Events Of War Research Articles

“My report will be a memory of something that stands out very vividly in my memory...” (Stanislav Chechek and his activities in the “Society of Participants of the Volga Movement of 1918”)

Importance. The activities of the “Society of Participants of the Volga Movement of 1918” are considered and an analysis of its activities as a society for preserving the memory of emigrants about the events of the Civil War in the Volga region is given. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that the basis of our sample is the role of its chairman Stanislav Chechek, an active participant in military operations in the Volga region. Particular attention is paid to his work “From Penza to the Urals,” which is created on the basis of a report for members of the Society. This document is analyzed for the first time, despite its availability.Materials and Methods. The research materials are data on the “Society of the Volga Movement of 1918”, stored in the funds of the State Archive of the Russian Federation. The work uses a historical-systemic method, which allows us to consider the social activities of S. Chechek and his speech as the highest point in the activities of society. The principles of historicism and objectivism make it possible to analyze the main aspects of the activities of the Society and S. Chechek.Results and Discussion. Based on the study of archival materials and analysis of the text of S. Chechek’s work “From Penza to the Urals”, the public, educational and publication activities of the society, as well as a set of problems that it faced, are considered. Special attention is paid to the activities of his supervisor, through the prism of whose report they are able to rethink his role and significance for the events of the Civil War in Russia.Conclusion. Despite the relatively short period of work, the organization “Society of the Volga Movement of 1918” is able to form a fund of unique profiles of participants in the Civil War, documents and materials that are available to researchers.

Research on airport apron planning strategy in emergency situations

In events of local war or highly infectious epidemics, airports face the problem of how to park numerous non-missioned aircraft on aprons. In this study, the apron planning problem in emergency situations (APPES) was considered to replan existing parking stands and taxiways, thus determining the numbers and locations of different aircraft types. A mixed-integer programming formulation for the APPES was developed to maximise the total revenue for the apron, where the aircraft was planned to be parked based on factors such as the safety distance and aircraft taxiing method. A two-stage approach based on the discrete particle swarm optimisation algorithm and bottom-left algorithm was designed to solve the APPES. Random instances of different sizes were generated, and the experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The two-stage approach could find optimal solutions to the APPES for 19 of the 20 small instances and could well approximate optimal solutions for the medium and large instances within a reasonable timeframe. Parking priority factor and aircraft taxiing methods sensitivity analyses were also designed to develop a strategy that can adhere to the preferences of decision makers or increase the total revenue.

Reframing Difficult Heritage? The Holocaust Monuments in Croatia

ABSTRACT The article focuses on two monuments in Croatia that commemorate the Second World War and the Holocaust. The first is the Stone Flower monument (Kameni cvet/cvijet) located at the Jasenovac Memorial Site, designed by Bogdan Bogdanović and unveiled in 1966. The second is the Tangible Absence monument (Prisutna odsutnost/Memorial to Victims of the Holocaust and the Ustasha Regime), unveiled 77 years after the war’s end. It is located in the centre of Zagreb and was created by sculptor Dalibor Stošić and architect Krešimir Rogina. Both of these monuments are representative of how the official memory regarding the events of the Second World War is changing in Croatia. They reflect the internal social and political changes occurring within the territory of former Yugoslavia (now in this case Croatia). The main objectives of this text are to provide a comprehensive description of the monument creation process, highlight the meanings conveyed by these monuments, and to address the question of how new official forms of commemoration in Croatia respond to the global processes of reimagining Holocaust memory.

