Events Of War Research Articles

Western life courses challenged in life stories collected in contemporary China.

The life course describes the progression of life as a social role, from birth to death. Traditional Western life-history studies of the life course usually describe a continuous lifeline with occasional interruptions in between. The extraordinary temporal events of the Anti-Japanese War (AJW), Civil War (CW), Great Famine (GF), Cultural Revolution (CR), and the Reform and Opening-up of China in just few decades mean that the life history of contemporary Chinese older adults may be quite different from those of their western peers. The study used qualitative research methods to conduct in-depth interviews with 16 older adults and collect their life stories through a standardized list of questions. Grounded theory was employed to condense, compare, conceptualize, and synthesize patterns within the collected data, approaching the investigation with a "naturalistic" perspective. Based on a generalized analysis of the Interview transcripts, we can find that Chinese old adults' life stories were shaped by recurring exceptional and rapidly changing environmental conditions. The themes and sub-themes of Chinese old adults' life stories were focus on (1) violence, loss of family member, escape and unstable life in their early life which are related to AJW and CW; (2) poverty and starvation in daily life when they were adolescents and young adults which are related to GF; (3) discontinuity, timed opportunities, categorizations in order to split the social relationships and networks in CR. The data also suggest that education is an important part of the life story and that its value changes over time. The discontinuity and instability of the life stories of the Chinese old adults are unexpected according to the dominant Western-influenced life course theories, which enriches life course theory and provides a new perspective for studying the individual life course in a society of constant and rapid change.

POÉSIE DE LA GUERRE MODERNE : TENDANCES DE DÉVELOPPEMENT À LA LUMIÈRE DU GENRE POETIQUE ET DE LA SPÉCIFICITÉ THÉMATIQUE

Background. From the first day of the war, on February 24, 2022, Ukrainian poetry gained a new impetus for development. The actualization of this type of creativity isdriven, on the one hand, by the experience of the tragic moment because such poetry often emerges in the immediate aftermath of war events, and on the other hand, by the expected therapeutic effect of poetic words. Social media platforms played a significant role in the dissemination of amateur and professional poets' verses, providing people with moral support and the opportunity to uplift one another. It is worth conducting a comprehensive literary analysis of the representative poetics of contemporary Ukrainian literature to understand the conceptual changes in Ukrainian society's consciousness, experienced by current war.
 Purpose. The aim of the study is to explore the poetic specificity of contemporary network poetry about the war unleashed by Russia against Ukraine.
 Methods. The article predominantly employs the method of mapping, supplemented by structural-analytical, descriptive, and typological techniques.
 Results. In the article, the poetic features of network (mostly amateur) poetry about the realities of Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine are mapping. Nearly 90% of the poems are written in Ukrainian, while other languages used by amateur poets include Russian, English, French, and Spanish. At first glance, the verses of contemporary amateurs may appear somewhat primitive in the literary sense, but they exhibit sincerity, honesty, and poetic exploration, with attempts to construct their own rhymes and rhythmic patterns, often flavored with a sense of "folkness" (colloquial language). The gender specificity of the poems is predetermined by the dominance of works by female authors, as the specificity of wartime often positions women as observers and emotionally involved parties through their familial or professional connections with men on the front lines. The gender aspect of amateur military poetry reveals a predominance of prayer-like verses in various forms, such as prayers for peace, prayers for loved ones, prayers for Ukraine, prayers for the fallen, prayers for children, and prayers of despair. Additionally, the analyzed layer of poetry includes genres such as meditation, chronicle-like poems, lullabies, and satirical verses. The military lyrics, predominantly created by male soldiers, exhibit severity and depict the harshness of trench life, abound with images of relentless death, celebrate friendship and brotherhood, and often convey psychological and physical aversion to acts of violence. Some of these poems take the form of messages addressed to mothers or loved ones. The collection of amateur military poetry written during the spring of 2022 revolves around the chronotope of the Ukrainian wartime, depicting cities and towns ravaged by the war. At times, it narrows down to the space of a native home, either intact or ruined and abandoned, emphasizing the motif of displacement and the image of refugees. Many poems express emotional negativity towards the enemy/enemies, namely Russians, "Russian nationalists," or "orcs." In terms of form and style, the analyzed works combine subjective forms of inner monologue with folkloric clichés and intertextual references to the works of Taras Shevchenko. In terms of versification, the dominant forms are quatrains with alternating rhymes or rhymed couplets (which aligns this poetic tradition with folk songs), with the number of stanzas ranging from two to five or six. Occasionally, free verse or futuristic stanzas with monosyllabic exclamatory sentences are encountered.
 Discussion. War poems have become a social phenomenon through their dissemination on social media and internet resources. They serve the function of societal and personal therapy and meditation, psychological relief, and evoke an atmosphere of prayer, akin to both Christian and pagan prayers, particularly to Orphism with its closeness to peasantry and belief in soul purification. They embody a belief that the power of art, poetic words, and music contributes to peace. The layer of war poetry becomes stronger and more diverse every day, thus requiring its curator and researcher.

