% cathode utilization on each cycle. The microbatteries will cycle at temperatures as low as −10 °C at a current density of 100 μA/cm 2, are capable of supplying pulse currents of several mA/cm 2, and have excellent long-term stability both on shelf and while cycling. Sets of five microbatteries have been assembled in either a series or parallel configuration and cycled more than 1000 times. EBC Microbatteries as large as 10 cm 2 have been fabricated and cycled over 1000 times at close to 100% cathode efficiency.

Thin film rechargeable Li batteries

Thin film rechargeable lithium microbatteries that have been previously reported in literature are reviewed. A more detailed discussion of the microbatteries recently developed independently at Eveready Battery Company (EBC) and Bellcore is presented. The EBC microbattery consists of a TiS 2 cathode, an oxide-sulfide electrolyte, and a Li anode. It has an OCV near 2.5 V and routinely goes more than 1000 cycles between the limits of 1.8 V and 2.8 V, with greater than 70% cathode utilization, at current densities up to 300 μA/cm 2. Also, it can be cycled at −10°C at a current density of 100 μA/cm 2, is capable of supplying 2 s pulses of several mA/cm 2, and has excellent long term stability both on shelf and while cycling. The Bellcore microbattery consists of an LiMn 2O 4 cathode, a lithium borophosphate (LiBP) or lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LiPON) electrolyte, and a Li anode. It has an OCV near 4.2 V and cycles more than 150 times between 3.5 V and 4.3 V, with nearly 75% cathode efficiency, at current densities up to 70 μA/cm 2.

A thin-film solid-state microbattery

A functional thin-film microbattery has been developed at the Technology Laboratory of Eveready Battery Company (EBC). The microbattery is constructed using cathode sputtering for deposition of the contacts, TiS 2 cathode, and oxide-sulfide solid electrolyte; high vacuum vapor deposition is used for a LiI layer and Li anode. The completed microbattery has an overall thickness of approximately 10 μm and an open-circuit voltage near 2.5 V. On the primary discharge the microbattery shows close to 100% cathode utilization (based on a one electron change) to a 1.8 V cutoff at current densities ranging from 10 to 135 μA/cm 2. The microbattery is capable of supplying current pulses of two seconds duration at current densities greater than 2 mA/cm 2. The microbattery also shows excellent secondary performance. Cells routinely give over 1000 cycles of 100% cycling efficiency (discharge capacity equal to the charge capacity) at greater than 70% cathode utilization on each cycle.

A thin film solid state microbattery

A functional thin film solid state microbattery has been developed at the Technology Laboratory of Eveready Battery Company (EBC). The microbattery is constructed using cathode sputtering for deposition of the contacts, TiS 2 cathode, and oxide-sulfide solid electrolyte; while high vacuum vapor deposition is used for a LiI layer and Li anode. The completed microbattery has an overall thickness of approximately 10μm and an open circuit voltage near 2.5 V. On the primary discharge the microbattery shows close to 100% cathode utilization (based on a one electron change) to a 1.8 V cutoff at current densities ranging from 10–135 μA/cm 2. The microbattery is capable of supplying current pulses of two seconds duration at current densities greater than 2 mA/cm 2. The microbattery also shows excellent secondary performance. Cells routinely give over 1000 cycles of 100% cycling efficiency (discharge capacity equal to the charge capacity) at greater than 70% cathode utilization on each cycle.

Solid State Primary &amp; Secondary Batteries &amp; Composite Electrode Theory

The concept of a solid state energy storage cell has been proven technically feasible by numerous researchers over a period of at least 30 years. [1] Good reviews are available on the state of the art today [2]. The related concept of a solid state rechargeable cell has also been proven technically feasible [3,4]. This paper will describe advances made in primary and secondary solid state cell systems over a period of several years of development at Eveready Battery Co., Inc. Additionally, an attempted experimental verification of “Composite Electrode Theory” proposed by S. Atlung [5] is made.