Perpetrators and Victims Blurred in the Soundscape of Wartime Mass Rallies: The Third-Generation Perspective in Marcel Beyer’s The Karnau Tapes and Kateřina Tučková’s Gerta

This article investigates the use of sound at mass rallies during World War II, a topic that has not been explored in depth. By using the concepts of sound memory and soundscape, the article examines how contemporary literature represents past war events, specifically focusing on how national groups and individuals are portrayed in relation to other people, places, events, and axiological systems. The analysis centres on the perspectives of third-generation authors, allowing for a deeper understanding of how the identities of perpetrators and victims are constructed and negotiated differently at the collective and individual levels. To achieve this, the article examines two literary works, Marcel Beyer’s German novel The Karnau Tapes and Kateřina Tučková’s Czech novel Gerta, using a combination of sound studies and literary studies. The article argues that the sensory aspects of memory and oblivion can shed light on the soundscape created by mass rallies during wartime and how this has shaped Czech and German cultural memory. However, even the third generation is not immune to the pressure of silence on certain issues, dictated by a collective need to preserve and consolidate a particular image of the nation.

THE FIRST STEPS TOWARDS STRATEGIC ALLIANCE IN AZERBAIJANI-TURKISH RELATIONS BEFORE THE SECOND KARABAKH WAR

Azerbaijan and Turkey are historically linked by many common cultural, linguistic and religious ties, which creates the basis for the development of strategic allied relations between these two countries. After President Ilham Aliyev came to power in 2003, relations between Azerbaijan and Turkey continued to strengthen, and both sides expressed interest in a deeper strategic partnership. In this article, we will consider the first steps towards strategic alliance in Azerbaijani-Turkish relations during the reign of Ilham Aliyev, especially in the context before the Second Karabakh War.
 To analyze the first steps towards strategic alliance between Azerbaijan and Turkey during the reign of Ilham Aliyev, a comprehensive analysis of official statements, political documents and treaties, as well as acts of foreign policy of both countries was carried out. Data from studies and analytical reviews published in various scientific journals and reputable analytical publications were also used.
 The purpose of this study is to identify the first steps taken by Azerbaijan and Turkey towards deepening strategic alliance during the reign of Ilham Aliyev before the Second Karabakh War. We strive to analyze the main stages and factors that contributed to the formation of closer ties between these two States.
 During the reign of Ilham Aliyev, a number of events and political initiatives aimed at deepening strategic relations with Turkey were initiated in Azerbaijan. This included increased military cooperation, the signing of agreements on security and mutual support, as well as agreements on cooperation in the field of energy and transport. Azerbaijan's support of Turkey in various international issues also played a key role in strengthening diplomatic ties.
 The first steps towards strategic alliance between Azerbaijan and Turkey during the reign of Ilham Aliyev turned out to be an important stage in the development of relations between these two states. The deepening of cooperation in various fields, including military, political, economic and cultural, contributed to the strengthening of mutual understanding and trust between Azerbaijan and Turkey. This process had a significant impact on the further development of relations and played a key role in the formation of a strategic alliance, which turned out to be especially important in the context of the Second Karabakh War and subsequent events.

IMPACT OF THE WAR IN THE BETWEEN RUSSIA AND UKRAINE 2014-2024 PERIOD ON THE MENTAL AND EMOTIONAL STATE OF STUDENTS

The military conflict in Ukraine became a serious test for our country and its population, marking the beginning in 2014 after the annexation of Crimea by Russia and the events in the east of Ukraine. Donetsk and Luhansk became centers of armed conflicts with illegal armed formations.
 In 2022, the situation only worsened, when the aggressor country launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, deepening the humanitarian crisis and increasing the scale of the disaster.
 The duration of this military conflict is already almost 10 years, during this period it led to significant human losses, covering both the civilian population and military personnel. Many people were forced to leave their homes and become internally displaced persons of their own country.
 War not only has material losses and physical consequences, but also seriously affects the mental health of a nation. After two years of martial law, the deterioration of the mental state of the entire population is noticeable. War events cause stress reactions and trauma that persist long after hostilities have ceased.
 Everything said earlier indicates that it is necessary not only to restore destroyed houses and infrastructure, but what is especially important is to develop a methodology and create a system of psychological and psychiatric support for people who suffered from the military conflict. The need for rehabilitation programs and counseling becomes an important step in ensuring further recovery and strengthening of the nation's mental health [3].