The question of war in the social doctrine of the Catholic Church through the prism of the events of Russia's war against Ukraine and in the current theological reflections of ukrainian catholics

The article analyzes the provisions on war in the social doctrine of the Catholic Church through the prism of the events of Russia's war against Ukraine and in the current theological reflections of Ukrainian Catholics. The purpose of the article is to clarify the possibilities of practical application of these provisions of the Catholic social doctrine in the situation of modern war in view of the assessment of their practical implementation by representatives of the RCC and UGCC in the context of today's war chronicle. The scientific novelty of the article is due to the consideration of doctrinal instructions regarding war, taking into account their evaluations by representatives of Catholics in today's Ukraine, who ponder theoretical questions "from the middle" of the practical experience of citizens of a country, against which the enemy has unleashed a brutal war. After all, only one's own experience of living in specific situations makes it possible to fully assess the degree of adequacy of theoretical provisions - actual reality. The achievement of scientific novelty is summarized in the conclusions: the corpus of the Compendium of Social Doctrine in its modern presentation (since 2004), as well as encyclicals and other documents of the Catholic Church of the 19th and 20th centuries, written by people who are representatives of the Euro-Atlantic cultural and civilization circle . Therefore, despite the potential of universality and timelessness (at least within the framework of the Christian worldview), these instructions can be understood and accepted rather by the recipients of the same circle, and do not take into account the entire mental complex of those who are actually outside it. That is probably why, similar to the written postulates of international organizations, the avant-garde builders of which are mainly the representative states of this same circle, the instructions of the Catholic social doctrine may not fully "work" in all situations of military conflicts. In particular, as it is now obvious, Russia has learned to use in its own interests fairly and humanely written laws and guidelines, secular and ecclesiastical, and to brutally violate them, to which both in the Catholic social doctrine and in the documents of international organizations, in the end, only one answer remains - armed power.

The head of Defense of the Okhotsk district of the Siberian Volunteer Squad is Captain Boris Mikhailovich Mikhailovsky

The article is devoted to the military biography of the participant of the First World War, the civil war in Siberia, the governor of the Tomsk province during the reign of Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak, the organizer of the Yakut campaign and the chief of defense of the Okhotsk district of the Siberian Volunteer squad, Captain Boris Mikhailovich Mikhailovsky, whose biography is currently incomplete and focuses on the events when B. M. Mikhailovsky held the position of manager The province. Meanwhile, all that is known about B. M. Mikhailovsky as the chief of defense of the Okhotsk district of the Siberian Volunteer squad is that he disobeyed the order of the commander of the squad A. N. Pepelyaev on the transfer of civil power to representatives in Okhotsk and usurped power in the Okhotsk region. The work was carried out in compliance with the basic scientific principles of objectivity, historicism and multifactoriality. Within the framework of the problems of intellectual history, it is considered justified to apply an approach based on microhistoric analysis. The author pays special attention to the period of Mikhailovsky's participation in the organization and implementation of Lieutenant General Pepelyaev's campaign in Yakutia, as a poorly illuminated area in the biography of a white officer. Documents from the National Archive of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) are introduced into scientific circulation, which contain orders, proclamations, letters from participants in the events of 1922-1923. Special attention is paid to the situation of the city of Okhotsk during the civil war in Yakutia, the cold confrontation between Mikhailovsky, as a representative of the Siberian Volunteer Squad and the Provisional Yakut Regional People's Government. The author concludes that Captain Mikhailovsky was not the last officer in the Civil War and the Yakut campaign, and played an important role in the events under consideration. This work is important for a comprehensive and objective coverage of the events of the civil war in Russia, filling in the white spots in the biography of Mikhailovsky, who is widely known as the governor of the Tomsk province during the Kolchak government, but remains unknown during the years of the campaign of the squad in Yakutia, one of the organizers of which he was. In addition, this work allows you to get to know Lieutenant General Pepelyaev's entourage better through studying his associates. The article is a continuation of the study of the biography of the command staff of the Siberian Volunteer squad.

FACTORS OF SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL ADAPTATION AND ANXIETY OF REFUGEES DURING THE WAR

The article provides a theoretical analysis of the problem of anxiety, the tendency of a person to experience anxiety, which is connected with the premonition of real or imagined danger. The purpose of the article is to review and analyse the factors of socio-psychological adaptation and anxiety of refugees in terms of war, as well as psychological techniques to develop in them a new attitude to stress reactions as a resource that can strengthen immunity to traumatization. The study used the methods of terminological, substantive and statistical analysis in determining the content and essence of anxiety as a state and process of experiencing, as well as modelling and projecting methods to find factors of social and psychological adaptation and reducing the level of anxiety of refugees during the war. It has been emphasized that anxiety is an individual psychological feature reflecting an increased tendency to feel alarm in various life situations, in particular those that do not objectively foresee this. Common and distinctive features between anxiety and alarm have been identified. In the structure of anxiety, cognitive, emotional and operational components have been found and described, among which the dominant position is occupied by an emotional response to an unfavourable life situation. It has been shown that anxiety is divided into two main categories: covert and overt. It has been pointed out that there is a connection between the state of alarm and the strength of the individual’s nervous system. Assumptions are expressed regarding the inverse correlation of the strength and sensitivity of the subject’s nervous system. The analysis of scientific research has shown that anxiety enables an individual to respond to a threatening situation adaptively. Anxiety also changes the nature of the behaviour, leads to increased behavioural activity, encourages more intense and purposeful efforts, and thereby performs an adaptive function. It has been emphasized that if the anxiety is intense and long-lasting, it prevents the formation of adaptive behaviour and leads to violations of behavioural integration, and sometimes to clinically expressed disorders of the psyche and behaviour. Peculiarities of the person’s psychological states in terms of war events have been analysed. It is argued that the most important self-preservation strategy is to change the subject’s attitude to war traumatization. A person should know that it is not at all necessary to become a victim of life’s trials, that not every stress causes post-traumatic disorders, and that stress energy can be transformed and used effectively. It has been established that a new attitude to stress reactions as a resource strengthens immunity to trauma and promotes post-traumatic growth. It has been noted that adaptation and the ability to adapt is a prerequisite for the future active and productive activity of an individual in any sphere of life. When a person feels free and comfortable (adapted), they perform both their social and professional roles well, which is very important in the process of social interaction both during education and in later life. Adaptation is divided into external and internal, and such types of adaptation are distinguished as pedagogical, professional, social, biological, and psychological ones. Factors have been clarified, and external and internal criteria of psychological and pedagogical adaptation have been distinguished. At the same time, it has been concluded that socio-psychological adaptation to the conditions of a military conflict occurs as an adaptation to a socially tense, constantly changing environment. Therefore, it is important to shift the emphasis from the state of adaptation to the properties of adaptability of the individual and the community, which are associated with such constructs as resilience, psychological resilience, and group efficiency.