МЕДІАЦІЯ ЯК ПРИКЛАДНА ФОРМА ГЕРМЕНЕВТИКИ

It should be noted that since the second half of the 20th century, the inclination towards negotiation, which emerged as a response to the events of the Second World War, has determined two phenomena: 1) a new surge of interest in hermeneutics as a scientific method; 2) has gained momentum and demonstrated a demand for the application of skills in resolving disputes at both the level of subject-subject relations and at the levels of subject-group and group-group. This involves the procedure of understanding (now more commonly referred to as mediation). The purpose of research is to analyse mediation as an applied form of hermeneutics, a thorough understanding of which as a method allows parties in a dispute to become aware of their positions and subsequently reach an understanding when making a well-considered joint decision. The conflict parties, entering the mediation process, must, based on their understanding of the conflict’s essence and a clear awareness and justification of their needs and interests, formulate a desired balance of intersubjective relations with opponents and the future. Mediation, as an applied form of hermeneutics, presupposes that its procedure begins with the parties’ knowledge and understanding of their own position and the position of the Other. Knowledge and understanding are conditions for mutual understanding, essentially allowing us to assert that mediation is profoundly hermeneutic, although this is often not consciously acknowledged and not emphasized as a component of a mediator’s professional knowledge. It is concluded that mediation parties, as subjects without setting a specific cognitive task for themselves, reflect on their own position and the position of the other party during the mediation process, considering their own experience and the experience of opponents, and clarify what precisely led to the conflict/dispute. The awareness gained during the mediation procedure is discursive in nature and includes three components: “understanding – interpretation – application”, essentially indicating that mediation is an applied form of hermeneutics. Within the framework of mediation, hermeneutics becomes a tool for revealing human attitudes towards the Other and the world as a whole. Key words: hermeneutics, mediation, awareness, interpretation, understanding, individual.

The Feat of the Gunners of the 3rd Fighter Brigade in Defensive Battles on the Northern Face of the Kursk Bulge

Relevance lies in the need to preserve the historical truth about the events of the Great Patriotic War and one of its most important battles – the Battle of Kursk. Despite the significant historiographical groundwork, the generalization of the experience of fighting in the defense zone of the Central Front troops continues to be actively developed. The retrospective factography of participation in the battles of individual units and formations requires further clarification, researchers should pay attention to the restoration of the destinies and names of the heroes of the summer battles of 1943. Whose example continues to inspire the exploits of modern defenders of the Fatherland.Purpose. On the basis of documentary sources from the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, to reveal the specifics of the organization of defensive battles at Teplov heights by the forces of the gunners of the 3rd fighter brigade.Objectives: to identify and study archival materials about the defensive battles of the 3rd Fighter Brigade on the northern face of the Kursk Bulge; to note the role of gunners in deterring the offensive of German troops on July 5-12, 1943; to determine the behavior of individual servicemen who distinguished themselves during the summer battles, to characterize the problems of establishing their destinies.Methodology. During the research, the author adhered to the principles of objectivity and historicism. The information revealed in the sources was systematized and analyzed, allowing to reveal the problems of using artillery in defensive battles during the Battle of Kursk.Results. The generalization of the experience of combat operations of the 3rd Fighter Brigade during defensive battles on the northern face of the Kursk Bulge indicates a well-thought-out and successfully implemented tactics of using individual artillery units in the organization of anti-tank defense.Conclusion. An example of the courage and bravery of the soldiers of the 3rd fighter Brigade during the battles at Teplovsky Heights testifies to their high moral and volitional qualities, as well as the rational alignment of forces and means at the occupied defense lines, which ensured the successful fulfillment of the combat tasks assigned to the gunners.

A tale of missed opportunities: The Cold War in Brazil

AbstractBrazil was not at the forefront of initial Cold War events and US‐Brazil relations have been more often defined by alignment than conflict. Still, Brazil was not immune to the Cold War logic and when these turbulent dynamics became more prevalent in Latin America, Brazil was at the center of US concerns and influence. But though much was promised and attempted, recurrent opportunities for constructive interactions were missed at the price of growing violence and social injustice. The present piece reviews the scholarship on the Cold War in Brazil by focusing on some of the main works produced by US and Brazilian scholars working on central themes of Brazilian history during the period. Rather than attempting to provide a comprehensive list of works, which would have required more space than permitted here, the article is structured based on key studies that helped shape the conversation about Brazil's historical development in the second half of the 20th‐century.

Epitaph for Timokritos Who Fell in Battle Against the Aetolians

The metrical inscription celebrates the death of the soldier Timocritus, who was killed in a clash with the Aetolians. Previous editors have unanimously dated the text to the end of the third century BCE, believing the war event to be related to one of the assaults the Aetolians made against Acarnania during the social war of 220‑217 BCE. A re-examination of the text and a comparison with other metrical epigraphs found on site and with historical sources allows an alternative dating proposal to be made. According to Livy, the polis of Tyrrheus was attacked again in 192‑191 BCE by the Etholos-Syriac troops of Antiochus III. In the absence of an autopsy examination or images of the find, it therefore seems plausible to ascribe the inscription either to the end of the third century BCE, linked to the events of the social war of 220‑217 BCE, or to the beginning of the second century BCE, connected to the Aetolo-Syrian attack of 192‑191 BCE.

Peculiarities of the “Provincial Secession” Style Development in Ukraine At the Beginning of the 20th Century and Modern Problems of Its Monuments Preservation In War Time

The article analyzes the specifics of the Secession period buildings in the regional centres of this style formation in Ukraine. Along with the four main centres (Lviv, Kyiv, Kharkiv, Odesa), there were smaller Secession centres in provincial cities. The character of the style in these centres was influenced by belonging to the Austro-Hungarian or Russian Empire. Compared to the European Secession and the Secession in the main centres, the Secession in the province felt the influence of local strata, which introduced the term “provincial secession”. However, these facilities are part of the historic environment of the former administrative centers of the provinces, medium and small towns. It was determined that the events of the Russian-Ukrainian war led to the destruction of many objects of valuable background buildings, and planned repairs and restoration of even non-destroyed objects are not carried out.

LITERARY REFLECTION OF THE WAR IN THE WINNING WORKS OF THE CONTEST “HEROIC NATION CREATES HEROES” : GENRE AND STYLE FEATURES

The paper deals with the genre features and stylistic trends of short prose texts presented at the Open Patriotic Festival-Contest in Kyiv Borys Hrinchenko University (June 2022). The aim is to understand the artistic features of the works by young Ukrainian authors written after February 24, 2022. The dominance of short genres is determined by the fragmentation of the world picture and the awareness of the gap between the past and the present. At the same time, the paper pays due attention to the actualization of mythological thinking based on the understanding of the metaphysical nature of war.
 The genre of the literary diary is undergoing a process of hybridization. The factual nature of diary entries often interacts with the genre forms of interviews, reports, and various structural modifications of the short story. The stylistic, topical, and compositional variability of the short story is examined within the context of the significant literary tradition established by Ukrainian modernism, while noticeable neo-realist and neo-populist tendencies shape the authors' pictures of the world as well. For modern authors, the relevance of populism and realism as literary systems is explained by the need for a trustworthy representation of the war events and the development of plot models that are familiar and understandable to a wide range of readers. The paper also explores ways of updating the genres of parable and vision, with which the short story actively interacts. The fantasy genre is interpreted from the perspective of postcolonial criticism. The world of fantasy, based on neo-mythological thinking, actualizes important existential problems of memory, national identity, and resentment in the modern context. Resentment as a natural reaction to the actions of the enslaver reveals its constructive nature, awakening the will to fight and win.