ВІЙНА ЯК ПЕРЕЖИВАННЯ: УКРАЇНСЬКЕ МИСТЕЦТВО ТА ЕСТЕТИЧНИЙ ДОСВІД В ЧАСИ РОСІЙСЬКО-УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ВІЙНИ

The creativity of Ukrainian artists since the beginning of the full-scale Russian-Ukrainian war is primarily directed towards the artistic representation of the initial reaction to events that have become a tremendous challenge and shock to society. Their works serve an important purpose in comprehending the experienced and familiar experience for all Ukrainians. Additionally, they contribute to the documentation of this experience in an artistic form. This article will focus on the analysis of the aesthetic subject and the role of aesthetic values in the creativity of Ukrainian artists during the times of the Russian-Ukrainian war. It will also contemplate the role of Ukrainian art in shaping contemporary Ukrainian identity. The Russian-Ukrainian war continues to the present day. Ukrainian art is currently going through challenging times. However, many Ukrainian artists continue to pursue their craft, creating paintings, poems, music, scripts for theatrical performances, or films. Their works serve as artistic representations of the initial reaction to the war events, which have posed a tremendous challenge and shock to society. Consequently, they play a crucial role in reflecting on the experienced and shared Ukrainian experience, thus primarily serving a therapeutic purpose. Additionally, they contribute to the documentation and preservation of the war experience. This article focuses on the analysis of the aesthetic subject and the role of aesthetic values in the creativity of Ukrainian artists during the Russian-Ukrainian war. It will also highlight the relationship between aesthetic (artistic) perspectives and the socio-political discourse, which, in the conditions of war, exhibit an even closer connection than usual. Specifically, the role of Ukrainian art in shaping contemporary Ukrainian identity will be contemplated.

The Figurative System in the Works During the Russian-Ukrainian War: Nazhyvo (Live) and Mutilated Sky Projects

The article analyzes changes of the figurative system in works on military subjects, created in the period from the end of February 2022 to the middle of 2023, focusing on Nazhyvo (Live) and Mutilated Sky projects. The first exhibition of the Nazhyvo project featured works which declared their authors’ rootedness in the cultural layers of their homeland; the second exhibition focused on the theme of human interaction with the universe in times of war; the third exhibition showed the authors’ interest in mythology, which demonstrates a deeper level of artistic comprehension of Ukraine’s modern history. The author highlights that when changing the figurative system due to the expansion of topics and the depth of comprehension of dramatic events, the participants of the Nazhyvo project retain constant motifs in their works, such as archetypal images. In their artistic practices, the participants of the Mutilated Sky project realize the results of comprehending their own identity as a solid foundation in times of great suffering through the expression of rootedness in their family, community, and, more broadly, their native land. The rootedness expressed by the young artists in their own way confirms the tendency manifested in the works of Ukrainian artists during wartime. Thus, for the participants of the Nazhyvo and Mutilated Sky projects, it is important to mark identity in their artistic practices by conveying a connection with their ancestry as a family and their ancestry in the sense of their native land, as well as by placing the events of the Russian-Ukrainian war in a broader historical and cultural context. The effective realization of creative aspirations is facilitated by the development of a figurative system characterized by expansion in the development of sustainable motifs

A culture of aggression: the Gorongosa elephants' enduring legacy of war

Humans have hunted elephants since the Palaeolithic era and, as cunning predators, have likely helped shape the animals’ sophisticated defensive behaviour. In recent centuries, the use of modern weapons in targeted mass killings has resulted in signs of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in elephants, including heightened aggression and impaired decision- making. During Mozambique’s long civil war (1977–1992), 90% of the elephants of Gorongosa National Park were killed. More than a quarter of a century after the end of hostilities aggression towards vehicles by elephant families is an enduring legacy. This study found that females and entire families were more likely to charge when vehicles were in close proximity (<~80 m) and on, rather than off, the roads. Although aggression was primarily initiated and led by older adult females, most charges involved mobbing by entire families, including calves. Some individuals engaged in idiosyncratic defensive behaviours, while some families exhibited distinctive group manoeuvres that appeared to form traditions, indicating that young elephants were acquiring their defensive responses within this social context. We argue that the aggressive behaviour of the Gorongosa elephants is a response to the traumatic events of the civil war and that the observed patterns of behaviour are transmitted within and across groups, giving rise to a culturally learned behavioural variant that has persisted over time and generations. Given rapid environmental change, increasing contact between elephants and people, and the extreme losses caused by poaching and armed conflict, a better understanding of the role that culture plays in the response of elephants to people is urgently needed. Conservation and management strategies may have to be adapted to meet the changing cultures of specific elephant populations.

Research on the Influence of War on Film Art Taking Casablanca During World War II as an Example

The monumental events of World War II deeply impacted numerous spheres of human life, including Hollywood cinema. This paper delves into the influence of WWII on Hollywoods thematic and narrative shifts, using the iconic film Casablanca (1942) as its focal point. Released amidst the wars tumult, Casablanca seamlessly blends a distinct love story with contemporary political dynamics, exemplifying Hollywoods adaptive response to wartime conditions. Through meticulous examination of Casablanca, this study gleans insights into Hollywoods filmmaking choices and content transformation against the wars backdrop, drawing from varied sources such as film archives, governmental records, and industry reports. This exploration vividly highlights the lasting impact of the war on cinema, positioning Casablanca as a paragon of the synergy between cinematic art and wartime politics.

Analysis of the impact of war events on stroke and the risk factors of their development (review)

Analysis of the impact of war events on stroke and the risk factors of their development (review)

The city as memory in contemporary Polish women's literature

The research is based on the hypothesis that geographical spaces reflect the imprint of social, political, historical and cultural life. Spatial representations of settlements are the projections of social crisis and historical periods. The city has its own vocabulary and language, reflected in its buildings and spaces. These 'speaking' cities are open in space and time, and become theatres of self-writing, as the spaces of the city try to find forms of expression to see unspoken traumas, that is, theories of the city are also theories of the subject.
 The main question of the investigation is: what are the specific possibilities and challenges for Polish contemporary women's literature to mobilise social memory and to create possibilities for confronting the traumatic past? Using examples from Olga Tokarczuk's novels Dom dzienny, dom nocny (Day House, Night House) and Joanna Bator's Piaskowa Góra (Sand Hill), I will present the relationship between memory and coming to terms with the past in the historical context of East-Central Europe in Poland. In particular, I will focus on the ways of reflecting on historical events of the Second World War and the regime change of 1989.
 A further aim of the research is to explore how Polish women's literature after 1989 attempts to come to terms with the great social traumas of the twentieth century. In the following, I intend to examine the fictional representation of the culture of memory of the 1989/90 regime change in the body of contemporary Hungarian and Polish women's literature in order to find a common intersection of Central and Eastern European literatures.

Time-varying connectedness and causality between oil prices and G7 economies exchange rates. Evidence from the COVID-19 and Russia-Ukraine crises

PurposeThis study aims to attempt to investigate the time-varying causality and price spillover effects between crude oil and exchange rate markets in G7 economies during the COVID-19 and Russia–Ukraine crises.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses time-varying Granger causality test and spillover index.FindingsThis study finds a time-varying causality between exchange rate returns and oil prices, implying that crude oil prices have the predictive power of the foreign exchange rate markets in G7 economies in their domain. Furthermore, the total spillover index is estimated to fall significantly around COVID-19 and war events. However, this index is relatively high – more than 57% during the first wave of COVID-19 and decreasing slightly during the Russia–Ukraine conflict.Practical implicationsThis outcome supports the hypothesis that the majority of the time-varying interaction between exchange rates and oil prices takes place in the short term. As a result, the time-varying characteristics provide straightforward insight for investors and policymakers to fully understand the intercorrelation between oil prices and the G7 exchange rate markets.Originality/valueFirst, this study has reexamined the oil–exchange rate nexus to highlight new evidence using novel time-varying Granger causality model recently proposed by Shi et al. (2018) and the spillover index proposed by Diebold and Yilmaz (2012). These approaches allow the author to improve understanding of time-varying causal associations and return transmission between exchange rates and oil prices. Second, compared to past papers, this paper has used data from December 31, 2019, to October 31, 2022, to offer a fresh and accurate structure between the markets, which indicates the unique experience of the COVID-19 outbreak and Russia–Ukraine war episodes. Third, this study analyzes a data set of seven advanced economies (G7) exhibiting significant variations in their economic situations and responding to global stress times.