The power(s) of Bridge of Spies to learn about the Cold War

PurposeIn this article, we use the film Bridge of Spies – which depicts the case of U-2 spy pilot Francis Gary Powers – and relevant primary sources, particularly Powers' letters from prison, to provide teachers with a case that can engage students with the complexity of the Cold War. Understanding USA–Russia relations is as important today as ever as we watch the tragedy unfold in Ukraine. Using primary sources to reflect on the Cold War can help secondary students understand the historical context of the war in Ukraine as well as how to evaluate and critique sources of information about the war.Design/methodology/approachThe film and personal letters provide insights often not available or obvious when we focus on the political or military history of an event or time period. The Cold War is frequently defined by the rhetoric of the USA and Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) governments – but everyday people and citizens had a wider range of views and experiences. The film and letters bring out the humanity of the Cold War.FindingsThis article supports secondary teachers in incorporating film and primary sources as teaching tools to study the Cold War while more broadly thinking about these sources as ways to understand the past. The letters used, including those from U-2 spy pilot Francis Gary Powers, help us understand his time in a Soviet prison as well as the behind-the-scenes work to free him as part of a prisoner exchange.Originality/valueThe U-2 Incident and other events of the Cold War provide important context for understanding the Cold War-like tensions between the USA and Russia today. The distrust between these countries has a long history. However, documents like the film and letters discussed here show that there is much more to the bluster of political leaders and the military chess game. There is an important human element to these events and an impact on individuals who are much more than pawns in international diplomacy.

Ghostwriting History: Churchill, Kennedy and the Authenticity of Authorship

This article explores how ghostwritten works of history compromise the authenticity of authorship as a process and have a tainted historiographical utility as source material in international relations. Using the examples of Winston Churchill and John F. Kennedy we analyse how these famous politicians-cum-historians used research assistants to gather and analyse historical documentation whilst preserving their right to claim authorship of prize-winning works of history. Despite being a long-established practice in the English-speaking literary world, ghostwritten works of history have significant, yet underexplored, implications for shaping historiographical trends. Churchill, for example, was able to place himself at the centre of all events in the Second World War, whilst Kennedy shaped perceptions of how his own vision of leadership should be historically compared. Deepening our awareness of ghostwriting as process tells us something important about the relationship between politicians and the history they try and tell whilst also revealing the impact of ‘collaborative history’ as a method. The result is a version of events that inevitably places positionality over objectivity, demonstrating the myth-making power of ghostwritten works to impact historiography.

Transnational memories of war and conflict in Aotearoa/New Zealand

This article analyses the ways in which the memory of transnational traumatic events of war and conflict of the past have been represented at Wellington's waterfront and whether the site, with its multitude of memorial plaques, can be read as a lieu de mémoire. The study focuses on three commemorative plaques: the memorial plaque to those New Zealanders who took part in the Spanish Civil War (2011); the commemorative plaque to the Polish children of Pahīatua (2004); and the memorial plaque commemorating the arrival of the United States Marine Corps to New Zealand (1951/2000). It, first, examines the memory entrepreneurs behind the commemoration of the events the plaques depict and analyse whether these agents engaged in bottom-up or top-down mnemonic practices and activities (or a mixture of these). Second, it analyses the significance of these memorials in the collective memory of contemporary Aotearoa/New Zealand.

Measuring Spatiotemporal Civil War Dimensions Using Community-Based Dynamic Network Representation (CoDNet)

Civil war exhibits complex geospatial trends over time, which may be missed by models that rely on count-based operationalizations. Here, the spatial and temporal correlation values of monthly civil war events are transformed into their influence degree symbol, which measures geospatial concentration, spread, and intensity of civil war. We then measure variation in these degrees over time to identify relevant spatiotemporal civil war aspects. The network model is constructed using 0.5 degree grid locations as nodes, counting nearby and over time connections. We then extract the temporal community structure behind the data. We use ground-truth data to visualize how our measures correlate with observed patterns, thereby illustrating our method provides accurate depictions of geospatial civil war dynamics. We also evaluate the impact of several indicators highlighted by past research and our community-based spatiotemporal measures and comparing it to the preprocessed count indicator. Our findings indicate that the relationship between state capacity and climate stress show opposite correlations with civil war as those identified by studies that use count-based indicators. Counterintuitively, our results show that conflict intensifies and spreads in locations where the state is stronger and where climate conditions are improved.