The godly lives of Samuel Clarke and the ‘national church’ in the 1650s

ABSTRACT The godly lives of Samuel Clarke have traditionally been consulted by historians of early Stuart puritanism for biographical information, particularly anecdotal information, about many of the most famous puritan divines of the age. But, in fact, the lives, and the martyrologies and ecclesiastical histories in which they were contained, were a product of the events of the English civil war and revolution; and more particularly of the disastrous defeat suffered at the end of the 1640s and early 1650s by the Presbyterians at the hands of the Independents and the sects. The first versions of Clarke’s collection of lives, which were published between 1650 and 1652, represented a response to that crisis. This article sets out to explain how and why that was, and, having set the lives in that context, and explained the precise apologetic, polemical and edificational purposes they were designed to serve, it concludes by explaining what light such a contextual reading of Clarke’s text might shed on the dynamics of the 1650s and the fate therein of the ‘national church’.

The genre of historical novels about the Great Patriotic War in the Mari literature in the first post-war years

This article analyses the formation and development of the historical novel genre in the national literature in the first post-war period. The object of the study are the works of the Mari writers Nikandr Lekain «On Fire of the Great War» and Veniamin Ivanov «The Windstorm». National patriotic spirit, heroism, the determination of people to fight to the end come to the fore in N. Lekain’s work. The work does not have the main character who unites all the storylines; it presents the multinational face of the Soviet people through the individual actions of people of different generations. In V. Ivanov’s novel, the fate of the individualized personality, his inner experiences, comes to the forefront. The historical and typological method of research made it possible to identify general and specific features in the depiction of dramatic events of the Great Patriotic War in the Mari and Russian literatures. The problem of the formation of this genre in regional literary criticism is being considered for the first time. A comparative study of the literary prose of writers revealed that the expansion and deepening of the problematic and thematic range (the theme of rear everyday life in the countryside, the problem of desertion and betrayal, etc.) of the Mari literature of this period outlined certain shifts in the image of the inner world of the characters. There was a tendency of multifaceted disclosure of socio-historical and ideological factors of the personality formation, psychologically deep explanation of the motives of the heroes’ actions. N. Lekain and V. Ivanov managed to find those life conflicts that made it possible to psychologically accurate portray the dialectics of the human soul in the war, to comprehend the origins of the national-patriotic upsurge, to show the deep processes of their contemporary reality.

DEVELOPMENT, CORRECTIVE AND REHABILITATION OPPORTUNITIES OF A TALE TO WORK WITH PRESCHOOLERS

The article deals with creative and development, corrective and rehabilitation opportunities of a tale to work with preschoolers. Under the urgent unsteady social and cultural conditions, a new line and trend of the native education development is being formed; it is originated in humanism and democracy, creativity and self-realization. The process is aimed at optimizing the cooperation between a personality, society and nature in the life creativity of every citizen, regardless of the development level, social status, mental and physical opportunities, etc. Thus, forming the content, teaching and upbringing forms and methods for the children play a significant role. These tools may provide for the effective revealing of their personalities, forming the ability to think creatively, independently make customized solutions, perform a flexible reaction on the changes under the conditions of a radical restructuring of every spheres of the society life.The problem is actualized by a rapid mental health deterioration of children that is caused by traumatic events of the brutal war of aggression of rf against Ukraine. Most children suffer from anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, dissociative and behavioral disorders. Since, it is the education system which is designed to both develop a creative, socially active and harmoniously developed personality and provide an everyday social and psychological, as well as an emotional support for children. Here it is a teacher of a preschool institution in the center, who should possess these universal methods, tools, techniques of a creative development of preschoolers and being oriented on their corrective and rehabilitation opportunities. A tale is among the integrative tools of creative abilities development of a child, correction of the internal deformations and harmonization of his relation to the external world.Based on a tale use in an educational process at a pre-school institution, the authors determine creative and development functions of a tale, that include expanding the range of abilities (cognitive, intellectual, specific: artistic, literary, mathematical and others) and individual features (emotionality, courage of imagination, fantasy, intuitivity, etc.) of the children; they are getting visible and rich at the practice of different constructive activity, which results are described as new and original. Corrective and rehabilitation opportunities are also proved. They comprise the reflection of a child’s internal world, the consideration of complex phenomena and feelings, identification of his emotional status with the hero, comprehension of the problem and its solution, mastering the constructive variants to solve conflicts, the behavior change, emotional reactions, social communicative skills, learning moral standards

How preschool children in Lithuania perceive the war in Ukraine: analysis of drawings

Lithuanian society actively supports Ukraine and is very close to the threat of extended war. How to communicate with preschool children about cruel war events is a problematic question for many parents and educators. Purpose - to study the attitude of parents to communicate with children about the war, to determine the ways of thinking and perception of military events by children through drawings. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in 5 kindergartens in Vilnius with the participation of 113 parents of 36 children. Results. Results revealed that 54.9% parents noted that they are talking about the war with their preschool-age child. 31.8% parents gave permission to speak and draw with their children about the war. The average age of children was 5.3±0.7 years. 72.2% of parents who permitted to talk about the war in Ukraine with their children indicated that they speak to their children about the war, and only 46.7% of parents who not gave permission indicated that they speak to their children about the war (p=0.006). Data showed that even children not directly impacted by war violence often are aware of current war events. Children’s drawings demonstrated a concrete understanding of war events and emphasized war’s negative emotions and destructive consequences. The predominant theme of the drawings were weapons, war events, falling bombs, destroyed houses, dying people, soldiers, and frightened faces. Conclusions. The study revealed that only half of the parents talked to their children about the war in Ukraine. Analysis of the form and content of the drawings show that the experienced war events left a robust impression on the children. It is essential to know the feelings and experiences of preschool children, to react appropriately according to their age and respond to their needs. It is necessary to talk to children about the war, trying to understand their worldviews, imaginations, and fears, because war experiences at an early age are a severe factor for the child’s further development. No conflict of interests was declared by the authors.

Towards a sustainable approach to reconstruction of residential heritage: Insights from international case studies

Reconstruction and recovery of historic cities after destruction due to conflict or natural disasters have gained increasing relevance in the last decades. The investigation of international examples of recovery after war or natural catastrophic events can provide knowledge for improving guidance and strategies for sustainable reconstruction/ intervention in similar cases in the future. This paper aims to identify and analyze the legal, administrative, social, and economic factors that can favor the reconstruction and recovery processes of the historic city and its residential neighborhoods. An extensive review of international examples and literature on guidance has been conducted to provide insight into best practices and potential solutions. As a result, a set of lessons learned that can be used to address post-conflict and post-disaster recovery and reconstruction in similar situations is given.