가족 하기(doing)와 허물기(undoing): 냉전사적 사건으로서 혼혈인의 미국 이주와 초국적 가족 형성, 그리고 수행적 ‘가족 실천’

가족 하기(doing)와 허물기(undoing): 냉전사적 사건으로서 혼혈인의 미국 이주와 초국적 가족 형성, 그리고 수행적 ‘가족 실천’

Russia–Ukraine Conflict, Commodities and Stock Market: A Quantile VAR Analysis

The Russia–Ukrainian war, which began in 2014 and exploded with the invasion of the Russian army on 24 February 2022, has profoundly destabilized the political, economic and financial balance of Europe and beyond. To the humanitarian emergency associated with every war has been added the deep crisis generated by the strong energy and food dependence that many European countries, and not only European, have developed over decades on Ukraine (especially for wheat) and Russia (especially for natural gas). The aim of this article is to verify the existence of a link between the performance of the Eurostoxx index and the price of wheat futures and TTF natural gas, from 25 February 2019 to 28 September 2023. Through a quantile VAR analysis, a link is sought between the Eurostoxx 50 index, and wheat and TTF gas futures prices. Furthermore, the analysis intends to understand whether the presence of such relationship only manifested itself following the war events, or whether it was already present in the market. The analysis carried out also shows that the relationship between the stock market and raw material prices was present even before the conflict.

Mental health screening in refugees communities: Ukrainian refugees and their post-traumatic stress disorder specificities

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms are often consequences of war conflicts that generate trauma in people, resulting from the loss of family, home and belonging. It is associated with the forced migration and lack of structured facilities or health professionals in the hosting country, as a result of varying degrees of clinical assessment and sociocultural intervention. To evaluate the lack of resources for refugees from Ukraine, as well for clinical and research purposes, this study examined the validity and psychometric properties of one Ukrainian adapted version of the PCL-5 (Check-List for PTSD) and the convergent validity for the four factor model of DSM-5 for PTSD. Varying reactions to war events and war zone characterization are among the variables expected to produce PTSD group differences in these refugees. Thus, PTSD was investigated in 77 Ukrainian refugees, who had resided in Portugal for a minimum of four weeks, and who answered the 20-item PCL-5 scored on a Likert scale. The PCL-5 revealed satisfactory convergent validity overall, and in the clusters of the four factor model, based on the DSM-5. Additionally, the role of the participants’ age, sex, education level, time of residence in the host country, and the average income before the russo-ukrainian war was evaluated. 34 of 77 met the criteria for PTSD with a good fit for the four factor model (as the original of DSM-5 for PTSD) after the Confirmatory Factorial Analysis (CFA) was conducted. Mediating factors found for PTSD: female, young adults, high-income in Ukraine, low level of education, married, solo migration. Further investigation into factor modeling and clinical practice are discussed.

Giving Form to Refugee Memory: Ann Le’s Embody Wallpaper Portraits

Abstract In Vietnamese American artist Ann Le’s 2012 Embody Wallpaper Portraits series, wallpaper designs of repeating collaged and silhouetted documentary Vietnam War photographs cover the skin and faces of the artist’s own family portraits. The bodies of these haunting and preserved figures serve as sites of forged encounter between public and private photographic archives and commemoration. This article considers two works from this series, titled Mother Refuge and Re Education Graduation, which examine motherhood and the nation-state of the United States as sites that (un)make refuge(es) and question the relationship between re-education camps in Vietnam and the US education system as sites of indoctrination respectively. Theorizing collage as an art practice that prompts a relational analysis of the different war events, I argue that by suturing together seemingly disparate histories, memories, places, and photographs, Le makes visible and invisible the gendered and racial violence that sustains US imperial projects.