(Ne)baigtas Antrasis pasaulinis karas Ukrainoje

The text examines one of the most difficult periods in the history of people of Ukraine – the events of the World War II. The purpose of this survey is to show the existential nature of the largest armed conflict in the history of mankind for Ukrainians, which was determined by the real threat of de­population, as well as the deprivation of their natural right to self-determination. Not only great and influential, but also smaller actors of international arena had their own inter­ests in Ukrainian territories, raw materials, and industrial and human resources. Howev­er, Moscow considered Ukraine to be the sphere of its undivided domination and used all means to solve the “Ukrainian question” according to its own scenarios. The first Sovieti­sation unequivocally confirmed the Kremlin’s intentions to implement the Bolshevik pro­ject in the Ukrainian regions annexed in 1939–1940. Under the collision of two totalitarian systems – Soviet and Nazi – Ukrainian political independence-oriented forces managed to organise themselves for resistance and protection of the indigenous interests of the people of Ukraine. The organisation of Ukrainian nationalists, as well as representatives of other political groups created their own armed formations – such as “Poliska Sich”, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, self-defence units – which launched a struggle against the German and Soviet occupational forces and administration. This asymmetric confronta­tion had great political and moral-psychological significance, affirming the vitality of the “Ukrainian idea” and the continuity of the struggle for the restoration of Ukrainian state­hood. The Stalinist regime needed more than 10 years to suppress the national liberation movement in Ukraine. Yet Ukrainians did not come to terms with communist tyranny and resisted it until the fall of the Soviet Union. In the current confrontation with the Russian aggression, Ukraine is finally breaking with its imperial past and establishing it as an in­dependent, democratic state.

The (Un)Finished Ukrainian World War II

The text examines one of the most difficult periods in the history of people of Ukraine – the events of the World War II. The purpose of this survey is to show the existential nature of the largest armed conflict in the history of mankind for Ukrainians, which was determined by the real threat of de­population, as well as the deprivation of their natural right to self-determination. Not only great and influential, but also smaller actors of international arena had their own inter­ests in Ukrainian territories, raw materials, and industrial and human resources. Howev­er, Moscow considered Ukraine to be the sphere of its undivided domination and used all means to solve the “Ukrainian question” according to its own scenarios. The first Sovieti­sation unequivocally confirmed the Kremlin’s intentions to implement the Bolshevik pro­ject in the Ukrainian regions annexed in 1939–1940. Under the collision of two totalitarian systems – Soviet and Nazi – Ukrainian political independence-oriented forces managed to organise themselves for resistance and protection of the indigenous interests of the people of Ukraine. The organisation of Ukrainian nationalists, as well as representatives of other political groups created their own armed formations – such as “Poliska Sich”, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, self-defence units – which launched a struggle against the German and Soviet occupational forces and administration. This asymmetric confronta­tion had great political and moral-psychological significance, affirming the vitality of the “Ukrainian idea” and the continuity of the struggle for the restoration of Ukrainian state­hood. The Stalinist regime needed more than 10 years to suppress the national liberation movement in Ukraine. Yet Ukrainians did not come to terms with communist tyranny and resisted it until the fall of the Soviet Union. In the current confrontation with the Russian aggression, Ukraine is finally breaking with its imperial past and establishing it as an in­dependent, democratic state.

EFEKTIVITAS ASAS PACTA SUNT SERVANDA SAAT TERJADI KEADAAN MEMAKSA (FORCE MAJEURE) DALAM HUKUM PERJANJIAN INDONESIA

The effectiveness of the Pacta Sunt Servanda principle in Indonesian treaty law becomes an important subject when force majeure occurs. This principle implies the obligation of parties to comply with the agreed contents of the agreement. However, when events beyond control, such as natural disasters, war, or other unexpected events (force majeure), this principle becomes tested. In this context, the effectiveness of the Pacta Sunt Servanda principle in Indonesian treaty law requires a balance between adherence to the agreed agreement and recognition of unforeseen circumstances that may affect its implementation. Awareness of the legal implications of force majeure is very important for the parties involved in the agreement, to maintain clarity, fairness and order in the implementation of the agreement amid the dynamics of unforeseen circumstances. The Pacta Sunt Servanda principle in Indonesian treaty law is intended to provide equal rights for all parties involved in a contract. However, in force majeure conditions, this principle may not apply due to circumstances that prevent contract compliance. By using a normative juridical approach, this research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the Pacta Sunt Servanda principle in force majeure. The results of this study show that force majeure is one of the factors that affect the effectiveness of the Pacta Sunt Servanda principle in Indonesian treaty law. Therefore, the application of the Pacta Sunt Servanda principle can be delayed due to force majeure. The consequences are the loss of rights and obligations of the agreement and the non-fulfillment of the rights and obligations stipulated in the contract.